[network] Fix IPAddress::str_to() to lowercase IPv6 hex digits (#13325)

Co-authored-by: Copilot <175728472+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci-lite[bot] <117423508+pre-commit-ci-lite[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

.claude/skills/pr-workflow/SKILL.md

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+---
+name: pr-workflow
+description: Create pull requests for esphome. Use when creating PRs, submitting changes, or preparing contributions.
+allowed-tools: Read, Bash, Glob, Grep
+---
+
+# ESPHome PR Workflow
+
+When creating a pull request for esphome, follow these steps:
+
+## 1. Create Branch from Upstream
+
+Always base your branch on **upstream** (not origin/fork) to ensure you have the latest code:
+
+```bash
+git fetch upstream
+git checkout -b <branch-name> upstream/dev
+```
+
+## 2. Read the PR Template
+
+Before creating a PR, read `.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md` to understand required fields.
+
+## 3. Create the PR
+
+Use `gh pr create` with the **full template** filled in. Never skip or abbreviate sections.
+
+Required fields:
+- **What does this implement/fix?**: Brief description of changes
+- **Types of changes**: Check ONE appropriate box (Bugfix, New feature, Breaking change, etc.)
+- **Related issue**: Use `fixes <link>` syntax if applicable
+- **Pull request in esphome-docs**: Link if docs are needed
+- **Test Environment**: Check platforms you tested on
+- **Example config.yaml**: Include working example YAML
+- **Checklist**: Verify code is tested and tests added
+
+## 4. Example PR Body
+
+```markdown
+# What does this implement/fix?
+
+<describe your changes here>
+
+## Types of changes
+
+- [ ] Bugfix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
+- [x] New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
+- [ ] Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
+- [ ] Developer breaking change (an API change that could break external components)
+- [ ] Code quality improvements to existing code or addition of tests
+- [ ] Other
+
+**Related issue or feature (if applicable):**
+
+- fixes https://github.com/esphome/esphome/issues/XXX
+
+**Pull request in [esphome-docs](https://github.com/esphome/esphome-docs) with documentation (if applicable):**
+
+- esphome/esphome-docs#XXX
+
+## Test Environment
+
+- [x] ESP32
+- [x] ESP32 IDF
+- [ ] ESP8266
+- [ ] RP2040
+- [ ] BK72xx
+- [ ] RTL87xx
+- [ ] LN882x
+- [ ] nRF52840
+
+## Example entry for `config.yaml`:
+
+```yaml
+# Example config.yaml
+component_name:
+  id: my_component
+  option: value
+```
+
+## Checklist:
+  - [x] The code change is tested and works locally.
+  - [x] Tests have been added to verify that the new code works (under `tests/` folder).
+
+If user exposed functionality or configuration variables are added/changed:
+  - [ ] Documentation added/updated in [esphome-docs](https://github.com/esphome/esphome-docs).
+```
+
+## 5. Push and Create PR
+
+```bash
+git push -u origin <branch-name>
+gh pr create --repo esphome/esphome --base dev --title "[component] Brief description"
+```
+
+Title should be prefixed with the component name in brackets, e.g. `[safe_mode] Add feature`.

.github/actions/restore-python/action.yml

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ runs:
         python-version: ${{ inputs.python-version }}
     - name: Restore Python virtual environment
       id: cache-venv
-      uses: actions/cache/restore@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
+      uses: actions/cache/restore@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
       with:
         path: venv
         # yamllint disable-line rule:line-length

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ jobs:
           python-version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PYTHON }}
       - name: Restore Python virtual environment
         id: cache-venv
-        uses: actions/cache@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/cache@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
         with:
           path: venv
           # yamllint disable-line rule:line-length
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ jobs:
           token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
       - name: Save Python virtual environment cache
         if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/dev'
-        uses: actions/cache/save@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/cache/save@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
         with:
           path: venv
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ steps.restore-python.outputs.python-version }}-venv-${{ needs.common.outputs.cache-key }}
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ jobs:
           python-version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PYTHON }}
           cache-key: ${{ needs.common.outputs.cache-key }}
       - name: Restore components graph cache
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
         with:
           path: .temp/components_graph.json
           key: components-graph-${{ hashFiles('esphome/components/**/*.py') }}
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ jobs:
           echo "component-test-batches=$(echo "$output" | jq -c '.component_test_batches')" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
       - name: Save components graph cache
         if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/dev'
-        uses: actions/cache/save@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/cache/save@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
         with:
           path: .temp/components_graph.json
           key: components-graph-${{ hashFiles('esphome/components/**/*.py') }}
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ jobs:
           python-version: "3.13"
       - name: Restore Python virtual environment
         id: cache-venv
-        uses: actions/cache@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/cache@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
         with:
           path: venv
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ steps.python.outputs.python-version }}-venv-${{ needs.common.outputs.cache-key }}
@@ -334,14 +334,14 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Cache platformio
         if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/dev'
-        uses: actions/cache@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/cache@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
         with:
           path: ~/.platformio
           key: platformio-${{ matrix.pio_cache_key }}-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini') }}
 
       - name: Cache platformio
         if: github.ref != 'refs/heads/dev'
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
         with:
           path: ~/.platformio
           key: platformio-${{ matrix.pio_cache_key }}-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini') }}
@@ -413,14 +413,14 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Cache platformio
         if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/dev'
-        uses: actions/cache@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/cache@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
         with:
           path: ~/.platformio
           key: platformio-tidyesp32-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini') }}
 
       - name: Cache platformio
         if: github.ref != 'refs/heads/dev'
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
         with:
           path: ~/.platformio
           key: platformio-tidyesp32-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini') }}
@@ -502,14 +502,14 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Cache platformio
         if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/dev'
-        uses: actions/cache@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/cache@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
         with:
           path: ~/.platformio
           key: platformio-tidyesp32-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini') }}
 
       - name: Cache platformio
         if: github.ref != 'refs/heads/dev'
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
         with:
           path: ~/.platformio
           key: platformio-tidyesp32-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini') }}
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Restore cached memory analysis
         id: cache-memory-analysis
         if: steps.check-script.outputs.skip != 'true'
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
         with:
           path: memory-analysis-target.json
           key: ${{ steps.cache-key.outputs.cache-key }}
@@ -759,7 +759,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Cache platformio
         if: steps.check-script.outputs.skip != 'true' && steps.cache-memory-analysis.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
         with:
           path: ~/.platformio
           key: platformio-memory-${{ fromJSON(needs.determine-jobs.outputs.memory_impact).platform }}-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini') }}
@@ -800,7 +800,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Save memory analysis to cache
         if: steps.check-script.outputs.skip != 'true' && steps.cache-memory-analysis.outputs.cache-hit != 'true' && steps.build.outcome == 'success'
-        uses: actions/cache/save@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/cache/save@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
         with:
           path: memory-analysis-target.json
           key: ${{ steps.cache-key.outputs.cache-key }}
@@ -847,7 +847,7 @@ jobs:
           python-version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PYTHON }}
           cache-key: ${{ needs.common.outputs.cache-key }}
       - name: Cache platformio
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
         with:
           path: ~/.platformio
           key: platformio-memory-${{ fromJSON(needs.determine-jobs.outputs.memory_impact).platform }}-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini') }}

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ ci:
 repos:
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
     # Ruff version.
-    rev: v0.14.11
+    rev: v0.14.13
     hooks:
       # Run the linter.
       - id: ruff

esphome/__main__.py

@@ -222,8 +222,13 @@ def choose_upload_log_host(
             else:
                 resolved.append(device)
         if not resolved:
+            if CORE.dashboard:
+                hint = "If you know the IP, set 'use_address' in your network config."
+            else:
+                hint = "If you know the IP, try --device <IP>"
             raise EsphomeError(
-                f"All specified devices {defaults} could not be resolved. Is the device connected to the network?"
+                f"All specified devices {defaults} could not be resolved. "
+                f"Is the device connected to the network? {hint}"
             )
         return resolved
 

esphome/analyze_memory/__init__.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ from .helpers import (
     map_section_name,
     parse_symbol_line,
 )
-from .toolchain import find_tool, run_tool
+from .toolchain import find_tool, resolve_tool_path, run_tool
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from esphome.platformio_api import IDEData
@@ -132,6 +132,12 @@ class MemoryAnalyzer:
             readelf_path = readelf_path or idedata.readelf_path
             _LOGGER.debug("Using toolchain paths from PlatformIO idedata")
 
+        # Validate paths exist, fall back to find_tool if they don't
+        # This handles cases like Zephyr where cc_path doesn't include full path
+        # and the toolchain prefix may differ (e.g., arm-zephyr-eabi- vs arm-none-eabi-)
+        objdump_path = resolve_tool_path("objdump", objdump_path, objdump_path)
+        readelf_path = resolve_tool_path("readelf", readelf_path, objdump_path)
+
         self.objdump_path = objdump_path or "objdump"
         self.readelf_path = readelf_path or "readelf"
         self.external_components = external_components or set()

esphome/analyze_memory/const.py

@@ -9,11 +9,61 @@ ESPHOME_COMPONENT_PATTERN = re.compile(r"esphome::([a-zA-Z0-9_]+)::")
 # Maps standard section names to their various platform-specific variants
 # Note: Order matters! More specific patterns (.bss) must come before general ones (.dram)
 # because ESP-IDF uses names like ".dram0.bss" which would match ".dram" otherwise
+#
+# Platform-specific sections:
+# - ESP8266/ESP32: .iram*, .dram*
+# - LibreTiny RTL87xx: .xip.code_* (flash), .ram.code_* (RAM)
+# - LibreTiny BK7231: .itcm.code (fast RAM), .vectors (interrupt vectors)
+# - LibreTiny LN882X: .flash_text, .flash_copy* (flash code)
+# - Zephyr/nRF52: text, rodata, datas, bss (no leading dots)
 SECTION_MAPPING = {
-    ".text": frozenset([".text", ".iram"]),
-    ".rodata": frozenset([".rodata"]),
-    ".bss": frozenset([".bss"]),  # Must be before .data to catch ".dram0.bss"
-    ".data": frozenset([".data", ".dram"]),
+    ".text": frozenset(
+        [
+            ".text",
+            ".iram",
+            # LibreTiny RTL87xx XIP (eXecute In Place) flash code
+            ".xip.code",
+            # LibreTiny RTL87xx RAM code
+            ".ram.code_text",
+            # LibreTiny BK7231 fast RAM code and vectors
+            ".itcm.code",
+            ".vectors",
+            # LibreTiny LN882X flash code
+            ".flash_text",
+            ".flash_copy",
+            # Zephyr/nRF52 sections (no leading dots)
+            "text",
+            "rom_start",
+        ]
+    ),
+    ".rodata": frozenset(
+        [
+            ".rodata",
+            # LibreTiny RTL87xx read-only data in RAM
+            ".ram.code_rodata",
+            # Zephyr/nRF52 sections (no leading dots)
+            "rodata",
+        ]
+    ),
+    # .bss patterns - must be before .data to catch ".dram0.bss"
+    ".bss": frozenset(
+        [
+            ".bss",
+            # LibreTiny LN882X BSS
+            ".bss_ram",
+            # Zephyr/nRF52 sections (no leading dots)
+            "bss",
+            "noinit",
+        ]
+    ),
+    ".data": frozenset(
+        [
+            ".data",
+            ".dram",
+            # Zephyr/nRF52 sections (no leading dots)
+            "datas",
+        ]
+    ),
 }
 
 # Section to ComponentMemory attribute mapping

esphome/analyze_memory/helpers.py

@@ -94,13 +94,13 @@ def parse_symbol_line(line: str) -> tuple[str, str, int, str] | None:
         return None
 
     # Find section, size, and name
+    # Try each part as a potential section name
     for i, part in enumerate(parts):
-        if not part.startswith("."):
-            continue
-
+        # Skip parts that are clearly flags, addresses, or other metadata
+        # Sections start with '.' (standard ELF) or are known section names (Zephyr)
         section = map_section_name(part)
         if not section:
-            break
+            continue
 
         # Need at least size field after section
         if i + 1 >= len(parts):

esphome/analyze_memory/toolchain.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import logging
+import os
 from pathlib import Path
 import subprocess
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
@@ -17,10 +18,82 @@ TOOLCHAIN_PREFIXES = [
     "xtensa-lx106-elf-",  # ESP8266
     "xtensa-esp32-elf-",  # ESP32
     "xtensa-esp-elf-",  # ESP32 (newer IDF)
+    "arm-zephyr-eabi-",  # nRF52/Zephyr SDK
+    "arm-none-eabi-",  # Generic ARM (RP2040, etc.)
     "",  # System default (no prefix)
 ]
 
 
+def _find_in_platformio_packages(tool_name: str) -> str | None:
+    """Search for a tool in PlatformIO package directories.
+
+    This handles cases like Zephyr SDK where tools are installed in nested
+    directories that aren't in PATH.
+
+    Args:
+        tool_name: Name of the tool (e.g., "readelf", "objdump")
+
+    Returns:
+        Full path to the tool or None if not found
+    """
+    # Get PlatformIO packages directory
+    platformio_home = Path(os.path.expanduser("~/.platformio/packages"))
+    if not platformio_home.exists():
+        return None
+
+    # Search patterns for toolchains that might contain the tool
+    # Order matters - more specific patterns first
+    search_patterns = [
+        # Zephyr SDK deeply nested structure (4 levels)
+        # e.g., toolchain-gccarmnoneeabi/zephyr-sdk-0.17.4/arm-zephyr-eabi/bin/arm-zephyr-eabi-objdump
+        f"toolchain-*/*/*/bin/*-{tool_name}",
+        # Zephyr SDK nested structure (3 levels)
+        f"toolchain-*/*/bin/*-{tool_name}",
+        f"toolchain-*/bin/*-{tool_name}",
+        # Standard PlatformIO toolchain structure
+        f"toolchain-*/bin/*{tool_name}",
+    ]
+
+    for pattern in search_patterns:
+        matches = list(platformio_home.glob(pattern))
+        if matches:
+            # Sort to get consistent results, prefer arm-zephyr-eabi over arm-none-eabi
+            matches.sort(key=lambda p: ("zephyr" not in str(p), str(p)))
+            tool_path = str(matches[0])
+            _LOGGER.debug("Found %s in PlatformIO packages: %s", tool_name, tool_path)
+            return tool_path
+
+    return None
+
+
+def resolve_tool_path(
+    tool_name: str,
+    derived_path: str | None,
+    objdump_path: str | None = None,
+) -> str | None:
+    """Resolve a tool path, falling back to find_tool if derived path doesn't exist.
+
+    Args:
+        tool_name: Name of the tool (e.g., "objdump", "readelf")
+        derived_path: Path derived from idedata (may not exist for some platforms)
+        objdump_path: Path to objdump binary to derive other tool paths from
+
+    Returns:
+        Resolved path to the tool, or the original derived_path if it exists
+    """
+    if derived_path and not Path(derived_path).exists():
+        found = find_tool(tool_name, objdump_path)
+        if found:
+            _LOGGER.debug(
+                "Derived %s path %s not found, using %s",
+                tool_name,
+                derived_path,
+                found,
+            )
+            return found
+    return derived_path
+
+
 def find_tool(
     tool_name: str,
     objdump_path: str | None = None,
@@ -28,7 +101,8 @@ def find_tool(
     """Find a toolchain tool by name.
 
     First tries to derive the tool path from objdump_path (if provided),
-    then falls back to searching for platform-specific tools.
+    then searches PlatformIO package directories (for cross-compile toolchains),
+    and finally falls back to searching for platform-specific tools in PATH.
 
     Args:
         tool_name: Name of the tool (e.g., "objdump", "nm", "c++filt")
@@ -47,7 +121,13 @@ def find_tool(
             _LOGGER.debug("Found %s at: %s", tool_name, potential_path)
             return potential_path
 
-    # Try platform-specific tools
+    # Search in PlatformIO packages directory first (handles Zephyr SDK, etc.)
+    # This must come before PATH search because system tools (e.g., /usr/bin/objdump)
+    # are for the host architecture, not the target (ARM, Xtensa, etc.)
+    if found := _find_in_platformio_packages(tool_name):
+        return found
+
+    # Try platform-specific tools in PATH (fallback for when tools are installed globally)
     for prefix in TOOLCHAIN_PREFIXES:
         cmd = f"{prefix}{tool_name}"
         try:

esphome/components/alarm_control_panel/alarm_control_panel.cpp

@@ -31,7 +31,8 @@ void AlarmControlPanel::publish_state(AlarmControlPanelState state) {
   this->last_update_ = millis();
   if (state != this->current_state_) {
     auto prev_state = this->current_state_;
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Set state to: %s, previous: %s", LOG_STR_ARG(alarm_control_panel_state_to_string(state)),
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' >> %s (was %s)", this->get_name().c_str(),
+             LOG_STR_ARG(alarm_control_panel_state_to_string(state)),
              LOG_STR_ARG(alarm_control_panel_state_to_string(prev_state)));
     this->current_state_ = state;
     // Single state callback - triggers check get_state() for specific states

esphome/components/api/api_server.cpp

@@ -241,8 +241,10 @@ void APIServer::handle_disconnect(APIConnection *conn) {}
   void APIServer::on_##entity_name##_update(entity_type *obj) { /* NOLINT(bugprone-macro-parentheses) */ \
     if (obj->is_internal()) \
       return; \
-    for (auto &c : this->clients_) \
-      c->send_##entity_name##_state(obj); \
+    for (auto &c : this->clients_) { \
+      if (c->flags_.state_subscription) \
+        c->send_##entity_name##_state(obj); \
+    } \
   }
 
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
@@ -321,8 +323,10 @@ API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(water_heater::WaterHeater, water_heater)
 void APIServer::on_event(event::Event *obj) {
   if (obj->is_internal())
     return;
-  for (auto &c : this->clients_)
-    c->send_event(obj);
+  for (auto &c : this->clients_) {
+    if (c->flags_.state_subscription)
+      c->send_event(obj);
+  }
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -331,8 +335,10 @@ void APIServer::on_event(event::Event *obj) {
 void APIServer::on_update(update::UpdateEntity *obj) {
   if (obj->is_internal())
     return;
-  for (auto &c : this->clients_)
-    c->send_update_state(obj);
+  for (auto &c : this->clients_) {
+    if (c->flags_.state_subscription)
+      c->send_update_state(obj);
+  }
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -552,8 +558,10 @@ bool APIServer::clear_noise_psk(bool make_active) {
 #ifdef USE_HOMEASSISTANT_TIME
 void APIServer::request_time() {
   for (auto &client : this->clients_) {
-    if (!client->flags_.remove && client->is_authenticated())
+    if (!client->flags_.remove && client->is_authenticated()) {
       client->send_time_request();
+      return;  // Only request from one client to avoid clock conflicts
+    }
   }
 }
 #endif

esphome/components/api/proto.cpp

@@ -48,14 +48,14 @@ uint32_t ProtoDecodableMessage::count_repeated_field(const uint8_t *buffer, size
         }
         uint32_t field_length = res->as_uint32();
         ptr += consumed;
-        if (ptr + field_length > end) {
+        if (field_length > static_cast<size_t>(end - ptr)) {
           return count;  // Out of bounds
         }
         ptr += field_length;
         break;
       }
       case WIRE_TYPE_FIXED32: {  // 32-bit - skip 4 bytes
-        if (ptr + 4 > end) {
+        if (end - ptr < 4) {
           return count;
         }
         ptr += 4;
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ void ProtoDecodableMessage::decode(const uint8_t *buffer, size_t length) {
         }
         uint32_t field_length = res->as_uint32();
         ptr += consumed;
-        if (ptr + field_length > end) {
+        if (field_length > static_cast<size_t>(end - ptr)) {
           ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Out-of-bounds Length Delimited at offset %ld", (long) (ptr - buffer));
           return;
         }
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ void ProtoDecodableMessage::decode(const uint8_t *buffer, size_t length) {
         break;
       }
       case WIRE_TYPE_FIXED32: {  // 32-bit
-        if (ptr + 4 > end) {
+        if (end - ptr < 4) {
           ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Out-of-bounds Fixed32-bit at offset %ld", (long) (ptr - buffer));
           return;
         }

esphome/components/atm90e32/atm90e32.cpp

@@ -158,12 +158,14 @@ void ATM90E32Component::setup() {
 
   if (this->enable_offset_calibration_) {
     // Initialize flash storage for offset calibrations
-    uint32_t o_hash = fnv1_hash(std::string("_offset_calibration_") + this->cs_summary_);
+    uint32_t o_hash = fnv1_hash("_offset_calibration_");
+    o_hash = fnv1_hash_extend(o_hash, this->cs_summary_);
     this->offset_pref_ = global_preferences->make_preference<OffsetCalibration[3]>(o_hash, true);
     this->restore_offset_calibrations_();
 
     // Initialize flash storage for power offset calibrations
-    uint32_t po_hash = fnv1_hash(std::string("_power_offset_calibration_") + this->cs_summary_);
+    uint32_t po_hash = fnv1_hash("_power_offset_calibration_");
+    po_hash = fnv1_hash_extend(po_hash, this->cs_summary_);
     this->power_offset_pref_ = global_preferences->make_preference<PowerOffsetCalibration[3]>(po_hash, true);
     this->restore_power_offset_calibrations_();
   } else {
@@ -183,7 +185,8 @@ void ATM90E32Component::setup() {
 
   if (this->enable_gain_calibration_) {
     // Initialize flash storage for gain calibration
-    uint32_t g_hash = fnv1_hash(std::string("_gain_calibration_") + this->cs_summary_);
+    uint32_t g_hash = fnv1_hash("_gain_calibration_");
+    g_hash = fnv1_hash_extend(g_hash, this->cs_summary_);
     this->gain_calibration_pref_ = global_preferences->make_preference<GainCalibration[3]>(g_hash, true);
     this->restore_gain_calibrations_();
 

esphome/components/binary_sensor/binary_sensor.cpp

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ bool BinarySensor::set_new_state(const optional<bool> &new_state) {
 #if defined(USE_BINARY_SENSOR) && defined(USE_CONTROLLER_REGISTRY)
     ControllerRegistry::notify_binary_sensor_update(this);
 #endif
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': %s", this->get_name().c_str(), ONOFFMAYBE(new_state));
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' >> %s", this->get_name().c_str(), ONOFFMAYBE(new_state));
     return true;
   }
   return false;

esphome/components/captive_portal/__init__.py

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
             cv.GenerateID(CONF_WEB_SERVER_BASE_ID): cv.use_id(
                 web_server_base.WebServerBase
             ),
-            cv.Optional(CONF_COMPRESSION, default="br"): cv.one_of("br", "gzip"),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_COMPRESSION, default="gzip"): cv.one_of("gzip", "br"),
         }
     ).extend(cv.COMPONENT_SCHEMA),
     cv.only_on(

esphome/components/climate/climate.cpp

@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ void Climate::save_state_() {
 }
 
 void Climate::publish_state() {
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' - Sending state:", this->name_.c_str());
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' >>", this->name_.c_str());
   auto traits = this->get_traits();
 
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Mode: %s", LOG_STR_ARG(climate_mode_to_string(this->mode)));

esphome/components/cover/cover.cpp

@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ void Cover::publish_state(bool save) {
   this->position = clamp(this->position, 0.0f, 1.0f);
   this->tilt = clamp(this->tilt, 0.0f, 1.0f);
 
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' - Publishing:", this->name_.c_str());
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' >>", this->name_.c_str());
   auto traits = this->get_traits();
   if (traits.get_supports_position()) {
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Position: %.0f%%", this->position * 100.0f);

esphome/components/dallas_temp/dallas_temp.cpp

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ void DallasTemperatureSensor::update() {
 
   this->send_command_(DALLAS_COMMAND_START_CONVERSION);
 
-  this->set_timeout(this->get_address_name(), this->millis_to_wait_for_conversion_(), [this] {
+  this->set_timeout(this->get_address_name().c_str(), this->millis_to_wait_for_conversion_(), [this] {
     if (!this->read_scratch_pad_() || !this->check_scratch_pad_()) {
       this->publish_state(NAN);
       return;

esphome/components/datetime/date_entity.cpp

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ void DateEntity::publish_state() {
     return;
   }
   this->set_has_state(true);
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': Sending date %d-%d-%d", this->get_name().c_str(), this->year_, this->month_, this->day_);
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' >> %d-%d-%d", this->get_name().c_str(), this->year_, this->month_, this->day_);
   this->state_callback_.call();
 #if defined(USE_DATETIME_DATE) && defined(USE_CONTROLLER_REGISTRY)
   ControllerRegistry::notify_date_update(this);

esphome/components/datetime/datetime_entity.cpp

@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ void DateTimeEntity::publish_state() {
     return;
   }
   this->set_has_state(true);
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': Sending datetime %04u-%02u-%02u %02d:%02d:%02d", this->get_name().c_str(), this->year_,
-           this->month_, this->day_, this->hour_, this->minute_, this->second_);
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' >> %04u-%02u-%02u %02d:%02d:%02d", this->get_name().c_str(), this->year_, this->month_,
+           this->day_, this->hour_, this->minute_, this->second_);
   this->state_callback_.call();
 #if defined(USE_DATETIME_DATETIME) && defined(USE_CONTROLLER_REGISTRY)
   ControllerRegistry::notify_datetime_update(this);

esphome/components/datetime/time_entity.cpp

@@ -26,8 +26,7 @@ void TimeEntity::publish_state() {
     return;
   }
   this->set_has_state(true);
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': Sending time %02d:%02d:%02d", this->get_name().c_str(), this->hour_, this->minute_,
-           this->second_);
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' >> %02d:%02d:%02d", this->get_name().c_str(), this->hour_, this->minute_, this->second_);
   this->state_callback_.call();
 #if defined(USE_DATETIME_TIME) && defined(USE_CONTROLLER_REGISTRY)
   ControllerRegistry::notify_time_update(this);

esphome/components/debug/debug_component.h

@@ -74,8 +74,11 @@ class DebugComponent : public PollingComponent {
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
   void set_free_sensor(sensor::Sensor *free_sensor) { free_sensor_ = free_sensor; }
   void set_block_sensor(sensor::Sensor *block_sensor) { block_sensor_ = block_sensor; }
-#if defined(USE_ESP8266) && USE_ARDUINO_VERSION_CODE >= VERSION_CODE(2, 5, 2)
+#if (defined(USE_ESP8266) && USE_ARDUINO_VERSION_CODE >= VERSION_CODE(2, 5, 2)) || defined(USE_ESP32)
   void set_fragmentation_sensor(sensor::Sensor *fragmentation_sensor) { fragmentation_sensor_ = fragmentation_sensor; }
+#endif
+#if defined(USE_ESP32) || defined(USE_LIBRETINY)
+  void set_min_free_sensor(sensor::Sensor *min_free_sensor) { min_free_sensor_ = min_free_sensor; }
 #endif
   void set_loop_time_sensor(sensor::Sensor *loop_time_sensor) { loop_time_sensor_ = loop_time_sensor; }
 #ifdef USE_ESP32
@@ -97,8 +100,11 @@ class DebugComponent : public PollingComponent {
 
   sensor::Sensor *free_sensor_{nullptr};
   sensor::Sensor *block_sensor_{nullptr};
-#if defined(USE_ESP8266) && USE_ARDUINO_VERSION_CODE >= VERSION_CODE(2, 5, 2)
+#if (defined(USE_ESP8266) && USE_ARDUINO_VERSION_CODE >= VERSION_CODE(2, 5, 2)) || defined(USE_ESP32)
   sensor::Sensor *fragmentation_sensor_{nullptr};
+#endif
+#if defined(USE_ESP32) || defined(USE_LIBRETINY)
+  sensor::Sensor *min_free_sensor_{nullptr};
 #endif
   sensor::Sensor *loop_time_sensor_{nullptr};
 #ifdef USE_ESP32

esphome/components/debug/debug_esp32.cpp

@@ -234,8 +234,19 @@ size_t DebugComponent::get_device_info_(std::span<char, DEVICE_INFO_BUFFER_SIZE>
 
 void DebugComponent::update_platform_() {
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
+  uint32_t max_alloc = heap_caps_get_largest_free_block(MALLOC_CAP_INTERNAL);
   if (this->block_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-    this->block_sensor_->publish_state(heap_caps_get_largest_free_block(MALLOC_CAP_INTERNAL));
+    this->block_sensor_->publish_state(max_alloc);
+  }
+  if (this->min_free_sensor_ != nullptr) {
+    this->min_free_sensor_->publish_state(heap_caps_get_minimum_free_size(MALLOC_CAP_INTERNAL));
+  }
+  if (this->fragmentation_sensor_ != nullptr) {
+    uint32_t free_heap = heap_caps_get_free_size(MALLOC_CAP_INTERNAL);
+    if (free_heap > 0) {
+      float fragmentation = 100.0f - (100.0f * max_alloc / free_heap);
+      this->fragmentation_sensor_->publish_state(fragmentation);
+    }
   }
   if (this->psram_sensor_ != nullptr) {
     this->psram_sensor_->publish_state(heap_caps_get_free_size(MALLOC_CAP_SPIRAM));

esphome/components/debug/debug_libretiny.cpp

@@ -51,6 +51,9 @@ void DebugComponent::update_platform_() {
   if (this->block_sensor_ != nullptr) {
     this->block_sensor_->publish_state(lt_heap_get_max_alloc());
   }
+  if (this->min_free_sensor_ != nullptr) {
+    this->min_free_sensor_->publish_state(lt_heap_get_min_free());
+  }
 #endif
 }
 

esphome/components/debug/sensor.py

@@ -11,16 +11,24 @@ from esphome.const import (
     ENTITY_CATEGORY_DIAGNOSTIC,
     ICON_COUNTER,
     ICON_TIMER,
+    PLATFORM_BK72XX,
+    PLATFORM_LN882X,
+    PLATFORM_RTL87XX,
     UNIT_BYTES,
     UNIT_HERTZ,
     UNIT_MILLISECOND,
     UNIT_PERCENT,
 )
 
-from . import CONF_DEBUG_ID, DebugComponent
+from . import (  # noqa: F401  pylint: disable=unused-import
+    CONF_DEBUG_ID,
+    FILTER_SOURCE_FILES,
+    DebugComponent,
+)
 
 DEPENDENCIES = ["debug"]
 
+CONF_MIN_FREE = "min_free"
 CONF_PSRAM = "psram"
 
 CONFIG_SCHEMA = {
@@ -38,8 +46,14 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = {
         entity_category=ENTITY_CATEGORY_DIAGNOSTIC,
     ),
     cv.Optional(CONF_FRAGMENTATION): cv.All(
-        cv.only_on_esp8266,
-        cv.require_framework_version(esp8266_arduino=cv.Version(2, 5, 2)),
+        cv.Any(
+            cv.All(
+                cv.only_on_esp8266,
+                cv.require_framework_version(esp8266_arduino=cv.Version(2, 5, 2)),
+            ),
+            cv.only_on_esp32,
+            msg="This feature is only available on ESP8266 (Arduino 2.5.2+) and ESP32",
+        ),
         sensor.sensor_schema(
             unit_of_measurement=UNIT_PERCENT,
             icon=ICON_COUNTER,
@@ -47,6 +61,19 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = {
             entity_category=ENTITY_CATEGORY_DIAGNOSTIC,
         ),
     ),
+    cv.Optional(CONF_MIN_FREE): cv.All(
+        cv.Any(
+            cv.only_on_esp32,
+            cv.only_on([PLATFORM_BK72XX, PLATFORM_LN882X, PLATFORM_RTL87XX]),
+            msg="This feature is only available on ESP32 and LibreTiny (BK72xx, LN882x, RTL87xx)",
+        ),
+        sensor.sensor_schema(
+            unit_of_measurement=UNIT_BYTES,
+            icon=ICON_COUNTER,
+            accuracy_decimals=0,
+            entity_category=ENTITY_CATEGORY_DIAGNOSTIC,
+        ),
+    ),
     cv.Optional(CONF_LOOP_TIME): sensor.sensor_schema(
         unit_of_measurement=UNIT_MILLISECOND,
         icon=ICON_TIMER,
@@ -89,6 +116,10 @@ async def to_code(config):
         sens = await sensor.new_sensor(fragmentation_conf)
         cg.add(debug_component.set_fragmentation_sensor(sens))
 
+    if min_free_conf := config.get(CONF_MIN_FREE):
+        sens = await sensor.new_sensor(min_free_conf)
+        cg.add(debug_component.set_min_free_sensor(sens))
+
     if loop_time_conf := config.get(CONF_LOOP_TIME):
         sens = await sensor.new_sensor(loop_time_conf)
         cg.add(debug_component.set_loop_time_sensor(sens))

esphome/components/debug/text_sensor.py

@@ -8,7 +8,11 @@ from esphome.const import (
     ICON_RESTART,
 )
 
-from . import CONF_DEBUG_ID, DebugComponent
+from . import (  # noqa: F401  pylint: disable=unused-import
+    CONF_DEBUG_ID,
+    FILTER_SOURCE_FILES,
+    DebugComponent,
+)
 
 DEPENDENCIES = ["debug"]
 

esphome/components/esp32_ble_client/ble_client_base.cpp

@@ -193,10 +193,18 @@ void BLEClientBase::log_event_(const char *name) {
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "[%d] [%s] %s", this->connection_index_, this->address_str_, name);
 }
 
-void BLEClientBase::log_gattc_event_(const char *name) {
+void BLEClientBase::log_gattc_lifecycle_event_(const char *name) {
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "[%d] [%s] ESP_GATTC_%s_EVT", this->connection_index_, this->address_str_, name);
 }
 
+void BLEClientBase::log_gattc_data_event_(const char *name) {
+  // Data transfer events are logged at VERBOSE level because logging to UART creates
+  // delays that cause timing issues during time-sensitive BLE operations. This is
+  // especially problematic during pairing or firmware updates which require rapid
+  // writes to many characteristics - the log spam can cause these operations to fail.
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "[%d] [%s] ESP_GATTC_%s_EVT", this->connection_index_, this->address_str_, name);
+}
+
 void BLEClientBase::log_gattc_warning_(const char *operation, esp_gatt_status_t status) {
   ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%d] [%s] %s error, status=%d", this->connection_index_, this->address_str_, operation, status);
 }
@@ -280,7 +288,7 @@ bool BLEClientBase::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_
     case ESP_GATTC_OPEN_EVT: {
       if (!this->check_addr(param->open.remote_bda))
         return false;
-      this->log_gattc_event_("OPEN");
+      this->log_gattc_lifecycle_event_("OPEN");
       // conn_id was already set in ESP_GATTC_CONNECT_EVT
       this->service_count_ = 0;
 
@@ -331,7 +339,7 @@ bool BLEClientBase::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_
     case ESP_GATTC_CONNECT_EVT: {
       if (!this->check_addr(param->connect.remote_bda))
         return false;
-      this->log_gattc_event_("CONNECT");
+      this->log_gattc_lifecycle_event_("CONNECT");
       this->conn_id_ = param->connect.conn_id;
       // Start MTU negotiation immediately as recommended by ESP-IDF examples
       // (gatt_client, ble_throughput) which call esp_ble_gattc_send_mtu_req in
@@ -376,7 +384,7 @@ bool BLEClientBase::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_
     case ESP_GATTC_CLOSE_EVT: {
       if (this->conn_id_ != param->close.conn_id)
         return false;
-      this->log_gattc_event_("CLOSE");
+      this->log_gattc_lifecycle_event_("CLOSE");
       this->release_services();
       this->set_state(espbt::ClientState::IDLE);
       this->conn_id_ = UNSET_CONN_ID;
@@ -404,7 +412,7 @@ bool BLEClientBase::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_
     case ESP_GATTC_SEARCH_CMPL_EVT: {
       if (this->conn_id_ != param->search_cmpl.conn_id)
         return false;
-      this->log_gattc_event_("SEARCH_CMPL");
+      this->log_gattc_lifecycle_event_("SEARCH_CMPL");
       // For V3_WITHOUT_CACHE, switch back to medium connection parameters after service discovery
       // This balances performance with bandwidth usage after the critical discovery phase
       if (this->connection_type_ == espbt::ConnectionType::V3_WITHOUT_CACHE) {
@@ -431,35 +439,35 @@ bool BLEClientBase::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_
     case ESP_GATTC_READ_DESCR_EVT: {
       if (this->conn_id_ != param->write.conn_id)
         return false;
-      this->log_gattc_event_("READ_DESCR");
+      this->log_gattc_data_event_("READ_DESCR");
       break;
     }
     case ESP_GATTC_WRITE_DESCR_EVT: {
       if (this->conn_id_ != param->write.conn_id)
         return false;
-      this->log_gattc_event_("WRITE_DESCR");
+      this->log_gattc_data_event_("WRITE_DESCR");
       break;
     }
     case ESP_GATTC_WRITE_CHAR_EVT: {
       if (this->conn_id_ != param->write.conn_id)
         return false;
-      this->log_gattc_event_("WRITE_CHAR");
+      this->log_gattc_data_event_("WRITE_CHAR");
       break;
     }
     case ESP_GATTC_READ_CHAR_EVT: {
       if (this->conn_id_ != param->read.conn_id)
         return false;
-      this->log_gattc_event_("READ_CHAR");
+      this->log_gattc_data_event_("READ_CHAR");
       break;
     }
     case ESP_GATTC_NOTIFY_EVT: {
       if (this->conn_id_ != param->notify.conn_id)
         return false;
-      this->log_gattc_event_("NOTIFY");
+      this->log_gattc_data_event_("NOTIFY");
       break;
     }
     case ESP_GATTC_REG_FOR_NOTIFY_EVT: {
-      this->log_gattc_event_("REG_FOR_NOTIFY");
+      this->log_gattc_data_event_("REG_FOR_NOTIFY");
       if (this->connection_type_ == espbt::ConnectionType::V3_WITH_CACHE ||
           this->connection_type_ == espbt::ConnectionType::V3_WITHOUT_CACHE) {
         // Client is responsible for flipping the descriptor value
@@ -491,7 +499,7 @@ bool BLEClientBase::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_
       esp_err_t status =
           esp_ble_gattc_write_char_descr(this->gattc_if_, this->conn_id_, desc_result.handle, sizeof(notify_en),
                                          (uint8_t *) &notify_en, ESP_GATT_WRITE_TYPE_RSP, ESP_GATT_AUTH_REQ_NONE);
-      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Wrote notify descriptor %d, properties=%d", notify_en, char_result.properties);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Wrote notify descriptor %d, properties=%d", notify_en, char_result.properties);
       if (status) {
         this->log_gattc_warning_("esp_ble_gattc_write_char_descr", status);
       }
@@ -499,13 +507,13 @@ bool BLEClientBase::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_
     }
 
     case ESP_GATTC_UNREG_FOR_NOTIFY_EVT: {
-      this->log_gattc_event_("UNREG_FOR_NOTIFY");
+      this->log_gattc_data_event_("UNREG_FOR_NOTIFY");
       break;
     }
 
     default:
-      // ideally would check all other events for matching conn_id
-      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "[%d] [%s] Event %d", this->connection_index_, this->address_str_, event);
+      // Unknown events logged at VERBOSE to avoid UART delays during time-sensitive operations
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "[%d] [%s] Event %d", this->connection_index_, this->address_str_, event);
       break;
   }
   return true;

esphome/components/esp32_ble_client/ble_client_base.h

@@ -127,7 +127,8 @@ class BLEClientBase : public espbt::ESPBTClient, public Component {
   // 6 bytes used, 2 bytes padding
 
   void log_event_(const char *name);
-  void log_gattc_event_(const char *name);
+  void log_gattc_lifecycle_event_(const char *name);
+  void log_gattc_data_event_(const char *name);
   void update_conn_params_(uint16_t min_interval, uint16_t max_interval, uint16_t latency, uint16_t timeout,
                            const char *param_type);
   void set_conn_params_(uint16_t min_interval, uint16_t max_interval, uint16_t latency, uint16_t timeout,

esphome/components/esp32_hosted/update/esp32_hosted_update.cpp

@@ -294,8 +294,7 @@ bool Esp32HostedUpdate::stream_firmware_to_coprocessor_() {
   }
 
   // Stream firmware to coprocessor while computing SHA256
-  // Hardware SHA acceleration requires 32-byte alignment on some chips (ESP32-S3 with IDF 5.5.x+)
-  alignas(32) sha256::SHA256 hasher;
+  sha256::SHA256 hasher;
   hasher.init();
 
   uint8_t buffer[CHUNK_SIZE];
@@ -352,8 +351,7 @@ bool Esp32HostedUpdate::write_embedded_firmware_to_coprocessor_() {
   }
 
   // Verify SHA256 before writing
-  // Hardware SHA acceleration requires 32-byte alignment on some chips (ESP32-S3 with IDF 5.5.x+)
-  alignas(32) sha256::SHA256 hasher;
+  sha256::SHA256 hasher;
   hasher.init();
   hasher.add(this->firmware_data_, this->firmware_size_);
   hasher.calculate();

esphome/components/esphome/ota/ota_esphome.cpp

@@ -563,11 +563,9 @@ bool ESPHomeOTAComponent::handle_auth_send_() {
     //   [1+hex_size...1+2*hex_size-1]: cnonce (hex_size bytes) - client's nonce
     //   [1+2*hex_size...1+3*hex_size-1]: response (hex_size bytes) - client's hash
 
-    // CRITICAL ESP32-S3 HARDWARE SHA ACCELERATION: Hash object must stay in same stack frame
+    // CRITICAL ESP32-S2/S3 HARDWARE SHA ACCELERATION: Hash object must stay in same stack frame
     // (no passing to other functions). All hash operations must happen in this function.
-    // NOTE: On ESP32-S3 with IDF 5.5.x, the SHA256 context must be properly aligned for
-    // hardware SHA acceleration DMA operations.
-    alignas(32) sha256::SHA256 hasher;
+    sha256::SHA256 hasher;
 
     const size_t hex_size = hasher.get_size() * 2;
     const size_t nonce_len = hasher.get_size() / 4;
@@ -639,11 +637,9 @@ bool ESPHomeOTAComponent::handle_auth_read_() {
   const char *cnonce = nonce + hex_size;
   const char *response = cnonce + hex_size;
 
-  // CRITICAL ESP32-S3 HARDWARE SHA ACCELERATION: Hash object must stay in same stack frame
+  // CRITICAL ESP32-S2/S3 HARDWARE SHA ACCELERATION: Hash object must stay in same stack frame
   // (no passing to other functions). All hash operations must happen in this function.
-  // NOTE: On ESP32-S3 with IDF 5.5.x, the SHA256 context must be properly aligned for
-  // hardware SHA acceleration DMA operations.
-  alignas(32) sha256::SHA256 hasher;
+  sha256::SHA256 hasher;
 
   hasher.init();
   hasher.add(this->password_.c_str(), this->password_.length());

esphome/components/event/event.cpp

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ void Event::trigger(const std::string &event_type) {
     return;
   }
   this->last_event_type_ = found;
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' Triggered event '%s'", this->get_name().c_str(), this->last_event_type_);
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' >> '%s'", this->get_name().c_str(), this->last_event_type_);
   this->event_callback_.call(event_type);
 #if defined(USE_EVENT) && defined(USE_CONTROLLER_REGISTRY)
   ControllerRegistry::notify_event(this);

esphome/components/fan/fan.cpp

@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ void Fan::publish_state() {
   auto traits = this->get_traits();
 
   ESP_LOGD(TAG,
-           "'%s' - Sending state:\n"
+           "'%s' >>\n"
            "  State: %s",
            this->name_.c_str(), ONOFF(this->state));
   if (traits.supports_speed()) {

esphome/components/hmac_sha256/hmac_sha256.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-#include <cstdio>
 #include <cstring>
 #include "hmac_sha256.h"
 #if defined(USE_ESP32) || defined(USE_ESP8266) || defined(USE_RP2040) || defined(USE_LIBRETINY) || defined(USE_HOST)
@@ -26,9 +25,7 @@ void HmacSHA256::calculate() { mbedtls_md_hmac_finish(&this->ctx_, this->digest_
 void HmacSHA256::get_bytes(uint8_t *output) { memcpy(output, this->digest_, SHA256_DIGEST_SIZE); }
 
 void HmacSHA256::get_hex(char *output) {
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < SHA256_DIGEST_SIZE; i++) {
-    sprintf(output + (i * 2), "%02x", this->digest_[i]);
-  }
+  format_hex_to(output, SHA256_DIGEST_SIZE * 2 + 1, this->digest_, SHA256_DIGEST_SIZE);
 }
 
 bool HmacSHA256::equals_bytes(const uint8_t *expected) {

esphome/components/http_request/http_request.h

@@ -242,9 +242,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class HttpRequestSendAction : public Action<Ts...> {
       return;
     }
 
-    size_t content_length = container->content_length;
-    size_t max_length = std::min(content_length, this->max_response_buffer_size_);
-
+    size_t max_length = this->max_response_buffer_size_;
 #ifdef USE_HTTP_REQUEST_RESPONSE
     if (this->capture_response_.value(x...)) {
       std::string response_body;

esphome/components/http_request/http_request_idf.cpp

@@ -213,18 +213,12 @@ int HttpContainerIDF::read(uint8_t *buf, size_t max_len) {
   const uint32_t start = millis();
   watchdog::WatchdogManager wdm(this->parent_->get_watchdog_timeout());
 
-  int bufsize = std::min(max_len, this->content_length - this->bytes_read_);
-
-  if (bufsize == 0) {
-    this->duration_ms += (millis() - start);
-    return 0;
+  this->feed_wdt();
+  int read_len = esp_http_client_read(this->client_, (char *) buf, max_len);
+  this->feed_wdt();
+  if (read_len > 0) {
+    this->bytes_read_ += read_len;
   }
-
-  this->feed_wdt();
-  int read_len = esp_http_client_read(this->client_, (char *) buf, bufsize);
-  this->feed_wdt();
-  this->bytes_read_ += read_len;
-
   this->duration_ms += (millis() - start);
 
   return read_len;

esphome/components/hub75/display.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import logging
 from typing import Any
 
 from esphome import automation, pins
@@ -18,13 +19,16 @@ from esphome.const import (
     CONF_ROTATION,
     CONF_UPDATE_INTERVAL,
 )
-from esphome.core import ID
+from esphome.core import ID, EnumValue
 from esphome.cpp_generator import MockObj, TemplateArgsType
 import esphome.final_validate as fv
+from esphome.helpers import add_class_to_obj
 from esphome.types import ConfigType
 
 from . import boards, hub75_ns
 
+_LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
 DEPENDENCIES = ["esp32"]
 CODEOWNERS = ["@stuartparmenter"]
 
@@ -120,13 +124,51 @@ PANEL_LAYOUTS = {
 }
 
 Hub75ScanWiring = cg.global_ns.enum("Hub75ScanWiring", is_class=True)
-SCAN_PATTERNS = {
+SCAN_WIRINGS = {
     "STANDARD_TWO_SCAN": Hub75ScanWiring.STANDARD_TWO_SCAN,
-    "FOUR_SCAN_16PX_HIGH": Hub75ScanWiring.FOUR_SCAN_16PX_HIGH,
-    "FOUR_SCAN_32PX_HIGH": Hub75ScanWiring.FOUR_SCAN_32PX_HIGH,
-    "FOUR_SCAN_64PX_HIGH": Hub75ScanWiring.FOUR_SCAN_64PX_HIGH,
+    "SCAN_1_4_16PX_HIGH": Hub75ScanWiring.SCAN_1_4_16PX_HIGH,
+    "SCAN_1_8_32PX_HIGH": Hub75ScanWiring.SCAN_1_8_32PX_HIGH,
+    "SCAN_1_8_40PX_HIGH": Hub75ScanWiring.SCAN_1_8_40PX_HIGH,
+    "SCAN_1_8_64PX_HIGH": Hub75ScanWiring.SCAN_1_8_64PX_HIGH,
 }
 
+# Deprecated scan wiring names - mapped to new names
+DEPRECATED_SCAN_WIRINGS = {
+    "FOUR_SCAN_16PX_HIGH": "SCAN_1_4_16PX_HIGH",
+    "FOUR_SCAN_32PX_HIGH": "SCAN_1_8_32PX_HIGH",
+    "FOUR_SCAN_64PX_HIGH": "SCAN_1_8_64PX_HIGH",
+}
+
+
+def _validate_scan_wiring(value):
+    """Validate scan_wiring with deprecation warnings for old names."""
+    value = cv.string(value).upper().replace(" ", "_")
+
+    # Check if using deprecated name
+    # Remove deprecated names in 2026.7.0
+    if value in DEPRECATED_SCAN_WIRINGS:
+        new_name = DEPRECATED_SCAN_WIRINGS[value]
+        _LOGGER.warning(
+            "Scan wiring '%s' is deprecated and will be removed in ESPHome 2026.7.0. "
+            "Please use '%s' instead.",
+            value,
+            new_name,
+        )
+        value = new_name
+
+    # Validate against allowed values
+    if value not in SCAN_WIRINGS:
+        raise cv.Invalid(
+            f"Unknown scan wiring '{value}'. "
+            f"Valid options are: {', '.join(sorted(SCAN_WIRINGS.keys()))}"
+        )
+
+    # Return as EnumValue like cv.enum does
+    result = add_class_to_obj(value, EnumValue)
+    result.enum_value = SCAN_WIRINGS[value]
+    return result
+
+
 Hub75ClockSpeed = cg.global_ns.enum("Hub75ClockSpeed", is_class=True)
 CLOCK_SPEEDS = {
     "8MHZ": Hub75ClockSpeed.HZ_8M,
@@ -382,9 +424,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
             cv.Optional(CONF_LAYOUT_COLS): cv.positive_int,
             cv.Optional(CONF_LAYOUT): cv.enum(PANEL_LAYOUTS, upper=True, space="_"),
             # Panel hardware configuration
-            cv.Optional(CONF_SCAN_WIRING): cv.enum(
-                SCAN_PATTERNS, upper=True, space="_"
-            ),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_SCAN_WIRING): _validate_scan_wiring,
             cv.Optional(CONF_SHIFT_DRIVER): cv.enum(SHIFT_DRIVERS, upper=True),
             # Display configuration
             cv.Optional(CONF_DOUBLE_BUFFER): cv.boolean,
@@ -547,7 +587,7 @@ def _build_config_struct(
 async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
     add_idf_component(
         name="esphome/esp-hub75",
-        ref="0.2.2",
+        ref="0.3.0",
     )
 
     # Set compile-time configuration via build flags (so external library sees them)

esphome/components/image/__init__.py

@@ -665,15 +665,10 @@ async def write_image(config, all_frames=False):
         if is_svg_file(path):
             import resvg_py
 
-            if resize:
-                width, height = resize
-                # resvg-py allows rendering by width/height directly
-                image_data = resvg_py.svg_to_bytes(
-                    svg_path=str(path), width=int(width), height=int(height)
-                )
-            else:
-                # Default size
-                image_data = resvg_py.svg_to_bytes(svg_path=str(path))
+            resize = resize or (None, None)
+            image_data = resvg_py.svg_to_bytes(
+                svg_path=str(path), width=resize[0], height=resize[1], dpi=100
+            )
 
             # Convert bytes to Pillow Image
             image = Image.open(io.BytesIO(image_data))

esphome/components/infrared/infrared.cpp

@@ -18,7 +18,15 @@ InfraredCall &InfraredCall::set_carrier_frequency(uint32_t frequency) {
 
 InfraredCall &InfraredCall::set_raw_timings(const std::vector<int32_t> &timings) {
   this->raw_timings_ = &timings;
-  this->packed_data_ = nullptr;  // Clear packed if vector is set
+  this->packed_data_ = nullptr;
+  this->base64url_ptr_ = nullptr;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+InfraredCall &InfraredCall::set_raw_timings_base64url(const std::string &base64url) {
+  this->base64url_ptr_ = &base64url;
+  this->raw_timings_ = nullptr;
+  this->packed_data_ = nullptr;
   return *this;
 }
 
@@ -26,7 +34,8 @@ InfraredCall &InfraredCall::set_raw_timings_packed(const uint8_t *data, uint16_t
   this->packed_data_ = data;
   this->packed_length_ = length;
   this->packed_count_ = count;
-  this->raw_timings_ = nullptr;  // Clear vector if packed is set
+  this->raw_timings_ = nullptr;
+  this->base64url_ptr_ = nullptr;
   return *this;
 }
 
@@ -92,6 +101,23 @@ void Infrared::control(const InfraredCall &call) {
                                                call.get_packed_count());
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Transmitting packed raw timings: count=%u, repeat=%u", call.get_packed_count(),
              call.get_repeat_count());
+  } else if (call.is_base64url()) {
+    // Decode base64url (URL-safe) into transmit buffer
+    if (!transmit_data->set_data_from_base64url(call.get_base64url_data())) {
+      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid base64url data");
+      return;
+    }
+    // Sanity check: validate timing values are within reasonable bounds
+    constexpr int32_t max_timing_us = 500000;  // 500ms absolute max
+    for (int32_t timing : transmit_data->get_data()) {
+      int32_t abs_timing = timing < 0 ? -timing : timing;
+      if (abs_timing > max_timing_us) {
+        ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid timing value: %d µs (max %d)", timing, max_timing_us);
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Transmitting base64url raw timings: count=%zu, repeat=%u", transmit_data->get_data().size(),
+             call.get_repeat_count());
   } else {
     // From vector (lambdas/automations)
     transmit_data->set_data(call.get_raw_timings());

esphome/components/infrared/infrared.h

@@ -28,12 +28,29 @@ class InfraredCall {
 
   /// Set the carrier frequency in Hz
   InfraredCall &set_carrier_frequency(uint32_t frequency);
-  /// Set the raw timings (positive = mark, negative = space)
-  /// Note: The timings vector must outlive the InfraredCall (zero-copy reference)
+
+  // ===== Raw Timings Methods =====
+  // All set_raw_timings_* methods store pointers/references to external data.
+  // The referenced data must remain valid until perform() completes.
+  // Safe pattern:   call.set_raw_timings_xxx(data); call.perform();  // synchronous
+  // Unsafe pattern: call.set_raw_timings_xxx(data); defer([call]() { call.perform(); });  // data may be gone!
+
+  /// Set the raw timings from a vector (positive = mark, negative = space)
+  /// @note Lifetime: Stores a pointer to the vector. The vector must outlive perform().
+  /// @note Usage: Primarily for lambdas/automations where the vector is in scope.
   InfraredCall &set_raw_timings(const std::vector<int32_t> &timings);
-  /// Set the raw timings from packed protobuf sint32 data (zero-copy from wire)
-  /// Note: The data must outlive the InfraredCall
+
+  /// Set the raw timings from base64url-encoded little-endian int32 data
+  /// @note Lifetime: Stores a pointer to the string. The string must outlive perform().
+  /// @note Usage: For web_server - base64url is fully URL-safe (uses '-' and '_').
+  /// @note Decoding happens at perform() time, directly into the transmit buffer.
+  InfraredCall &set_raw_timings_base64url(const std::string &base64url);
+
+  /// Set the raw timings from packed protobuf sint32 data (zigzag + varint encoded)
+  /// @note Lifetime: Stores a pointer to the buffer. The buffer must outlive perform().
+  /// @note Usage: For API component where data comes directly from the protobuf message.
   InfraredCall &set_raw_timings_packed(const uint8_t *data, uint16_t length, uint16_t count);
+
   /// Set the number of times to repeat transmission (1 = transmit once, 2 = transmit twice, etc.)
   InfraredCall &set_repeat_count(uint32_t count);
 
@@ -42,12 +59,18 @@ class InfraredCall {
 
   /// Get the carrier frequency
   const optional<uint32_t> &get_carrier_frequency() const { return this->carrier_frequency_; }
-  /// Get the raw timings (only valid if set via set_raw_timings, not packed)
+  /// Get the raw timings (only valid if set via set_raw_timings)
   const std::vector<int32_t> &get_raw_timings() const { return *this->raw_timings_; }
-  /// Check if raw timings have been set (either vector or packed)
-  bool has_raw_timings() const { return this->raw_timings_ != nullptr || this->packed_data_ != nullptr; }
+  /// Check if raw timings have been set (any format)
+  bool has_raw_timings() const {
+    return this->raw_timings_ != nullptr || this->packed_data_ != nullptr || this->base64url_ptr_ != nullptr;
+  }
   /// Check if using packed data format
   bool is_packed() const { return this->packed_data_ != nullptr; }
+  /// Check if using base64url data format
+  bool is_base64url() const { return this->base64url_ptr_ != nullptr; }
+  /// Get the base64url data string
+  const std::string &get_base64url_data() const { return *this->base64url_ptr_; }
   /// Get packed data (only valid if set via set_raw_timings_packed)
   const uint8_t *get_packed_data() const { return this->packed_data_; }
   uint16_t get_packed_length() const { return this->packed_length_; }
@@ -59,9 +82,11 @@ class InfraredCall {
   uint32_t repeat_count_{1};
   Infrared *parent_;
   optional<uint32_t> carrier_frequency_;
-  // Vector-based timings (for lambdas/automations)
+  // Pointer to vector-based timings (caller-owned, must outlive perform())
   const std::vector<int32_t> *raw_timings_{nullptr};
-  // Packed protobuf timings (for API zero-copy)
+  // Pointer to base64url-encoded string (caller-owned, must outlive perform())
+  const std::string *base64url_ptr_{nullptr};
+  // Pointer to packed protobuf buffer (caller-owned, must outlive perform())
   const uint8_t *packed_data_{nullptr};
   uint16_t packed_length_{0};
   uint16_t packed_count_{0};

esphome/components/light/light_json_schema.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "light_json_schema.h"
+#include "color_mode.h"
 #include "light_output.h"
 #include "esphome/core/progmem.h"
 
@@ -8,29 +9,32 @@ namespace esphome::light {
 
 // See https://www.home-assistant.io/integrations/light.mqtt/#json-schema for documentation on the schema
 
-// Get JSON string for color mode using linear search (avoids large switch jump table)
-static const char *get_color_mode_json_str(ColorMode mode) {
-  // Parallel arrays: mode values and their corresponding strings
-  // Uses less RAM than a switch jump table on sparse enum values
-  static constexpr ColorMode MODES[] = {
-      ColorMode::ON_OFF,
-      ColorMode::BRIGHTNESS,
-      ColorMode::WHITE,
-      ColorMode::COLOR_TEMPERATURE,
-      ColorMode::COLD_WARM_WHITE,
-      ColorMode::RGB,
-      ColorMode::RGB_WHITE,
-      ColorMode::RGB_COLOR_TEMPERATURE,
-      ColorMode::RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE,
-  };
-  static constexpr const char *STRINGS[] = {
-      "onoff", "brightness", "white", "color_temp", "cwww", "rgb", "rgbw", "rgbct", "rgbww",
-  };
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(MODES) / sizeof(MODES[0]); i++) {
-    if (MODES[i] == mode)
-      return STRINGS[i];
+// Get JSON string for color mode.
+// ColorMode enum values are sparse bitmasks (0, 1, 3, 7, 11, 19, 35, 39, 47, 51) which would
+// generate a large jump table. Converting to bit index (0-9) allows a compact switch.
+static ProgmemStr get_color_mode_json_str(ColorMode mode) {
+  switch (ColorModeBitPolicy::to_bit(mode)) {
+    case 1:
+      return ESPHOME_F("onoff");
+    case 2:
+      return ESPHOME_F("brightness");
+    case 3:
+      return ESPHOME_F("white");
+    case 4:
+      return ESPHOME_F("color_temp");
+    case 5:
+      return ESPHOME_F("cwww");
+    case 6:
+      return ESPHOME_F("rgb");
+    case 7:
+      return ESPHOME_F("rgbw");
+    case 8:
+      return ESPHOME_F("rgbct");
+    case 9:
+      return ESPHOME_F("rgbww");
+    default:
+      return nullptr;
   }
-  return nullptr;
 }
 
 void LightJSONSchema::dump_json(LightState &state, JsonObject root) {
@@ -44,7 +48,7 @@ void LightJSONSchema::dump_json(LightState &state, JsonObject root) {
   auto values = state.remote_values;
 
   const auto color_mode = values.get_color_mode();
-  const char *mode_str = get_color_mode_json_str(color_mode);
+  const auto *mode_str = get_color_mode_json_str(color_mode);
   if (mode_str != nullptr) {
     root[ESPHOME_F("color_mode")] = mode_str;
   }

esphome/components/lock/lock.cpp

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ void Lock::publish_state(LockState state) {
 
   this->state = state;
   this->rtc_.save(&this->state);
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': Sending state %s", this->name_.c_str(), LOG_STR_ARG(lock_state_to_string(state)));
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' >> %s", this->name_.c_str(), LOG_STR_ARG(lock_state_to_string(state)));
   this->state_callback_.call();
 #if defined(USE_LOCK) && defined(USE_CONTROLLER_REGISTRY)
   ControllerRegistry::notify_lock_update(this);

esphome/components/mipi_dsi/models/guition.py

@@ -101,4 +101,225 @@ DriverChip(
         (0xFF, 0x77, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00),
     ]
 )
+
+# jc8012P4A1 Driver Configuration (jd9365)
+# Using parameters from esp_lcd_jd9365.h and the working full init sequence
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# * Resolution: 800x1280
+# * PCLK Frequency: 60 MHz
+# * DSI Lane Bit Rate: 1 Gbps (using 2-Lane DSI configuration)
+# * Horizontal Timing (hsync_pulse_width=20, hsync_back_porch=20, hsync_front_porch=40)
+# * Vertical Timing (vsync_pulse_width=4, vsync_back_porch=8, vsync_front_porch=20)
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DriverChip(
+    "JC8012P4A1",
+    width=800,
+    height=1280,
+    hsync_back_porch=20,
+    hsync_pulse_width=20,
+    hsync_front_porch=40,
+    vsync_back_porch=8,
+    vsync_pulse_width=4,
+    vsync_front_porch=20,
+    pclk_frequency="60MHz",
+    lane_bit_rate="1Gbps",
+    swap_xy=cv.UNDEFINED,
+    color_order="RGB",
+    reset_pin=27,
+    initsequence=[
+        (0xE0, 0x00),
+        (0xE1, 0x93),
+        (0xE2, 0x65),
+        (0xE3, 0xF8),
+        (0x80, 0x01),
+        (0xE0, 0x01),
+        (0x00, 0x00),
+        (0x01, 0x39),
+        (0x03, 0x10),
+        (0x04, 0x41),
+        (0x0C, 0x74),
+        (0x17, 0x00),
+        (0x18, 0xD7),
+        (0x19, 0x00),
+        (0x1A, 0x00),
+        (0x1B, 0xD7),
+        (0x1C, 0x00),
+        (0x24, 0xFE),
+        (0x35, 0x26),
+        (0x37, 0x69),
+        (0x38, 0x05),
+        (0x39, 0x06),
+        (0x3A, 0x08),
+        (0x3C, 0x78),
+        (0x3D, 0xFF),
+        (0x3E, 0xFF),
+        (0x3F, 0xFF),
+        (0x40, 0x06),
+        (0x41, 0xA0),
+        (0x43, 0x14),
+        (0x44, 0x0B),
+        (0x45, 0x30),
+        (0x4B, 0x04),
+        (0x55, 0x02),
+        (0x57, 0x89),
+        (0x59, 0x0A),
+        (0x5A, 0x28),
+        (0x5B, 0x15),
+        (0x5D, 0x50),
+        (0x5E, 0x37),
+        (0x5F, 0x29),
+        (0x60, 0x1E),
+        (0x61, 0x1D),
+        (0x62, 0x12),
+        (0x63, 0x1A),
+        (0x64, 0x08),
+        (0x65, 0x25),
+        (0x66, 0x26),
+        (0x67, 0x28),
+        (0x68, 0x49),
+        (0x69, 0x3A),
+        (0x6A, 0x43),
+        (0x6B, 0x3A),
+        (0x6C, 0x3B),
+        (0x6D, 0x32),
+        (0x6E, 0x1F),
+        (0x6F, 0x0E),
+        (0x70, 0x50),
+        (0x71, 0x37),
+        (0x72, 0x29),
+        (0x73, 0x1E),
+        (0x74, 0x1D),
+        (0x75, 0x12),
+        (0x76, 0x1A),
+        (0x77, 0x08),
+        (0x78, 0x25),
+        (0x79, 0x26),
+        (0x7A, 0x28),
+        (0x7B, 0x49),
+        (0x7C, 0x3A),
+        (0x7D, 0x43),
+        (0x7E, 0x3A),
+        (0x7F, 0x3B),
+        (0x80, 0x32),
+        (0x81, 0x1F),
+        (0x82, 0x0E),
+        (0xE0, 0x02),
+        (0x00, 0x1F),
+        (0x01, 0x1F),
+        (0x02, 0x52),
+        (0x03, 0x51),
+        (0x04, 0x50),
+        (0x05, 0x4B),
+        (0x06, 0x4A),
+        (0x07, 0x49),
+        (0x08, 0x48),
+        (0x09, 0x47),
+        (0x0A, 0x46),
+        (0x0B, 0x45),
+        (0x0C, 0x44),
+        (0x0D, 0x40),
+        (0x0E, 0x41),
+        (0x0F, 0x1F),
+        (0x10, 0x1F),
+        (0x11, 0x1F),
+        (0x12, 0x1F),
+        (0x13, 0x1F),
+        (0x14, 0x1F),
+        (0x15, 0x1F),
+        (0x16, 0x1F),
+        (0x17, 0x1F),
+        (0x18, 0x52),
+        (0x19, 0x51),
+        (0x1A, 0x50),
+        (0x1B, 0x4B),
+        (0x1C, 0x4A),
+        (0x1D, 0x49),
+        (0x1E, 0x48),
+        (0x1F, 0x47),
+        (0x20, 0x46),
+        (0x21, 0x45),
+        (0x22, 0x44),
+        (0x23, 0x40),
+        (0x24, 0x41),
+        (0x25, 0x1F),
+        (0x26, 0x1F),
+        (0x27, 0x1F),
+        (0x28, 0x1F),
+        (0x29, 0x1F),
+        (0x2A, 0x1F),
+        (0x2B, 0x1F),
+        (0x2C, 0x1F),
+        (0x2D, 0x1F),
+        (0x2E, 0x52),
+        (0x2F, 0x40),
+        (0x30, 0x41),
+        (0x31, 0x48),
+        (0x32, 0x49),
+        (0x33, 0x4A),
+        (0x34, 0x4B),
+        (0x35, 0x44),
+        (0x36, 0x45),
+        (0x37, 0x46),
+        (0x38, 0x47),
+        (0x39, 0x51),
+        (0x3A, 0x50),
+        (0x3B, 0x1F),
+        (0x3C, 0x1F),
+        (0x3D, 0x1F),
+        (0x3E, 0x1F),
+        (0x3F, 0x1F),
+        (0x40, 0x1F),
+        (0x41, 0x1F),
+        (0x42, 0x1F),
+        (0x43, 0x1F),
+        (0x44, 0x52),
+        (0x45, 0x40),
+        (0x46, 0x41),
+        (0x47, 0x48),
+        (0x48, 0x49),
+        (0x49, 0x4A),
+        (0x4A, 0x4B),
+        (0x4B, 0x44),
+        (0x4C, 0x45),
+        (0x4D, 0x46),
+        (0x4E, 0x47),
+        (0x4F, 0x51),
+        (0x50, 0x50),
+        (0x51, 0x1F),
+        (0x52, 0x1F),
+        (0x53, 0x1F),
+        (0x54, 0x1F),
+        (0x55, 0x1F),
+        (0x56, 0x1F),
+        (0x57, 0x1F),
+        (0x58, 0x40),
+        (0x59, 0x00),
+        (0x5A, 0x00),
+        (0x5B, 0x10),
+        (0x5C, 0x05),
+        (0x5D, 0x50),
+        (0x5E, 0x01),
+        (0x5F, 0x02),
+        (0x60, 0x50),
+        (0x61, 0x06),
+        (0x62, 0x04),
+        (0x63, 0x03),
+        (0x64, 0x64),
+        (0x65, 0x65),
+        (0x66, 0x0B),
+        (0x67, 0x73),
+        (0x68, 0x07),
+        (0x69, 0x06),
+        (0x6A, 0x64),
+        (0x6B, 0x08),
+        (0x6C, 0x00),
+        (0x6D, 0x32),
+        (0x6E, 0x08),
+        (0xE0, 0x04),
+        (0x2C, 0x6B),
+        (0x35, 0x08),
+        (0x37, 0x00),
+        (0xE0, 0x00),
+    ]
+)
 # fmt: on

esphome/components/modbus_controller/modbus_controller.h

@@ -271,24 +271,31 @@ class ServerRegister {
 
   // Formats a raw value into a string representation based on the value type for debugging
   std::string format_value(int64_t value) const {
+    // max 44: float with %.1f can be up to 42 chars (3.4e38 → 39 integer digits + sign + decimal + 1 digit)
+    // plus null terminator = 43, rounded to 44 for 4-byte alignment
+    char buf[44];
     switch (this->value_type) {
       case SensorValueType::U_WORD:
       case SensorValueType::U_DWORD:
       case SensorValueType::U_DWORD_R:
       case SensorValueType::U_QWORD:
       case SensorValueType::U_QWORD_R:
-        return std::to_string(static_cast<uint64_t>(value));
+        buf_append_printf(buf, sizeof(buf), 0, "%" PRIu64, static_cast<uint64_t>(value));
+        return buf;
       case SensorValueType::S_WORD:
       case SensorValueType::S_DWORD:
       case SensorValueType::S_DWORD_R:
       case SensorValueType::S_QWORD:
       case SensorValueType::S_QWORD_R:
-        return std::to_string(value);
+        buf_append_printf(buf, sizeof(buf), 0, "%" PRId64, value);
+        return buf;
       case SensorValueType::FP32_R:
       case SensorValueType::FP32:
-        return str_sprintf("%.1f", bit_cast<float>(static_cast<uint32_t>(value)));
+        buf_append_printf(buf, sizeof(buf), 0, "%.1f", bit_cast<float>(static_cast<uint32_t>(value)));
+        return buf;
       default:
-        return std::to_string(value);
+        buf_append_printf(buf, sizeof(buf), 0, "%" PRId64, value);
+        return buf;
     }
   }
 

esphome/components/modbus_controller/text_sensor/modbus_textsensor.cpp

@@ -16,12 +16,20 @@ void ModbusTextSensor::parse_and_publish(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data) {
   while ((items_left > 0) && index < data.size()) {
     uint8_t b = data[index];
     switch (this->encode_) {
-      case RawEncoding::HEXBYTES:
-        output_str += str_snprintf("%02x", 2, b);
+      case RawEncoding::HEXBYTES: {
+        // max 3: 2 hex digits + null
+        char hex_buf[3];
+        snprintf(hex_buf, sizeof(hex_buf), "%02x", b);
+        output_str += hex_buf;
         break;
-      case RawEncoding::COMMA:
-        output_str += str_sprintf(index != this->offset ? ",%d" : "%d", b);
+      }
+      case RawEncoding::COMMA: {
+        // max 5: optional ','(1) + uint8(3) + null, for both ",%d" and "%d"
+        char dec_buf[5];
+        snprintf(dec_buf, sizeof(dec_buf), index != this->offset ? ",%d" : "%d", b);
+        output_str += dec_buf;
         break;
+      }
       case RawEncoding::ANSI:
         if (b < 0x20)
           break;

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_component.cpp

@@ -189,8 +189,7 @@ bool MQTTComponent::send_discovery_() {
         StringRef object_id = this->get_default_object_id_to_(object_id_buf);
         if (discovery_info.unique_id_generator == MQTT_MAC_ADDRESS_UNIQUE_ID_GENERATOR) {
           char friendly_name_hash[9];
-          sprintf(friendly_name_hash, "%08" PRIx32, fnv1_hash(this->friendly_name_()));
-          friendly_name_hash[8] = 0;  // ensure the hash-string ends with null
+          snprintf(friendly_name_hash, sizeof(friendly_name_hash), "%08" PRIx32, fnv1_hash(this->friendly_name_()));
           // Format: mac-component_type-hash (e.g. "aabbccddeeff-sensor-12345678")
           // MAC (12) + "-" (1) + domain (max 20) + "-" (1) + hash (8) + null (1) = 43
           char unique_id[MAC_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE + ESPHOME_DOMAIN_MAX_LEN + 11];

esphome/components/network/ip_address.h

@@ -43,6 +43,14 @@ namespace network {
 /// Buffer size for IP address string (IPv6 max: 39 chars + null)
 static constexpr size_t IP_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE = 40;
 
+/// Lowercase hex digits in IP address string (A-F -> a-f for IPv6 per RFC 5952)
+inline void lowercase_ip_str(char *buf) {
+  for (char *p = buf; *p; ++p) {
+    if (*p >= 'A' && *p <= 'F')
+      *p += 32;
+  }
+}
+
 struct IPAddress {
  public:
 #ifdef USE_HOST
@@ -52,10 +60,15 @@ struct IPAddress {
   }
   IPAddress(const std::string &in_address) { inet_aton(in_address.c_str(), &ip_addr_); }
   IPAddress(const ip_addr_t *other_ip) { ip_addr_ = *other_ip; }
-  std::string str() const { return str_lower_case(inet_ntoa(ip_addr_)); }
+  std::string str() const {
+    char buf[IP_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE];
+    this->str_to(buf);
+    return buf;
+  }
   /// Write IP address to buffer. Buffer must be at least IP_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE bytes.
   char *str_to(char *buf) const {
-    return const_cast<char *>(inet_ntop(AF_INET, &ip_addr_, buf, IP_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE));
+    inet_ntop(AF_INET, &ip_addr_, buf, IP_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE);
+    return buf;  // IPv4 only, no hex letters to lowercase
   }
 #else
   IPAddress() { ip_addr_set_zero(&ip_addr_); }
@@ -134,9 +147,18 @@ struct IPAddress {
   bool is_ip4() const { return IP_IS_V4(&ip_addr_); }
   bool is_ip6() const { return IP_IS_V6(&ip_addr_); }
   bool is_multicast() const { return ip_addr_ismulticast(&ip_addr_); }
-  std::string str() const { return str_lower_case(ipaddr_ntoa(&ip_addr_)); }
+  std::string str() const {
+    char buf[IP_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE];
+    this->str_to(buf);
+    return buf;
+  }
   /// Write IP address to buffer. Buffer must be at least IP_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE bytes.
-  char *str_to(char *buf) const { return ipaddr_ntoa_r(&ip_addr_, buf, IP_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE); }
+  /// Output is lowercased per RFC 5952 (IPv6 hex digits a-f).
+  char *str_to(char *buf) const {
+    ipaddr_ntoa_r(&ip_addr_, buf, IP_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE);
+    lowercase_ip_str(buf);
+    return buf;
+  }
   bool operator==(const IPAddress &other) const { return ip_addr_cmp(&ip_addr_, &other.ip_addr_); }
   bool operator!=(const IPAddress &other) const { return !ip_addr_cmp(&ip_addr_, &other.ip_addr_); }
   IPAddress &operator+=(uint8_t increase) {

esphome/components/nextion/display.py

@@ -11,7 +11,12 @@ from esphome.const import (
 )
 from esphome.core import CORE, TimePeriod
 
-from . import Nextion, nextion_ns, nextion_ref
+from . import (  # noqa: F401  pylint: disable=unused-import
+    FILTER_SOURCE_FILES,
+    Nextion,
+    nextion_ns,
+    nextion_ref,
+)
 from .base_component import (
     CONF_AUTO_WAKE_ON_TOUCH,
     CONF_COMMAND_SPACING,

esphome/components/ntc/ntc.cpp

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ void NTC::process_(float value) {
   double v = this->a_ + this->b_ * lr + this->c_ * lr * lr * lr;
   auto temp = float(1.0 / v - 273.15);
 
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' - Temperature: %.1f°C", this->name_.c_str(), temp);
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "'%s' - Temperature: %.1f°C", this->name_.c_str(), temp);
   this->publish_state(temp);
 }
 

esphome/components/number/number.cpp

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ void log_number(const char *tag, const char *prefix, const char *type, Number *o
 void Number::publish_state(float state) {
   this->set_has_state(true);
   this->state = state;
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': Sending state %f", this->get_name().c_str(), state);
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' >> %.2f", this->get_name().c_str(), state);
   this->state_callback_.call(state);
 #if defined(USE_NUMBER) && defined(USE_CONTROLLER_REGISTRY)
   ControllerRegistry::notify_number_update(this);

esphome/components/opentherm/opentherm.cpp

@@ -561,8 +561,9 @@ const char *OpenTherm::message_id_to_str(MessageId id) {
 }
 
 void OpenTherm::debug_data(OpenthermData &data) {
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "%s %s %s %s", format_bin(data.type).c_str(), format_bin(data.id).c_str(),
-           format_bin(data.valueHB).c_str(), format_bin(data.valueLB).c_str());
+  char type_buf[9], id_buf[9], hb_buf[9], lb_buf[9];
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "%s %s %s %s", format_bin_to(type_buf, data.type), format_bin_to(id_buf, data.id),
+           format_bin_to(hb_buf, data.valueHB), format_bin_to(lb_buf, data.valueLB));
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "type: %s; id: %u; HB: %u; LB: %u; uint_16: %u; float: %f",
            this->message_type_to_str((MessageType) data.type), data.id, data.valueHB, data.valueLB, data.u16(),
            data.f88());

esphome/components/pipsolar/output/pipsolar_output.cpp

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ static const char *const TAG = "pipsolar.output";
 
 void PipsolarOutput::write_state(float state) {
   char tmp[10];
-  sprintf(tmp, this->set_command_.c_str(), state);
+  snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), this->set_command_, state);
 
   if (std::find(this->possible_values_.begin(), this->possible_values_.end(), state) != this->possible_values_.end()) {
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Will write: %s out of value %f / %02.0f", tmp, state, state);

esphome/components/pipsolar/output/pipsolar_output.h

@@ -15,13 +15,15 @@ class PipsolarOutput : public output::FloatOutput {
  public:
   PipsolarOutput() {}
   void set_parent(Pipsolar *parent) { this->parent_ = parent; }
-  void set_set_command(const std::string &command) { this->set_command_ = command; };
+  void set_set_command(const char *command) { this->set_command_ = command; }
+  /// Prevent accidental use of std::string which would dangle
+  void set_set_command(const std::string &command) = delete;
   void set_possible_values(std::vector<float> possible_values) { this->possible_values_ = std::move(possible_values); }
-  void set_value(float value) { this->write_state(value); };
+  void set_value(float value) { this->write_state(value); }
 
  protected:
   void write_state(float state) override;
-  std::string set_command_;
+  const char *set_command_{nullptr};
   Pipsolar *parent_;
   std::vector<float> possible_values_;
 };

esphome/components/pipsolar/switch/pipsolar_switch.cpp

@@ -9,14 +9,9 @@ static const char *const TAG = "pipsolar.switch";
 
 void PipsolarSwitch::dump_config() { LOG_SWITCH("", "Pipsolar Switch", this); }
 void PipsolarSwitch::write_state(bool state) {
-  if (state) {
-    if (!this->on_command_.empty()) {
-      this->parent_->queue_command(this->on_command_);
-    }
-  } else {
-    if (!this->off_command_.empty()) {
-      this->parent_->queue_command(this->off_command_);
-    }
+  const char *command = state ? this->on_command_ : this->off_command_;
+  if (command != nullptr) {
+    this->parent_->queue_command(command);
   }
 }
 

esphome/components/pipsolar/switch/pipsolar_switch.h

@@ -9,15 +9,18 @@ namespace pipsolar {
 class Pipsolar;
 class PipsolarSwitch : public switch_::Switch, public Component {
  public:
-  void set_parent(Pipsolar *parent) { this->parent_ = parent; };
-  void set_on_command(const std::string &command) { this->on_command_ = command; };
-  void set_off_command(const std::string &command) { this->off_command_ = command; };
+  void set_parent(Pipsolar *parent) { this->parent_ = parent; }
+  void set_on_command(const char *command) { this->on_command_ = command; }
+  void set_off_command(const char *command) { this->off_command_ = command; }
+  /// Prevent accidental use of std::string which would dangle
+  void set_on_command(const std::string &command) = delete;
+  void set_off_command(const std::string &command) = delete;
   void dump_config() override;
 
  protected:
   void write_state(bool state) override;
-  std::string on_command_;
-  std::string off_command_;
+  const char *on_command_{nullptr};
+  const char *off_command_{nullptr};
   Pipsolar *parent_;
 };
 

esphome/components/qr_code/qr_code.cpp

@@ -27,7 +27,16 @@ void QrCode::set_ecc(qrcodegen_Ecc ecc) {
 
 void QrCode::generate_qr_code() {
   ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Generating QR code");
+
+#ifdef USE_ESP32
+  // ESP32 has 8KB stack, safe to allocate ~4KB buffer on stack
   uint8_t tempbuffer[qrcodegen_BUFFER_LEN_MAX];
+#else
+  // Other platforms (ESP8266: 4KB, RP2040: 2KB, LibreTiny: ~4KB) have smaller stacks
+  // Allocate buffer on heap to avoid stack overflow
+  auto tempbuffer_owner = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(qrcodegen_BUFFER_LEN_MAX);
+  uint8_t *tempbuffer = tempbuffer_owner.get();
+#endif
 
   if (!qrcodegen_encodeText(this->value_.c_str(), tempbuffer, this->qr_, this->ecc_, qrcodegen_VERSION_MIN,
                             qrcodegen_VERSION_MAX, qrcodegen_Mask_AUTO, true)) {

esphome/components/remote_base/aeha_protocol.cpp

@@ -85,8 +85,8 @@ optional<AEHAData> AEHAProtocol::decode(RemoteReceiveData src) {
 std::string AEHAProtocol::format_data_(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data) {
   std::string out;
   for (uint8_t byte : data) {
-    char buf[6];
-    sprintf(buf, "0x%02X,", byte);
+    char buf[8];  // "0x%02X," = 5 chars + null + margin
+    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "0x%02X,", byte);
     out += buf;
   }
   out.pop_back();

esphome/components/remote_base/raw_protocol.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "raw_protocol.h"
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
@@ -8,36 +9,30 @@ static const char *const TAG = "remote.raw";
 
 bool RawDumper::dump(RemoteReceiveData src) {
   char buffer[256];
-  uint32_t buffer_offset = 0;
-  buffer_offset += sprintf(buffer, "Received Raw: ");
+  size_t pos = buf_append_printf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0, "Received Raw: ");
 
   for (int32_t i = 0; i < src.size() - 1; i++) {
     const int32_t value = src[i];
-    const uint32_t remaining_length = sizeof(buffer) - buffer_offset;
-    int written;
+    size_t prev_pos = pos;
 
     if (i + 1 < src.size() - 1) {
-      written = snprintf(buffer + buffer_offset, remaining_length, "%" PRId32 ", ", value);
+      pos = buf_append_printf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), pos, "%" PRId32 ", ", value);
     } else {
-      written = snprintf(buffer + buffer_offset, remaining_length, "%" PRId32, value);
+      pos = buf_append_printf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), pos, "%" PRId32, value);
     }
 
-    if (written < 0 || written >= int(remaining_length)) {
-      // write failed, flush...
-      buffer[buffer_offset] = '\0';
+    if (pos >= sizeof(buffer) - 1) {
+      // buffer full, flush and continue
+      buffer[prev_pos] = '\0';
       ESP_LOGI(TAG, "%s", buffer);
-      buffer_offset = 0;
-      written = sprintf(buffer, "  ");
       if (i + 1 < src.size() - 1) {
-        written += sprintf(buffer + written, "%" PRId32 ", ", value);
+        pos = buf_append_printf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0, "  %" PRId32 ", ", value);
       } else {
-        written += sprintf(buffer + written, "%" PRId32, value);
+        pos = buf_append_printf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0, "  %" PRId32, value);
       }
     }
-
-    buffer_offset += written;
   }
-  if (buffer_offset != 0) {
+  if (pos != 0) {
     ESP_LOGI(TAG, "%s", buffer);
   }
   return true;

esphome/components/remote_base/remote_base.cpp

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 #include "remote_base.h"
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
-#include <cinttypes>
-
 namespace esphome {
 namespace remote_base {
 
@@ -159,42 +158,41 @@ void RemoteTransmitData::set_data_from_packed_sint32(const uint8_t *data, size_t
   }
 }
 
+bool RemoteTransmitData::set_data_from_base64url(const std::string &base64url) {
+  return base64_decode_int32_vector(base64url, this->data_);
+}
+
 /* RemoteTransmitterBase */
 
 void RemoteTransmitterBase::send_(uint32_t send_times, uint32_t send_wait) {
 #ifdef ESPHOME_LOG_HAS_VERY_VERBOSE
   const auto &vec = this->temp_.get_data();
   char buffer[256];
-  uint32_t buffer_offset = 0;
-  buffer_offset += sprintf(buffer, "Sending times=%" PRIu32 " wait=%" PRIu32 "ms: ", send_times, send_wait);
+  size_t pos = buf_append_printf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0,
+                                 "Sending times=%" PRIu32 " wait=%" PRIu32 "ms: ", send_times, send_wait);
 
   for (size_t i = 0; i < vec.size(); i++) {
     const int32_t value = vec[i];
-    const uint32_t remaining_length = sizeof(buffer) - buffer_offset;
-    int written;
+    size_t prev_pos = pos;
 
     if (i + 1 < vec.size()) {
-      written = snprintf(buffer + buffer_offset, remaining_length, "%" PRId32 ", ", value);
+      pos = buf_append_printf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), pos, "%" PRId32 ", ", value);
     } else {
-      written = snprintf(buffer + buffer_offset, remaining_length, "%" PRId32, value);
+      pos = buf_append_printf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), pos, "%" PRId32, value);
     }
 
-    if (written < 0 || written >= int(remaining_length)) {
-      // write failed, flush...
-      buffer[buffer_offset] = '\0';
+    if (pos >= sizeof(buffer) - 1) {
+      // buffer full, flush and continue
+      buffer[prev_pos] = '\0';
       ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "%s", buffer);
-      buffer_offset = 0;
-      written = sprintf(buffer, "  ");
       if (i + 1 < vec.size()) {
-        written += sprintf(buffer + written, "%" PRId32 ", ", value);
+        pos = buf_append_printf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0, "  %" PRId32 ", ", value);
       } else {
-        written += sprintf(buffer + written, "%" PRId32, value);
+        pos = buf_append_printf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0, "  %" PRId32, value);
       }
     }
-
-    buffer_offset += written;
   }
-  if (buffer_offset != 0) {
+  if (pos != 0) {
     ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "%s", buffer);
   }
 #endif

esphome/components/remote_base/remote_base.h

@@ -36,6 +36,11 @@ class RemoteTransmitData {
   /// @param len Length of the buffer in bytes
   /// @param count Number of values (for reserve optimization)
   void set_data_from_packed_sint32(const uint8_t *data, size_t len, size_t count);
+  /// Set data from base64url-encoded little-endian int32 values
+  /// Base64url is URL-safe: uses '-' instead of '+', '_' instead of '/'
+  /// @param base64url Base64url-encoded string of little-endian int32 values
+  /// @return true if successful, false if decode failed or invalid size
+  bool set_data_from_base64url(const std::string &base64url);
   void reset() {
     this->data_.clear();
     this->carrier_frequency_ = 0;

esphome/components/remote_receiver/binary_sensor.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from esphome.components import binary_sensor, remote_base
 
+from . import FILTER_SOURCE_FILES  # noqa: F401  pylint: disable=unused-import
+
 DEPENDENCIES = ["remote_receiver"]
 
 CONFIG_SCHEMA = remote_base.validate_binary_sensor

esphome/components/resistance/resistance_sensor.cpp

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ void ResistanceSensor::process_(float value) {
   }
 
   res *= this->resistor_;
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' - Resistance %.1fΩ", this->name_.c_str(), res);
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "'%s' - Resistance %.1fΩ", this->name_.c_str(), res);
   this->publish_state(res);
 }
 

esphome/components/safe_mode/safe_mode.cpp

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 #include <cinttypes>
 #include <cstdio>
 
-#ifdef USE_OTA_ROLLBACK
+#if defined(USE_ESP32) && defined(USE_OTA_ROLLBACK)
 #include <esp_ota_ops.h>
 #endif
 
@@ -26,6 +26,17 @@ void SafeModeComponent::dump_config() {
                 this->safe_mode_boot_is_good_after_ / 1000,  // because milliseconds
                 this->safe_mode_num_attempts_,
                 this->safe_mode_enable_time_ / 1000);  // because milliseconds
+#if defined(USE_ESP32) && defined(USE_OTA_ROLLBACK)
+  const char *state_str;
+  if (this->ota_state_ == ESP_OTA_IMG_NEW) {
+    state_str = "not supported";
+  } else if (this->ota_state_ == ESP_OTA_IMG_PENDING_VERIFY) {
+    state_str = "supported";
+  } else {
+    state_str = "support unknown";
+  }
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Bootloader rollback: %s", state_str);
+#endif
 
   if (this->safe_mode_rtc_value_ > 1 && this->safe_mode_rtc_value_ != SafeModeComponent::ENTER_SAFE_MODE_MAGIC) {
     auto remaining_restarts = this->safe_mode_num_attempts_ - this->safe_mode_rtc_value_;
@@ -36,7 +47,7 @@ void SafeModeComponent::dump_config() {
     }
   }
 
-#ifdef USE_OTA_ROLLBACK
+#if defined(USE_ESP32) && defined(USE_OTA_ROLLBACK)
   const esp_partition_t *last_invalid = esp_ota_get_last_invalid_partition();
   if (last_invalid != nullptr) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG,
@@ -55,7 +66,7 @@ void SafeModeComponent::loop() {
     ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Boot seems successful; resetting boot loop counter");
     this->clean_rtc();
     this->boot_successful_ = true;
-#ifdef USE_OTA_ROLLBACK
+#if defined(USE_ESP32) && defined(USE_OTA_ROLLBACK)
     // Mark OTA partition as valid to prevent rollback
     esp_ota_mark_app_valid_cancel_rollback();
 #endif
@@ -90,6 +101,12 @@ bool SafeModeComponent::should_enter_safe_mode(uint8_t num_attempts, uint32_t en
   this->safe_mode_num_attempts_ = num_attempts;
   this->rtc_ = global_preferences->make_preference<uint32_t>(233825507UL, false);
 
+#if defined(USE_ESP32) && defined(USE_OTA_ROLLBACK)
+  // Check partition state to detect if bootloader supports rollback
+  const esp_partition_t *running = esp_ota_get_running_partition();
+  esp_ota_get_state_partition(running, &this->ota_state_);
+#endif
+
   uint32_t rtc_val = this->read_rtc_();
   this->safe_mode_rtc_value_ = rtc_val;
 

esphome/components/safe_mode/safe_mode.h

@@ -5,6 +5,10 @@
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/preferences.h"
 
+#if defined(USE_ESP32) && defined(USE_OTA_ROLLBACK)
+#include <esp_ota_ops.h>
+#endif
+
 namespace esphome::safe_mode {
 
 /// SafeModeComponent provides a safe way to recover from repeated boot failures
@@ -42,6 +46,9 @@ class SafeModeComponent : public Component {
   // Group 1-byte members together to minimize padding
   bool boot_successful_{false};  ///< set to true after boot is considered successful
   uint8_t safe_mode_num_attempts_{0};
+#if defined(USE_ESP32) && defined(USE_OTA_ROLLBACK)
+  esp_ota_img_states_t ota_state_{ESP_OTA_IMG_UNDEFINED};
+#endif
   // Larger objects at the end
   ESPPreferenceObject rtc_;
 #ifdef USE_SAFE_MODE_CALLBACK

esphome/components/select/__init__.py

@@ -8,17 +8,20 @@ from esphome.const import (
     CONF_ICON,
     CONF_ID,
     CONF_INDEX,
+    CONF_LAMBDA,
     CONF_MODE,
     CONF_MQTT_ID,
     CONF_ON_VALUE,
     CONF_OPERATION,
     CONF_OPTION,
+    CONF_OPTIONS,
     CONF_TRIGGER_ID,
     CONF_WEB_SERVER,
 )
-from esphome.core import CORE, CoroPriority, coroutine_with_priority
+from esphome.core import CORE, ID, CoroPriority, coroutine_with_priority
 from esphome.core.entity_helpers import entity_duplicate_validator, setup_entity
-from esphome.cpp_generator import MockObjClass
+from esphome.cpp_generator import MockObjClass, TemplateArguments
+from esphome.cpp_types import global_ns
 
 CODEOWNERS = ["@esphome/core"]
 IS_PLATFORM_COMPONENT = True
@@ -38,6 +41,9 @@ SelectSetAction = select_ns.class_("SelectSetAction", automation.Action)
 SelectSetIndexAction = select_ns.class_("SelectSetIndexAction", automation.Action)
 SelectOperationAction = select_ns.class_("SelectOperationAction", automation.Action)
 
+# Conditions
+SelectIsCondition = select_ns.class_("SelectIsCondition", automation.Condition)
+
 # Enums
 SelectOperation = select_ns.enum("SelectOperation")
 SELECT_OPERATION_OPTIONS = {
@@ -165,6 +171,41 @@ async def select_set_index_to_code(config, action_id, template_arg, args):
     return var
 
 
+@automation.register_condition(
+    "select.is",
+    SelectIsCondition,
+    OPERATION_BASE_SCHEMA.extend(
+        {
+            cv.Optional(CONF_OPTIONS): cv.All(
+                cv.ensure_list(cv.string_strict), cv.Length(min=1)
+            ),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_LAMBDA): cv.returning_lambda,
+        }
+    ).add_extra(cv.has_exactly_one_key(CONF_OPTIONS, CONF_LAMBDA)),
+)
+async def select_is_to_code(config, condition_id, template_arg, args):
+    paren = await cg.get_variable(config[CONF_ID])
+    if options := config.get(CONF_OPTIONS):
+        # List of constant options
+        # Create a constexpr and pass that with a template length
+        arr_id = ID(
+            f"{condition_id}_data",
+            is_declaration=True,
+            type=global_ns.namespace("constexpr char * const"),
+        )
+        arg = cg.static_const_array(arr_id, cg.ArrayInitializer(*options))
+        template_arg = TemplateArguments(len(options), *template_arg)
+    else:
+        # Lambda
+        arg = await cg.process_lambda(
+            config[CONF_LAMBDA],
+            [(global_ns.namespace("StringRef &").operator("const"), "current")] + args,
+            return_type=cg.bool_,
+        )
+        template_arg = TemplateArguments(0, *template_arg)
+    return cg.new_Pvariable(condition_id, template_arg, paren, arg)
+
+
 @automation.register_action(
     "select.operation",
     SelectOperationAction,

esphome/components/select/automation.h

@@ -66,4 +66,34 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SelectOperationAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   Select *select_;
 };
 
+template<size_t N, typename... Ts> class SelectIsCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
+ public:
+  SelectIsCondition(Select *parent, const char *const *option_list) : parent_(parent), option_list_(option_list) {}
+
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override {
+    auto current = this->parent_->current_option();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i != N; i++) {
+      if (current == this->option_list_[i]) {
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  Select *parent_;
+  const char *const *option_list_;
+};
+
+template<typename... Ts> class SelectIsCondition<0, Ts...> : public Condition<Ts...> {
+ public:
+  SelectIsCondition(Select *parent, std::function<bool(const StringRef &, const Ts &...)> &&f)
+      : parent_(parent), f_(f) {}
+
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->f_(this->parent_->current_option(), x...); }
+
+ protected:
+  Select *parent_;
+  std::function<bool(const StringRef &, const Ts &...)> f_;
+};
 }  // namespace esphome::select

esphome/components/select/select.cpp

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ void Select::publish_state(size_t index) {
 #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
   this->state = option;  // Update deprecated member for backward compatibility
 #pragma GCC diagnostic pop
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': Sending state %s (index %zu)", this->get_name().c_str(), option, index);
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' >> %s (%zu)", this->get_name().c_str(), option, index);
   this->state_callback_.call(index);
 #if defined(USE_SELECT) && defined(USE_CONTROLLER_REGISTRY)
   ControllerRegistry::notify_select_update(this);

esphome/components/sensor/sensor.cpp

@@ -126,8 +126,8 @@ float Sensor::get_raw_state() const { return this->raw_state; }
 void Sensor::internal_send_state_to_frontend(float state) {
   this->set_has_state(true);
   this->state = state;
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': Sending state %.5f %s with %d decimals of accuracy", this->get_name().c_str(), state,
-           this->get_unit_of_measurement_ref().c_str(), this->get_accuracy_decimals());
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' >> %.*f %s", this->get_name().c_str(), std::max(0, (int) this->get_accuracy_decimals()), state,
+           this->get_unit_of_measurement_ref().c_str());
   this->callback_.call(state);
 #if defined(USE_SENSOR) && defined(USE_CONTROLLER_REGISTRY)
   ControllerRegistry::notify_sensor_update(this);

esphome/components/sha256/sha256.cpp

@@ -10,26 +10,24 @@ namespace esphome::sha256 {
 
 #if defined(USE_ESP32) || defined(USE_LIBRETINY)
 
-// CRITICAL ESP32-S3 HARDWARE SHA ACCELERATION REQUIREMENTS (IDF 5.5.x):
+// CRITICAL ESP32 HARDWARE SHA ACCELERATION REQUIREMENTS (IDF 5.5.x):
 //
-// The ESP32-S3 uses hardware DMA for SHA acceleration. The mbedtls_sha256_context structure contains
-// internal state that the DMA engine references. This imposes three critical constraints:
+// ESP32 variants (except original ESP32) use DMA-based hardware SHA acceleration that requires
+// 32-byte aligned digest buffers. This is handled automatically via HashBase::digest_ which has
+// alignas(32) on these platforms. Two additional constraints apply:
 //
-// 1. ALIGNMENT: The SHA256 object MUST be declared with `alignas(32)` for proper DMA alignment.
-//    Without this, the DMA engine may crash with an abort in sha_hal_read_digest().
-//
-// 2. NO VARIABLE LENGTH ARRAYS (VLAs): VLAs corrupt the stack layout, causing the DMA engine to
+// 1. NO VARIABLE LENGTH ARRAYS (VLAs): VLAs corrupt the stack layout, causing the DMA engine to
 //    write to incorrect memory locations. This results in null pointer dereferences and crashes.
 //    ALWAYS use fixed-size arrays (e.g., char buf[65], not char buf[size+1]).
 //
-// 3. SAME STACK FRAME ONLY: The SHA256 object must be created and used entirely within the same
+// 2. SAME STACK FRAME ONLY: The SHA256 object must be created and used entirely within the same
 //    function. NEVER pass the SHA256 object or HashBase pointer to another function. When the stack
 //    frame changes (function call/return), the DMA references become invalid and will produce
 //    truncated hash output (20 bytes instead of 32) or corrupt memory.
 //
 // CORRECT USAGE:
 //   void my_function() {
-//     alignas(32) sha256::SHA256 hasher;  // Created locally with proper alignment
+//     sha256::SHA256 hasher;
 //     hasher.init();
 //     hasher.add(data, len);  // Any size, no chunking needed
 //     hasher.calculate();
@@ -37,9 +35,9 @@ namespace esphome::sha256 {
 //     // hasher destroyed when function returns
 //   }
 //
-// INCORRECT USAGE (WILL FAIL ON ESP32-S3):
+// INCORRECT USAGE (WILL FAIL):
 //   void my_function() {
-//     sha256::SHA256 hasher;  // WRONG: Missing alignas(32)
+//     sha256::SHA256 hasher;
 //     helper(&hasher);  // WRONG: Passed to different stack frame
 //   }
 //   void helper(HashBase *h) {

esphome/components/sha256/sha256.h

@@ -24,13 +24,14 @@ namespace esphome::sha256 {
 
 /// SHA256 hash implementation.
 ///
-/// CRITICAL for ESP32-S3 with IDF 5.5.x hardware SHA acceleration:
-/// 1. SHA256 objects MUST be declared with `alignas(32)` for proper DMA alignment
-/// 2. The object MUST stay in the same stack frame (no passing to other functions)
-/// 3. NO Variable Length Arrays (VLAs) in the same function
+/// CRITICAL for ESP32 variants (except original) with IDF 5.5.x hardware SHA acceleration:
+/// 1. The object MUST stay in the same stack frame (no passing to other functions)
+/// 2. NO Variable Length Arrays (VLAs) in the same function
+///
+/// Note: Alignment is handled automatically via the HashBase::digest_ member.
 ///
 /// Example usage:
-///   alignas(32) sha256::SHA256 hasher;
+///   sha256::SHA256 hasher;
 ///   hasher.init();
 ///   hasher.add(data, len);
 ///   hasher.calculate();

esphome/components/sprinkler/sprinkler.cpp

@@ -332,6 +332,7 @@ Sprinkler::Sprinkler(const std::string &name) {
   // The `name` is needed to set timers up, hence non-default constructor
   // replaces `set_name()` method previously existed
   this->name_ = name;
+  this->timer_.init(2);
   this->timer_.push_back({this->name_ + "sm", false, 0, 0, std::bind(&Sprinkler::sm_timer_callback_, this)});
   this->timer_.push_back({this->name_ + "vs", false, 0, 0, std::bind(&Sprinkler::valve_selection_callback_, this)});
 }
@@ -1574,7 +1575,8 @@ const LogString *Sprinkler::state_as_str_(SprinklerState state) {
 
 void Sprinkler::start_timer_(const SprinklerTimerIndex timer_index) {
   if (this->timer_duration_(timer_index) > 0) {
-    this->set_timeout(this->timer_[timer_index].name, this->timer_duration_(timer_index),
+    // FixedVector ensures timer_ can't be resized, so .c_str() pointers remain valid
+    this->set_timeout(this->timer_[timer_index].name.c_str(), this->timer_duration_(timer_index),
                       this->timer_cbf_(timer_index));
     this->timer_[timer_index].start_time = millis();
     this->timer_[timer_index].active = true;
@@ -1585,7 +1587,7 @@ void Sprinkler::start_timer_(const SprinklerTimerIndex timer_index) {
 
 bool Sprinkler::cancel_timer_(const SprinklerTimerIndex timer_index) {
   this->timer_[timer_index].active = false;
-  return this->cancel_timeout(this->timer_[timer_index].name);
+  return this->cancel_timeout(this->timer_[timer_index].name.c_str());
 }
 
 bool Sprinkler::timer_active_(const SprinklerTimerIndex timer_index) { return this->timer_[timer_index].active; }

esphome/components/sprinkler/sprinkler.h

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/automation.h"
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/components/number/number.h"
 #include "esphome/components/switch/switch.h"
 
@@ -553,8 +554,8 @@ class Sprinkler : public Component {
   /// Sprinkler valve operator objects
   std::vector<SprinklerValveOperator> valve_op_{2};
 
-  /// Valve control timers
-  std::vector<SprinklerTimer> timer_{};
+  /// Valve control timers - FixedVector enforces that this can never grow beyond init() size
+  FixedVector<SprinklerTimer> timer_;
 
   /// Other Sprinkler instances we should be aware of (used to check if pumps are in use)
   std::vector<Sprinkler *> other_controllers_;

esphome/components/sun/text_sensor/sun_text_sensor.h

@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@ class SunTextSensor : public text_sensor::TextSensor, public PollingComponent {
   void set_parent(Sun *parent) { parent_ = parent; }
   void set_elevation(double elevation) { elevation_ = elevation; }
   void set_sunrise(bool sunrise) { sunrise_ = sunrise; }
-  void set_format(const std::string &format) { format_ = format; }
+  void set_format(const char *format) { this->format_ = format; }
+  /// Prevent accidental use of std::string which would dangle
+  void set_format(const std::string &format) = delete;
 
   void update() override {
     optional<ESPTime> res;
@@ -29,14 +31,14 @@ class SunTextSensor : public text_sensor::TextSensor, public PollingComponent {
     }
 
     char buf[ESPTime::STRFTIME_BUFFER_SIZE];
-    size_t len = res->strftime_to(buf, this->format_.c_str());
+    size_t len = res->strftime_to(buf, this->format_);
     this->publish_state(buf, len);
   }
 
   void dump_config() override;
 
  protected:
-  std::string format_{};
+  const char *format_{nullptr};
   Sun *parent_;
   double elevation_;
   bool sunrise_;

esphome/components/switch/switch.cpp

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ void Switch::publish_state(bool state) {
   if (restore_mode & RESTORE_MODE_PERSISTENT_MASK)
     this->rtc_.save(&this->state);
 
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': Sending state %s", this->name_.c_str(), ONOFF(this->state));
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' >> %s", this->name_.c_str(), ONOFF(this->state));
   this->state_callback_.call(this->state);
 #if defined(USE_SWITCH) && defined(USE_CONTROLLER_REGISTRY)
   ControllerRegistry::notify_switch_update(this);

esphome/components/template/alarm_control_panel/__init__.py

@@ -118,8 +118,7 @@ async def to_code(config):
     var = await alarm_control_panel.new_alarm_control_panel(config)
     await cg.register_component(var, config)
     if CONF_CODES in config:
-        for acode in config[CONF_CODES]:
-            cg.add(var.add_code(acode))
+        cg.add(var.set_codes(config[CONF_CODES]))
         if CONF_REQUIRES_CODE_TO_ARM in config:
             cg.add(var.set_requires_code_to_arm(config[CONF_REQUIRES_CODE_TO_ARM]))
 

esphome/components/template/alarm_control_panel/template_alarm_control_panel.cpp

@@ -206,7 +206,13 @@ bool TemplateAlarmControlPanel::is_code_valid_(optional<std::string> code) {
   if (!this->codes_.empty()) {
     if (code.has_value()) {
       ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Checking code: %s", code.value().c_str());
-      return (std::count(this->codes_.begin(), this->codes_.end(), code.value()) == 1);
+      // Use strcmp for const char* comparison
+      const char *code_cstr = code.value().c_str();
+      for (const char *stored_code : this->codes_) {
+        if (strcmp(stored_code, code_cstr) == 0)
+          return true;
+      }
+      return false;
     }
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "No code provided");
     return false;

esphome/components/template/alarm_control_panel/template_alarm_control_panel.h

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <cinttypes>
+#include <cstring>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "esphome/core/automation.h"
@@ -86,11 +87,14 @@ class TemplateAlarmControlPanel final : public alarm_control_panel::AlarmControl
                   AlarmSensorType type = ALARM_SENSOR_TYPE_DELAYED);
 #endif
 
-  /** add a code
+  /** Set the codes (from initializer list).
    *
-   * @param code The code
+   * @param codes The list of valid codes
    */
-  void add_code(const std::string &code) { this->codes_.push_back(code); }
+  void set_codes(std::initializer_list<const char *> codes) { this->codes_ = codes; }
+
+  // Deleted overload to catch incorrect std::string usage at compile time
+  void set_codes(std::initializer_list<std::string> codes) = delete;
 
   /** set requires a code to arm
    *
@@ -155,8 +159,8 @@ class TemplateAlarmControlPanel final : public alarm_control_panel::AlarmControl
   uint32_t pending_time_;
   // the time in trigger
   uint32_t trigger_time_;
-  // a list of codes
-  std::vector<std::string> codes_;
+  // a list of codes (const char* pointers to string literals in flash)
+  FixedVector<const char *> codes_;
   // requires a code to arm
   bool requires_code_to_arm_ = false;
   bool supports_arm_home_ = false;

esphome/components/template/text/template_text.cpp

@@ -8,16 +8,23 @@ static const char *const TAG = "template.text";
 void TemplateText::setup() {
   if (this->f_.has_value())
     return;
-  std::string value = this->initial_value_;
-  if (!this->pref_) {
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "State from initial: %s", value.c_str());
-  } else {
-    uint32_t key = this->get_preference_hash();
-    key += this->traits.get_min_length() << 2;
-    key += this->traits.get_max_length() << 4;
-    key += fnv1_hash(this->traits.get_pattern_c_str()) << 6;
-    this->pref_->setup(key, value);
+
+  if (this->pref_ == nullptr) {
+    // No restore - use const char* directly, no heap allocation needed
+    if (this->initial_value_ != nullptr && this->initial_value_[0] != '\0') {
+      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "State from initial: %s", this->initial_value_);
+      this->publish_state(this->initial_value_);
+    }
+    return;
   }
+
+  // Need std::string for pref_->setup() to fill from flash
+  std::string value{this->initial_value_ != nullptr ? this->initial_value_ : ""};
+  uint32_t key = this->get_preference_hash();
+  key += this->traits.get_min_length() << 2;
+  key += this->traits.get_max_length() << 4;
+  key += fnv1_hash(this->traits.get_pattern_c_str()) << 6;
+  this->pref_->setup(key, value);
   if (!value.empty())
     this->publish_state(value);
 }

esphome/components/template/text/template_text.h

@@ -70,13 +70,15 @@ class TemplateText final : public text::Text, public PollingComponent {
 
   Trigger<std::string> *get_set_trigger() const { return this->set_trigger_; }
   void set_optimistic(bool optimistic) { this->optimistic_ = optimistic; }
-  void set_initial_value(const std::string &initial_value) { this->initial_value_ = initial_value; }
+  void set_initial_value(const char *initial_value) { this->initial_value_ = initial_value; }
+  /// Prevent accidental use of std::string which would dangle
+  void set_initial_value(const std::string &initial_value) = delete;
   void set_value_saver(TemplateTextSaverBase *restore_value_saver) { this->pref_ = restore_value_saver; }
 
  protected:
   void control(const std::string &value) override;
   bool optimistic_ = false;
-  std::string initial_value_;
+  const char *initial_value_{nullptr};
   Trigger<std::string> *set_trigger_ = new Trigger<std::string>();
   TemplateLambda<std::string> f_{};
 

esphome/components/text/text.cpp

@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ void Text::publish_state(const char *state, size_t len) {
     this->state.assign(state, len);
   }
   if (this->traits.get_mode() == TEXT_MODE_PASSWORD) {
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': Sending state " LOG_SECRET("'%s'"), this->get_name().c_str(), this->state.c_str());
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' >> " LOG_SECRET("'%s'"), this->get_name().c_str(), this->state.c_str());
   } else {
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': Sending state %s", this->get_name().c_str(), this->state.c_str());
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' >> '%s'", this->get_name().c_str(), this->state.c_str());
   }
   this->state_callback_.call(this->state);
 #if defined(USE_TEXT) && defined(USE_CONTROLLER_REGISTRY)

esphome/components/text_sensor/text_sensor.cpp

@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ void TextSensor::internal_send_state_to_frontend(const char *state, size_t len)
 
 void TextSensor::notify_frontend_() {
   this->set_has_state(true);
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': Sending state '%s'", this->name_.c_str(), this->state.c_str());
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' >> '%s'", this->name_.c_str(), this->state.c_str());
   this->callback_.call(this->state);
 #if defined(USE_TEXT_SENSOR) && defined(USE_CONTROLLER_REGISTRY)
   ControllerRegistry::notify_text_sensor_update(this);

esphome/components/time/real_time_clock.cpp

@@ -31,6 +31,18 @@ void RealTimeClock::dump_config() {
 
 void RealTimeClock::synchronize_epoch_(uint32_t epoch) {
   ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Got epoch %" PRIu32, epoch);
+  // Skip if time is already synchronized to avoid unnecessary writes, log spam,
+  // and prevent clock jumping backwards due to network latency
+  constexpr time_t min_valid_epoch = 1546300800;  // January 1, 2019
+  time_t current_time = this->timestamp_now();
+  // Check if time is valid (year >= 2019) before comparing
+  if (current_time >= min_valid_epoch) {
+    // Unsigned subtraction handles wraparound correctly, then cast to signed
+    int32_t diff = static_cast<int32_t>(epoch - static_cast<uint32_t>(current_time));
+    if (diff >= -1 && diff <= 1) {
+      return;
+    }
+  }
   // Update UTC epoch time.
 #ifdef USE_ZEPHYR
   struct timespec ts;

esphome/components/udp/__init__.py

@@ -108,8 +108,7 @@ async def to_code(config):
         cg.add(var.set_broadcast_port(conf_port[CONF_BROADCAST_PORT]))
     if (listen_address := str(config[CONF_LISTEN_ADDRESS])) != "255.255.255.255":
         cg.add(var.set_listen_address(listen_address))
-    for address in config[CONF_ADDRESSES]:
-        cg.add(var.add_address(str(address)))
+    cg.add(var.set_addresses([str(addr) for addr in config[CONF_ADDRESSES]]))
     if on_receive := config.get(CONF_ON_RECEIVE):
         on_receive = on_receive[0]
         trigger = cg.new_Pvariable(on_receive[CONF_TRIGGER_ID])

esphome/components/udp/udp_component.cpp

@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/network/util.h"
 #include "udp_component.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace udp {
+namespace esphome::udp {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "udp";
 
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ void UDPComponent::setup() {
   // 8266 and RP2040 `Duino
   for (const auto &address : this->addresses_) {
     auto ipaddr = IPAddress();
-    ipaddr.fromString(address.c_str());
+    ipaddr.fromString(address);
     this->ipaddrs_.push_back(ipaddr);
   }
   if (this->should_listen_)
@@ -130,8 +129,8 @@ void UDPComponent::dump_config() {
                 "  Listen Port: %u\n"
                 "  Broadcast Port: %u",
                 this->listen_port_, this->broadcast_port_);
-  for (const auto &address : this->addresses_)
-    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Address: %s", address.c_str());
+  for (const char *address : this->addresses_)
+    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Address: %s", address);
   if (this->listen_address_.has_value()) {
     char addr_buf[network::IP_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE];
     ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Listen address: %s", this->listen_address_.value().str_to(addr_buf));
@@ -162,7 +161,6 @@ void UDPComponent::send_packet(const uint8_t *data, size_t size) {
   }
 #endif
 }
-}  // namespace udp
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::udp
 
 #endif

esphome/components/udp/udp_component.h

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 #include "esphome/core/defines.h"
 #ifdef USE_NETWORK
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/components/network/ip_address.h"
 #if defined(USE_SOCKET_IMPL_BSD_SOCKETS) || defined(USE_SOCKET_IMPL_LWIP_SOCKETS)
 #include "esphome/components/socket/socket.h"
@@ -9,15 +10,17 @@
 #ifdef USE_SOCKET_IMPL_LWIP_TCP
 #include <WiFiUdp.h>
 #endif
+#include <initializer_list>
 #include <vector>
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace udp {
+namespace esphome::udp {
 
 static const size_t MAX_PACKET_SIZE = 508;
 class UDPComponent : public Component {
  public:
-  void add_address(const char *addr) { this->addresses_.emplace_back(addr); }
+  void set_addresses(std::initializer_list<const char *> addresses) { this->addresses_ = addresses; }
+  /// Prevent accidental use of std::string which would dangle
+  void set_addresses(std::initializer_list<std::string> addresses) = delete;
   void set_listen_address(const char *listen_addr) { this->listen_address_ = network::IPAddress(listen_addr); }
   void set_listen_port(uint16_t port) { this->listen_port_ = port; }
   void set_broadcast_port(uint16_t port) { this->broadcast_port_ = port; }
@@ -49,11 +52,10 @@ class UDPComponent : public Component {
   std::vector<IPAddress> ipaddrs_{};
   WiFiUDP udp_client_{};
 #endif
-  std::vector<std::string> addresses_{};
+  FixedVector<const char *> addresses_{};
 
   optional<network::IPAddress> listen_address_{};
 };
 
-}  // namespace udp
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::udp
 #endif

esphome/components/update/update_entity.cpp

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ static const char *const TAG = "update";
 
 void UpdateEntity::publish_state() {
   ESP_LOGD(TAG,
-           "'%s' - Publishing:\n"
+           "'%s' >>\n"
            "  Current Version: %s",
            this->name_.c_str(), this->update_info_.current_version.c_str());
 

esphome/components/valve/valve.cpp

@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ void Valve::add_on_state_callback(std::function<void()> &&f) { this->state_callb
 void Valve::publish_state(bool save) {
   this->position = clamp(this->position, 0.0f, 1.0f);
 
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' - Publishing:", this->name_.c_str());
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' >>", this->name_.c_str());
   auto traits = this->get_traits();
   if (traits.get_supports_position()) {
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Position: %.0f%%", this->position * 100.0f);

esphome/components/water_heater/water_heater.cpp

@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ void WaterHeater::setup() {
 void WaterHeater::publish_state() {
   auto traits = this->get_traits();
   ESP_LOGD(TAG,
-           "'%s' - Sending state:\n"
+           "'%s' >>\n"
            "  Mode: %s",
            this->name_.c_str(), LOG_STR_ARG(water_heater_mode_to_string(this->mode_)));
   if (!std::isnan(this->current_temperature_)) {

esphome/components/web_server/__init__.py

@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
             cv.Optional(CONF_OTA): cv.boolean,
             cv.Optional(CONF_LOG, default=True): cv.boolean,
             cv.Optional(CONF_LOCAL): cv.boolean,
-            cv.Optional(CONF_COMPRESSION, default="br"): cv.one_of("br", "gzip"),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_COMPRESSION, default="gzip"): cv.one_of("gzip", "br"),
             cv.Optional(CONF_SORTING_GROUPS): cv.ensure_list(sorting_group),
         }
     ).extend(cv.COMPONENT_SCHEMA),

esphome/components/web_server/list_entities.cpp

@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ bool ListEntitiesIterator::on_water_heater(water_heater::WaterHeater *obj) {
 
 #ifdef USE_INFRARED
 bool ListEntitiesIterator::on_infrared(infrared::Infrared *obj) {
-  // Infrared web_server support not yet implemented - this stub acknowledges the entity
+  this->events_->deferrable_send_state(obj, "state_detail_all", WebServer::infrared_all_json_generator);
   return true;
 }
 #endif

esphome/components/web_server/web_server.cpp

@@ -33,6 +33,10 @@
 #include "esphome/components/water_heater/water_heater.h"
 #endif
 
+#ifdef USE_INFRARED
+#include "esphome/components/infrared/infrared.h"
+#endif
+
 #ifdef USE_WEBSERVER_LOCAL
 #if USE_WEBSERVER_VERSION == 2
 #include "server_index_v2.h"
@@ -658,6 +662,24 @@ std::string WebServer::text_sensor_json_(text_sensor::TextSensor *obj, const std
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_SWITCH
+enum SwitchAction : uint8_t { SWITCH_ACTION_NONE, SWITCH_ACTION_TOGGLE, SWITCH_ACTION_TURN_ON, SWITCH_ACTION_TURN_OFF };
+
+static void execute_switch_action(switch_::Switch *obj, SwitchAction action) {
+  switch (action) {
+    case SWITCH_ACTION_TOGGLE:
+      obj->toggle();
+      break;
+    case SWITCH_ACTION_TURN_ON:
+      obj->turn_on();
+      break;
+    case SWITCH_ACTION_TURN_OFF:
+      obj->turn_off();
+      break;
+    default:
+      break;
+  }
+}
+
 void WebServer::on_switch_update(switch_::Switch *obj) {
   if (!this->include_internal_ && obj->is_internal())
     return;
@@ -676,34 +698,22 @@ void WebServer::handle_switch_request(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, const UrlM
       return;
     }
 
-    // Handle action methods with single defer and response
-    enum SwitchAction { NONE, TOGGLE, TURN_ON, TURN_OFF };
-    SwitchAction action = NONE;
+    SwitchAction action = SWITCH_ACTION_NONE;
 
     if (match.method_equals(ESPHOME_F("toggle"))) {
-      action = TOGGLE;
+      action = SWITCH_ACTION_TOGGLE;
     } else if (match.method_equals(ESPHOME_F("turn_on"))) {
-      action = TURN_ON;
+      action = SWITCH_ACTION_TURN_ON;
     } else if (match.method_equals(ESPHOME_F("turn_off"))) {
-      action = TURN_OFF;
+      action = SWITCH_ACTION_TURN_OFF;
     }
 
-    if (action != NONE) {
-      this->defer([obj, action]() {
-        switch (action) {
-          case TOGGLE:
-            obj->toggle();
-            break;
-          case TURN_ON:
-            obj->turn_on();
-            break;
-          case TURN_OFF:
-            obj->turn_off();
-            break;
-          default:
-            break;
-        }
-      });
+    if (action != SWITCH_ACTION_NONE) {
+#ifdef USE_ESP8266
+      execute_switch_action(obj, action);
+#else
+      this->defer([obj, action]() { execute_switch_action(obj, action); });
+#endif
       request->send(200);
     } else {
       request->send(404);
@@ -743,7 +753,7 @@ void WebServer::handle_button_request(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, const UrlM
       std::string data = this->button_json_(obj, detail);
       request->send(200, "application/json", data.c_str());
     } else if (match.method_equals(ESPHOME_F("press"))) {
-      this->defer([obj]() { obj->press(); });
+      DEFER_ACTION(obj, obj->press());
       request->send(200);
       return;
     } else {
@@ -753,9 +763,6 @@ void WebServer::handle_button_request(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, const UrlM
   }
   request->send(404);
 }
-std::string WebServer::button_state_json_generator(WebServer *web_server, void *source) {
-  return web_server->button_json_((button::Button *) (source), DETAIL_STATE);
-}
 std::string WebServer::button_all_json_generator(WebServer *web_server, void *source) {
   return web_server->button_json_((button::Button *) (source), DETAIL_ALL);
 }
@@ -831,7 +838,7 @@ void WebServer::handle_fan_request(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, const UrlMatc
       std::string data = this->fan_json_(obj, detail);
       request->send(200, "application/json", data.c_str());
     } else if (match.method_equals(ESPHOME_F("toggle"))) {
-      this->defer([obj]() { obj->toggle().perform(); });
+      DEFER_ACTION(obj, obj->toggle().perform());
       request->send(200);
     } else {
       bool is_on = match.method_equals(ESPHOME_F("turn_on"));
@@ -862,7 +869,7 @@ void WebServer::handle_fan_request(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, const UrlMatc
             return;
         }
       }
-      this->defer([call]() mutable { call.perform(); });
+      DEFER_ACTION(call, call.perform());
       request->send(200);
     }
     return;
@@ -912,7 +919,7 @@ void WebServer::handle_light_request(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, const UrlMa
       std::string data = this->light_json_(obj, detail);
       request->send(200, "application/json", data.c_str());
     } else if (match.method_equals(ESPHOME_F("toggle"))) {
-      this->defer([obj]() { obj->toggle().perform(); });
+      DEFER_ACTION(obj, obj->toggle().perform());
       request->send(200);
     } else {
       bool is_on = match.method_equals(ESPHOME_F("turn_on"));
@@ -941,7 +948,7 @@ void WebServer::handle_light_request(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, const UrlMa
         parse_string_param_(request, ESPHOME_F("effect"), call, &decltype(call)::set_effect);
       }
 
-      this->defer([call]() mutable { call.perform(); });
+      DEFER_ACTION(call, call.perform());
       request->send(200);
     }
     return;
@@ -1030,7 +1037,7 @@ void WebServer::handle_cover_request(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, const UrlMa
     parse_float_param_(request, ESPHOME_F("position"), call, &decltype(call)::set_position);
     parse_float_param_(request, ESPHOME_F("tilt"), call, &decltype(call)::set_tilt);
 
-    this->defer([call]() mutable { call.perform(); });
+    DEFER_ACTION(call, call.perform());
     request->send(200);
     return;
   }
@@ -1089,7 +1096,7 @@ void WebServer::handle_number_request(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, const UrlM
     auto call = obj->make_call();
     parse_float_param_(request, ESPHOME_F("value"), call, &decltype(call)::set_value);
 
-    this->defer([call]() mutable { call.perform(); });
+    DEFER_ACTION(call, call.perform());
     request->send(200);
     return;
   }
@@ -1162,7 +1169,7 @@ void WebServer::handle_date_request(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, const UrlMat
 
     parse_string_param_(request, ESPHOME_F("value"), call, &decltype(call)::set_date);
 
-    this->defer([call]() mutable { call.perform(); });
+    DEFER_ACTION(call, call.perform());
     request->send(200);
     return;
   }
@@ -1226,7 +1233,7 @@ void WebServer::handle_time_request(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, const UrlMat
 
     parse_string_param_(request, ESPHOME_F("value"), call, &decltype(call)::set_time);
 
-    this->defer([call]() mutable { call.perform(); });
+    DEFER_ACTION(call, call.perform());
     request->send(200);
     return;
   }
@@ -1289,7 +1296,7 @@ void WebServer::handle_datetime_request(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, const Ur
 
     parse_string_param_(request, ESPHOME_F("value"), call, &decltype(call)::set_datetime);
 
-    this->defer([call]() mutable { call.perform(); });
+    DEFER_ACTION(call, call.perform());
     request->send(200);
     return;
   }
@@ -1349,7 +1356,7 @@ void WebServer::handle_text_request(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, const UrlMat
     auto call = obj->make_call();
     parse_string_param_(request, ESPHOME_F("value"), call, &decltype(call)::set_value);
 
-    this->defer([call]() mutable { call.perform(); });
+    DEFER_ACTION(call, call.perform());
     request->send(200);
     return;
   }
@@ -1407,7 +1414,7 @@ void WebServer::handle_select_request(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, const UrlM
     auto call = obj->make_call();
     parse_string_param_(request, ESPHOME_F("option"), call, &decltype(call)::set_option);
 
-    this->defer([call]() mutable { call.perform(); });
+    DEFER_ACTION(call, call.perform());
     request->send(200);
     return;
   }
@@ -1476,7 +1483,7 @@ void WebServer::handle_climate_request(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, const Url
     parse_float_param_(request, ESPHOME_F("target_temperature_low"), call, &decltype(call)::set_target_temperature_low);
     parse_float_param_(request, ESPHOME_F("target_temperature"), call, &decltype(call)::set_target_temperature);
 
-    this->defer([call]() mutable { call.perform(); });
+    DEFER_ACTION(call, call.perform());
     request->send(200);
     return;
   }
@@ -1592,6 +1599,24 @@ std::string WebServer::climate_json_(climate::Climate *obj, JsonDetail start_con
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_LOCK
+enum LockAction : uint8_t { LOCK_ACTION_NONE, LOCK_ACTION_LOCK, LOCK_ACTION_UNLOCK, LOCK_ACTION_OPEN };
+
+static void execute_lock_action(lock::Lock *obj, LockAction action) {
+  switch (action) {
+    case LOCK_ACTION_LOCK:
+      obj->lock();
+      break;
+    case LOCK_ACTION_UNLOCK:
+      obj->unlock();
+      break;
+    case LOCK_ACTION_OPEN:
+      obj->open();
+      break;
+    default:
+      break;
+  }
+}
+
 void WebServer::on_lock_update(lock::Lock *obj) {
   if (!this->include_internal_ && obj->is_internal())
     return;
@@ -1610,34 +1635,22 @@ void WebServer::handle_lock_request(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, const UrlMat
       return;
     }
 
-    // Handle action methods with single defer and response
-    enum LockAction { NONE, LOCK, UNLOCK, OPEN };
-    LockAction action = NONE;
+    LockAction action = LOCK_ACTION_NONE;
 
     if (match.method_equals(ESPHOME_F("lock"))) {
-      action = LOCK;
+      action = LOCK_ACTION_LOCK;
     } else if (match.method_equals(ESPHOME_F("unlock"))) {
-      action = UNLOCK;
+      action = LOCK_ACTION_UNLOCK;
     } else if (match.method_equals(ESPHOME_F("open"))) {
-      action = OPEN;
+      action = LOCK_ACTION_OPEN;
     }
 
-    if (action != NONE) {
-      this->defer([obj, action]() {
-        switch (action) {
-          case LOCK:
-            obj->lock();
-            break;
-          case UNLOCK:
-            obj->unlock();
-            break;
-          case OPEN:
-            obj->open();
-            break;
-          default:
-            break;
-        }
-      });
+    if (action != LOCK_ACTION_NONE) {
+#ifdef USE_ESP8266
+      execute_lock_action(obj, action);
+#else
+      this->defer([obj, action]() { execute_lock_action(obj, action); });
+#endif
       request->send(200);
     } else {
       request->send(404);
@@ -1720,7 +1733,7 @@ void WebServer::handle_valve_request(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, const UrlMa
 
     parse_float_param_(request, ESPHOME_F("position"), call, &decltype(call)::set_position);
 
-    this->defer([call]() mutable { call.perform(); });
+    DEFER_ACTION(call, call.perform());
     request->send(200);
     return;
   }
@@ -1799,7 +1812,7 @@ void WebServer::handle_alarm_control_panel_request(AsyncWebServerRequest *reques
       return;
     }
 
-    this->defer([call]() mutable { call.perform(); });
+    DEFER_ACTION(call, call.perform());
     request->send(200);
     return;
   }
@@ -1875,7 +1888,7 @@ void WebServer::handle_water_heater_request(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, cons
     // Parse on/off parameter
     parse_bool_param_(request, ESPHOME_F("is_on"), base_call, &water_heater::WaterHeaterCall::set_on);
 
-    this->defer([call]() mutable { call.perform(); });
+    DEFER_ACTION(call, call.perform());
     request->send(200);
     return;
   }
@@ -1943,6 +1956,110 @@ std::string WebServer::water_heater_json_(water_heater::WaterHeater *obj, JsonDe
 }
 #endif
 
+#ifdef USE_INFRARED
+void WebServer::handle_infrared_request(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, const UrlMatch &match) {
+  for (infrared::Infrared *obj : App.get_infrareds()) {
+    auto entity_match = match.match_entity(obj);
+    if (!entity_match.matched)
+      continue;
+
+    if (request->method() == HTTP_GET && entity_match.action_is_empty) {
+      auto detail = get_request_detail(request);
+      std::string data = this->infrared_json_(obj, detail);
+      request->send(200, ESPHOME_F("application/json"), data.c_str());
+      return;
+    }
+    if (!match.method_equals(ESPHOME_F("transmit"))) {
+      request->send(404);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Only allow transmit if the device supports it
+    if (!obj->has_transmitter()) {
+      request->send(400, ESPHOME_F("text/plain"), "Device does not support transmission");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Parse parameters
+    auto call = obj->make_call();
+
+    // Parse carrier frequency (optional)
+    if (request->hasParam(ESPHOME_F("carrier_frequency"))) {
+      auto value = parse_number<uint32_t>(request->getParam(ESPHOME_F("carrier_frequency"))->value().c_str());
+      if (value.has_value()) {
+        call.set_carrier_frequency(*value);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Parse repeat count (optional, defaults to 1)
+    if (request->hasParam(ESPHOME_F("repeat_count"))) {
+      auto value = parse_number<uint32_t>(request->getParam(ESPHOME_F("repeat_count"))->value().c_str());
+      if (value.has_value()) {
+        call.set_repeat_count(*value);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Parse base64url-encoded raw timings (required)
+    // Base64url is URL-safe: uses A-Za-z0-9-_ (no special characters needing escaping)
+    if (!request->hasParam(ESPHOME_F("data"))) {
+      request->send(400, ESPHOME_F("text/plain"), "Missing 'data' parameter");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // .c_str() is required for Arduino framework where value() returns Arduino String instead of std::string
+    std::string encoded =
+        request->getParam(ESPHOME_F("data"))->value().c_str();  // NOLINT(readability-redundant-string-cstr)
+
+    // Validate base64url is not empty
+    if (encoded.empty()) {
+      request->send(400, ESPHOME_F("text/plain"), "Empty 'data' parameter");
+      return;
+    }
+
+#ifdef USE_ESP8266
+    // ESP8266 is single-threaded, call directly
+    call.set_raw_timings_base64url(encoded);
+    call.perform();
+#else
+    // Defer to main loop for thread safety. Move encoded string into lambda to ensure
+    // it outlives the call - set_raw_timings_base64url stores a pointer, so the string
+    // must remain valid until perform() completes.
+    this->defer([call, encoded = std::move(encoded)]() mutable {
+      call.set_raw_timings_base64url(encoded);
+      call.perform();
+    });
+#endif
+
+    request->send(200);
+    return;
+  }
+  request->send(404);
+}
+
+std::string WebServer::infrared_all_json_generator(WebServer *web_server, void *source) {
+  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(clang-analyzer-cplusplus.NewDeleteLeaks) false positive with ArduinoJson
+  return web_server->infrared_json_(static_cast<infrared::Infrared *>(source), DETAIL_ALL);
+}
+
+std::string WebServer::infrared_json_(infrared::Infrared *obj, JsonDetail start_config) {
+  json::JsonBuilder builder;
+  JsonObject root = builder.root();
+
+  set_json_icon_state_value(root, obj, "infrared", "", 0, start_config);
+
+  auto traits = obj->get_traits();
+
+  root[ESPHOME_F("supports_transmitter")] = traits.get_supports_transmitter();
+  root[ESPHOME_F("supports_receiver")] = traits.get_supports_receiver();
+
+  if (start_config == DETAIL_ALL) {
+    this->add_sorting_info_(root, obj);
+  }
+
+  return builder.serialize();
+}
+#endif
+
 #ifdef USE_EVENT
 void WebServer::on_event(event::Event *obj) {
   if (!this->include_internal_ && obj->is_internal())
@@ -2035,7 +2152,7 @@ void WebServer::handle_update_request(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, const UrlM
       return;
     }
 
-    this->defer([obj]() mutable { obj->perform(); });
+    DEFER_ACTION(obj, obj->perform());
     request->send(200);
     return;
   }
@@ -2074,24 +2191,21 @@ bool WebServer::canHandle(AsyncWebServerRequest *request) const {
   const auto &url = request->url();
   const auto method = request->method();
 
-  // Static URL checks
-  static const char *const STATIC_URLS[] = {
-    "/",
+  // Static URL checks - use ESPHOME_F to keep strings in flash on ESP8266
+  if (url == ESPHOME_F("/"))
+    return true;
 #if !defined(USE_ESP32) && defined(USE_ARDUINO)
-    "/events",
+  if (url == ESPHOME_F("/events"))
+    return true;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_WEBSERVER_CSS_INCLUDE
-    "/0.css",
+  if (url == ESPHOME_F("/0.css"))
+    return true;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_WEBSERVER_JS_INCLUDE
-    "/0.js",
+  if (url == ESPHOME_F("/0.js"))
+    return true;
 #endif
-  };
-
-  for (const auto &static_url : STATIC_URLS) {
-    if (url == static_url)
-      return true;
-  }
 
 #ifdef USE_WEBSERVER_PRIVATE_NETWORK_ACCESS
   if (method == HTTP_OPTIONS && request->hasHeader(ESPHOME_F("Access-Control-Request-Private-Network")))
@@ -2111,90 +2225,100 @@ bool WebServer::canHandle(AsyncWebServerRequest *request) const {
   if (!is_get_or_post)
     return false;
 
-  // Use lookup tables for domain checks
-  static const char *const GET_ONLY_DOMAINS[] = {
+  // Check GET-only domains - use ESPHOME_F to keep strings in flash on ESP8266
+  if (is_get) {
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
-      "sensor",
+    if (match.domain_equals(ESPHOME_F("sensor")))
+      return true;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
-      "binary_sensor",
+    if (match.domain_equals(ESPHOME_F("binary_sensor")))
+      return true;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
-      "text_sensor",
+    if (match.domain_equals(ESPHOME_F("text_sensor")))
+      return true;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_EVENT
-      "event",
+    if (match.domain_equals(ESPHOME_F("event")))
+      return true;
 #endif
-  };
-
-  static const char *const GET_POST_DOMAINS[] = {
-#ifdef USE_SWITCH
-      "switch",
-#endif
-#ifdef USE_BUTTON
-      "button",
-#endif
-#ifdef USE_FAN
-      "fan",
-#endif
-#ifdef USE_LIGHT
-      "light",
-#endif
-#ifdef USE_COVER
-      "cover",
-#endif
-#ifdef USE_NUMBER
-      "number",
-#endif
-#ifdef USE_DATETIME_DATE
-      "date",
-#endif
-#ifdef USE_DATETIME_TIME
-      "time",
-#endif
-#ifdef USE_DATETIME_DATETIME
-      "datetime",
-#endif
-#ifdef USE_TEXT
-      "text",
-#endif
-#ifdef USE_SELECT
-      "select",
-#endif
-#ifdef USE_CLIMATE
-      "climate",
-#endif
-#ifdef USE_LOCK
-      "lock",
-#endif
-#ifdef USE_VALVE
-      "valve",
-#endif
-#ifdef USE_ALARM_CONTROL_PANEL
-      "alarm_control_panel",
-#endif
-#ifdef USE_UPDATE
-      "update",
-#endif
-#ifdef USE_WATER_HEATER
-      "water_heater",
-#endif
-  };
-
-  // Check GET-only domains
-  if (is_get) {
-    for (const auto &domain : GET_ONLY_DOMAINS) {
-      if (match.domain_equals(domain))
-        return true;
-    }
   }
 
   // Check GET+POST domains
   if (is_get_or_post) {
-    for (const auto &domain : GET_POST_DOMAINS) {
-      if (match.domain_equals(domain))
-        return true;
-    }
+#ifdef USE_SWITCH
+    if (match.domain_equals(ESPHOME_F("switch")))
+      return true;
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_BUTTON
+    if (match.domain_equals(ESPHOME_F("button")))
+      return true;
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_FAN
+    if (match.domain_equals(ESPHOME_F("fan")))
+      return true;
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_LIGHT
+    if (match.domain_equals(ESPHOME_F("light")))
+      return true;
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_COVER
+    if (match.domain_equals(ESPHOME_F("cover")))
+      return true;
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_NUMBER
+    if (match.domain_equals(ESPHOME_F("number")))
+      return true;
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_DATETIME_DATE
+    if (match.domain_equals(ESPHOME_F("date")))
+      return true;
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_DATETIME_TIME
+    if (match.domain_equals(ESPHOME_F("time")))
+      return true;
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_DATETIME_DATETIME
+    if (match.domain_equals(ESPHOME_F("datetime")))
+      return true;
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_TEXT
+    if (match.domain_equals(ESPHOME_F("text")))
+      return true;
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_SELECT
+    if (match.domain_equals(ESPHOME_F("select")))
+      return true;
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_CLIMATE
+    if (match.domain_equals(ESPHOME_F("climate")))
+      return true;
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_LOCK
+    if (match.domain_equals(ESPHOME_F("lock")))
+      return true;
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_VALVE
+    if (match.domain_equals(ESPHOME_F("valve")))
+      return true;
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_ALARM_CONTROL_PANEL
+    if (match.domain_equals(ESPHOME_F("alarm_control_panel")))
+      return true;
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_UPDATE
+    if (match.domain_equals(ESPHOME_F("update")))
+      return true;
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_WATER_HEATER
+    if (match.domain_equals(ESPHOME_F("water_heater")))
+      return true;
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_INFRARED
+    if (match.domain_equals(ESPHOME_F("infrared")))
+      return true;
+#endif
   }
 
   return false;
@@ -2343,6 +2467,11 @@ void WebServer::handleRequest(AsyncWebServerRequest *request) {
   else if (match.domain_equals(ESPHOME_F("water_heater"))) {
     this->handle_water_heater_request(request, match);
   }
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_INFRARED
+  else if (match.domain_equals(ESPHOME_F("infrared"))) {
+    this->handle_infrared_request(request, match);
+  }
 #endif
   else {
     // No matching handler found - send 404

esphome/components/web_server/web_server.h

@@ -42,6 +42,14 @@ using ParamNameType = const __FlashStringHelper *;
 using ParamNameType = const char *;
 #endif
 
+// ESP8266 is single-threaded, so actions can execute directly in request context.
+// Multi-core platforms need to defer to main loop thread for thread safety.
+#ifdef USE_ESP8266
+#define DEFER_ACTION(capture, action) action
+#else
+#define DEFER_ACTION(capture, action) this->defer([capture]() mutable { action; })
+#endif
+
 /// Result of matching a URL against an entity
 struct EntityMatchResult {
   bool matched;          ///< True if entity matched the URL
@@ -295,7 +303,7 @@ class WebServer : public Controller,
   /// Handle a button request under '/button/<id>/press'.
   void handle_button_request(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, const UrlMatch &match);
 
-  static std::string button_state_json_generator(WebServer *web_server, void *source);
+  // Buttons are stateless, so there is no button_state_json_generator
   static std::string button_all_json_generator(WebServer *web_server, void *source);
 #endif
 
@@ -452,6 +460,13 @@ class WebServer : public Controller,
   static std::string water_heater_all_json_generator(WebServer *web_server, void *source);
 #endif
 
+#ifdef USE_INFRARED
+  /// Handle an infrared request under '/infrared/<id>/transmit'.
+  void handle_infrared_request(AsyncWebServerRequest *request, const UrlMatch &match);
+
+  static std::string infrared_all_json_generator(WebServer *web_server, void *source);
+#endif
+
 #ifdef USE_EVENT
   void on_event(event::Event *obj) override;
 
@@ -654,6 +669,9 @@ class WebServer : public Controller,
 #ifdef USE_WATER_HEATER
   std::string water_heater_json_(water_heater::WaterHeater *obj, JsonDetail start_config);
 #endif
+#ifdef USE_INFRARED
+  std::string infrared_json_(infrared::Infrared *obj, JsonDetail start_config);
+#endif
 #ifdef USE_UPDATE
   std::string update_json_(update::UpdateEntity *obj, JsonDetail start_config);
 #endif

esphome/components/weikai/weikai.cpp

@@ -4,19 +4,13 @@
 /// @details The classes declared in this file can be used by the Weikai family
 
 #include "weikai.h"
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace weikai {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "weikai";
 
-/// @brief convert an int to binary representation as C++ std::string
-/// @param val integer to convert
-/// @return a std::string
-inline std::string i2s(uint8_t val) { return std::bitset<8>(val).to_string(); }
-/// Convert std::string to C string
-#define I2S2CS(val) (i2s(val).c_str())
-
 /// @brief measure the time elapsed between two calls
 /// @param last_time time of the previous call
 /// @return the elapsed time in milliseconds
@@ -170,17 +164,18 @@ void WeikaiComponent::test_gpio_input_() {
   static bool init_input{false};
   static uint8_t state{0};
   uint8_t value;
+  char bin_buf[9];  // 8 binary digits + null
   if (!init_input) {
     init_input = true;
     // set all pins in input mode
     this->reg(WKREG_GPDIR, 0) = 0x00;
     ESP_LOGI(TAG, "initializing all pins to input mode");
     state = this->reg(WKREG_GPDAT, 0);
-    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "initial input data state = %02X (%s)", state, I2S2CS(state));
+    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "initial input data state = %02X (%s)", state, format_bin_to(bin_buf, state));
   }
   value = this->reg(WKREG_GPDAT, 0);
   if (value != state) {
-    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Input data changed from %02X to %02X (%s)", state, value, I2S2CS(value));
+    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Input data changed from %02X to %02X (%s)", state, value, format_bin_to(bin_buf, value));
     state = value;
   }
 }
@@ -188,6 +183,7 @@ void WeikaiComponent::test_gpio_input_() {
 void WeikaiComponent::test_gpio_output_() {
   static bool init_output{false};
   static uint8_t state{0};
+  char bin_buf[9];  // 8 binary digits + null
   if (!init_output) {
     init_output = true;
     // set all pins in output mode
@@ -198,7 +194,7 @@ void WeikaiComponent::test_gpio_output_() {
   }
   state = ~state;
   this->reg(WKREG_GPDAT, 0) = state;
-  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Flipping all outputs to %02X (%s)", state, I2S2CS(state));
+  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Flipping all outputs to %02X (%s)", state, format_bin_to(bin_buf, state));
   delay(100);  // NOLINT
 }
 #endif
@@ -208,7 +204,9 @@ void WeikaiComponent::test_gpio_output_() {
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 bool WeikaiComponent::read_pin_val_(uint8_t pin) {
   this->input_state_ = this->reg(WKREG_GPDAT, 0);
-  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "reading input pin %u = %u in_state %s", pin, this->input_state_ & (1 << pin), I2S2CS(input_state_));
+  char bin_buf[9];
+  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "reading input pin %u = %u in_state %s", pin, this->input_state_ & (1 << pin),
+            format_bin_to(bin_buf, this->input_state_));
   return this->input_state_ & (1 << pin);
 }
 
@@ -218,7 +216,9 @@ void WeikaiComponent::write_pin_val_(uint8_t pin, bool value) {
   } else {
     this->output_state_ &= ~(1 << pin);
   }
-  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "writing output pin %d with %d out_state %s", pin, uint8_t(value), I2S2CS(this->output_state_));
+  char bin_buf[9];
+  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "writing output pin %d with %d out_state %s", pin, uint8_t(value),
+            format_bin_to(bin_buf, this->output_state_));
   this->reg(WKREG_GPDAT, 0) = this->output_state_;
 }
 
@@ -232,7 +232,8 @@ void WeikaiComponent::set_pin_direction_(uint8_t pin, gpio::Flags flags) {
       ESP_LOGE(TAG, "pin %d direction invalid", pin);
     }
   }
-  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "setting pin %d direction to %d pin_config=%s", pin, flags, I2S2CS(this->pin_config_));
+  char bin_buf[9];
+  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "setting pin %d direction to %d pin_config=%s", pin, flags, format_bin_to(bin_buf, this->pin_config_));
   this->reg(WKREG_GPDIR, 0) = this->pin_config_;  // TODO check ~
 }
 
@@ -241,7 +242,6 @@ void WeikaiGPIOPin::setup() {
                 flags_ == gpio::FLAG_INPUT          ? "Input"
                 : this->flags_ == gpio::FLAG_OUTPUT ? "Output"
                                                     : "NOT SPECIFIED");
-  // ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Setting GPIO pins mode to '%s' %02X", I2S2CS(this->flags_), this->flags_);
   this->pin_mode(this->flags_);
 }
 
@@ -297,8 +297,9 @@ void WeikaiChannel::set_line_param_() {
       break;  // no parity 000x
   }
   this->reg(WKREG_LCR) = lcr;  // write LCR
+  char bin_buf[9];
   ESP_LOGV(TAG, "    line config: %d data_bits, %d stop_bits, parity %s register [%s]", this->data_bits_,
-           this->stop_bits_, p2s(this->parity_), I2S2CS(lcr));
+           this->stop_bits_, p2s(this->parity_), format_bin_to(bin_buf, lcr));
 }
 
 void WeikaiChannel::set_baudrate_() {
@@ -334,7 +335,8 @@ size_t WeikaiChannel::tx_in_fifo_() {
   if (tfcnt == 0) {
     uint8_t const fsr = this->reg(WKREG_FSR);
     if (fsr & FSR_TFFULL) {
-      ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "tx FIFO full FSR=%s", I2S2CS(fsr));
+      char bin_buf[9];
+      ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "tx FIFO full FSR=%s", format_bin_to(bin_buf, fsr));
       tfcnt = FIFO_SIZE;
     }
   }
@@ -346,14 +348,15 @@ size_t WeikaiChannel::rx_in_fifo_() {
   size_t available = this->reg(WKREG_RFCNT);
   uint8_t const fsr = this->reg(WKREG_FSR);
   if (fsr & (FSR_RFOE | FSR_RFLB | FSR_RFFE | FSR_RFPE)) {
+    char bin_buf[9];
     if (fsr & FSR_RFOE)
-      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Receive data overflow FSR=%s", I2S2CS(fsr));
+      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Receive data overflow FSR=%s", format_bin_to(bin_buf, fsr));
     if (fsr & FSR_RFLB)
-      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Receive line break FSR=%s", I2S2CS(fsr));
+      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Receive line break FSR=%s", format_bin_to(bin_buf, fsr));
     if (fsr & FSR_RFFE)
-      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Receive frame error FSR=%s", I2S2CS(fsr));
+      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Receive frame error FSR=%s", format_bin_to(bin_buf, fsr));
     if (fsr & FSR_RFPE)
-      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Receive parity error FSR=%s", I2S2CS(fsr));
+      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Receive parity error FSR=%s", format_bin_to(bin_buf, fsr));
   }
   if ((available == 0) && (fsr & FSR_RFDAT)) {
     // here we should be very careful because we can have something like this:
@@ -362,11 +365,13 @@ size_t WeikaiChannel::rx_in_fifo_() {
     // -  so to be sure we need to do another read of RFCNT and if it is still zero -> buffer full
     available = this->reg(WKREG_RFCNT);
     if (available == 0) {  // still zero ?
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "rx FIFO is full FSR=%s", I2S2CS(fsr));
+      char bin_buf[9];
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "rx FIFO is full FSR=%s", format_bin_to(bin_buf, fsr));
       available = FIFO_SIZE;
     }
   }
-  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "rx FIFO contain %d bytes - FSR status=%s", available, I2S2CS(fsr));
+  char bin_buf2[9];
+  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "rx FIFO contain %d bytes - FSR status=%s", available, format_bin_to(bin_buf2, fsr));
   return available;
 }
 

esphome/components/weikai/weikai.h

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
 ///                 wk2132_i2c, wk2168_i2c, wk2204_i2c, wk2212_i2c
 
 #pragma once
-#include <bitset>
 #include <memory>
 #include <cinttypes>
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"

esphome/components/weikai_spi/weikai_spi.cpp

@@ -10,13 +10,6 @@ namespace weikai_spi {
 using namespace weikai;
 static const char *const TAG = "weikai_spi";
 
-/// @brief convert an int to binary representation as C++ std::string
-/// @param val integer to convert
-/// @return a std::string
-inline std::string i2s(uint8_t val) { return std::bitset<8>(val).to_string(); }
-/// Convert std::string to C string
-#define I2S2CS(val) (i2s(val).c_str())
-
 /// @brief measure the time elapsed between two calls
 /// @param last_time time of the previous call
 /// @return the elapsed time in microseconds
@@ -107,7 +100,8 @@ uint8_t WeikaiRegisterSPI::read_reg() const {
   spi_comp->write_byte(cmd);
   uint8_t val = spi_comp->read_byte();
   spi_comp->disable();
-  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "WeikaiRegisterSPI::read_reg() cmd=%s(%02X) reg=%s ch=%d buf=%02X", I2S2CS(cmd), cmd,
+  char bin_buf[9];
+  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "WeikaiRegisterSPI::read_reg() cmd=%s(%02X) reg=%s ch=%d buf=%02X", format_bin_to(bin_buf, cmd), cmd,
             reg_to_str(this->register_, this->comp_->page1()), this->channel_, val);
   return val;
 }
@@ -120,8 +114,9 @@ void WeikaiRegisterSPI::read_fifo(uint8_t *data, size_t length) const {
   spi_comp->read_array(data, length);
   spi_comp->disable();
 #ifdef ESPHOME_LOG_HAS_VERY_VERBOSE
-  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "WeikaiRegisterSPI::read_fifo() cmd=%s(%02X) ch=%d len=%d buffer", I2S2CS(cmd), cmd, this->channel_,
-            length);
+  char bin_buf[9];
+  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "WeikaiRegisterSPI::read_fifo() cmd=%s(%02X) ch=%d len=%d buffer", format_bin_to(bin_buf, cmd), cmd,
+            this->channel_, length);
   print_buffer(data, length);
 #endif
 }
@@ -132,8 +127,9 @@ void WeikaiRegisterSPI::write_reg(uint8_t value) {
   spi_comp->enable();
   spi_comp->write_array(buf, 2);
   spi_comp->disable();
-  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "WeikaiRegisterSPI::write_reg() cmd=%s(%02X) reg=%s ch=%d buf=%02X", I2S2CS(buf[0]), buf[0],
-            reg_to_str(this->register_, this->comp_->page1()), this->channel_, buf[1]);
+  char bin_buf[9];
+  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "WeikaiRegisterSPI::write_reg() cmd=%s(%02X) reg=%s ch=%d buf=%02X", format_bin_to(bin_buf, buf[0]),
+            buf[0], reg_to_str(this->register_, this->comp_->page1()), this->channel_, buf[1]);
 }
 
 void WeikaiRegisterSPI::write_fifo(uint8_t *data, size_t length) {
@@ -145,8 +141,9 @@ void WeikaiRegisterSPI::write_fifo(uint8_t *data, size_t length) {
   spi_comp->disable();
 
 #ifdef ESPHOME_LOG_HAS_VERY_VERBOSE
-  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "WeikaiRegisterSPI::write_fifo() cmd=%s(%02X) ch=%d len=%d buffer", I2S2CS(cmd), cmd, this->channel_,
-            length);
+  char bin_buf[9];
+  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "WeikaiRegisterSPI::write_fifo() cmd=%s(%02X) ch=%d len=%d buffer", format_bin_to(bin_buf, cmd), cmd,
+            this->channel_, length);
   print_buffer(data, length);
 #endif
 }

esphome/components/weikai_spi/weikai_spi.h

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 ///          wk2124_spi, wk2132_spi, wk2168_spi, wk2204_spi, wk2212_spi,
 
 #pragma once
-#include <bitset>
 #include <memory>
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
 #include "esphome/components/uart/uart.h"

esphome/components/wireguard/__init__.py

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ _WG_KEY_REGEX = re.compile(r"^[A-Za-z0-9+/]{42}[AEIMQUYcgkosw480]=$")
 
 wireguard_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("wireguard")
 Wireguard = wireguard_ns.class_("Wireguard", cg.Component, cg.PollingComponent)
+AllowedIP = wireguard_ns.struct("AllowedIP")
 WireguardPeerOnlineCondition = wireguard_ns.class_(
     "WireguardPeerOnlineCondition", automation.Condition
 )
@@ -108,8 +109,18 @@ async def to_code(config):
         )
     )
 
-    for ip in allowed_ips:
-        cg.add(var.add_allowed_ip(str(ip.network_address), str(ip.netmask)))
+    cg.add(
+        var.set_allowed_ips(
+            [
+                cg.StructInitializer(
+                    AllowedIP,
+                    ("ip", str(ip.network_address)),
+                    ("netmask", str(ip.netmask)),
+                )
+                for ip in allowed_ips
+            ]
+        )
+    )
 
     cg.add(var.set_srctime(await cg.get_variable(config[CONF_TIME_ID])))
 

esphome/components/wireguard/wireguard.cpp

@@ -13,8 +13,7 @@
 #include <esp_wireguard.h>
 #include <esp_wireguard_err.h>
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace wireguard {
+namespace esphome::wireguard {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "wireguard";
 
@@ -28,16 +27,16 @@ static const char *const LOGMSG_ONLINE = "online";
 static const char *const LOGMSG_OFFLINE = "offline";
 
 void Wireguard::setup() {
-  this->wg_config_.address = this->address_.c_str();
-  this->wg_config_.private_key = this->private_key_.c_str();
-  this->wg_config_.endpoint = this->peer_endpoint_.c_str();
-  this->wg_config_.public_key = this->peer_public_key_.c_str();
+  this->wg_config_.address = this->address_;
+  this->wg_config_.private_key = this->private_key_;
+  this->wg_config_.endpoint = this->peer_endpoint_;
+  this->wg_config_.public_key = this->peer_public_key_;
   this->wg_config_.port = this->peer_port_;
-  this->wg_config_.netmask = this->netmask_.c_str();
+  this->wg_config_.netmask = this->netmask_;
   this->wg_config_.persistent_keepalive = this->keepalive_;
 
-  if (!this->preshared_key_.empty())
-    this->wg_config_.preshared_key = this->preshared_key_.c_str();
+  if (this->preshared_key_ != nullptr)
+    this->wg_config_.preshared_key = this->preshared_key_;
 
   this->publish_enabled_state();
 
@@ -131,6 +130,10 @@ void Wireguard::update() {
 }
 
 void Wireguard::dump_config() {
+  char private_key_masked[MASK_KEY_BUFFER_SIZE];
+  char preshared_key_masked[MASK_KEY_BUFFER_SIZE];
+  mask_key_to(private_key_masked, sizeof(private_key_masked), this->private_key_);
+  mask_key_to(preshared_key_masked, sizeof(preshared_key_masked), this->preshared_key_);
   // clang-format off
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(
       TAG,
@@ -142,13 +145,13 @@ void Wireguard::dump_config() {
       "  Peer Port: " LOG_SECRET("%d") "\n"
       "  Peer Public Key: " LOG_SECRET("%s") "\n"
       "  Peer Pre-shared Key: " LOG_SECRET("%s"),
-      this->address_.c_str(), this->netmask_.c_str(), mask_key(this->private_key_).c_str(),
-      this->peer_endpoint_.c_str(), this->peer_port_, this->peer_public_key_.c_str(),
-      (!this->preshared_key_.empty() ? mask_key(this->preshared_key_).c_str() : "NOT IN USE"));
+      this->address_, this->netmask_, private_key_masked,
+      this->peer_endpoint_, this->peer_port_, this->peer_public_key_,
+      (this->preshared_key_ != nullptr ? preshared_key_masked : "NOT IN USE"));
   // clang-format on
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Peer Allowed IPs:");
-  for (auto &allowed_ip : this->allowed_ips_) {
-    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "    - %s/%s", std::get<0>(allowed_ip).c_str(), std::get<1>(allowed_ip).c_str());
+  for (const AllowedIP &allowed_ip : this->allowed_ips_) {
+    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "    - %s/%s", allowed_ip.ip, allowed_ip.netmask);
   }
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Peer Persistent Keepalive: %d%s", this->keepalive_,
                 (this->keepalive_ > 0 ? "s" : " (DISABLED)"));
@@ -176,18 +179,6 @@ time_t Wireguard::get_latest_handshake() const {
   return result;
 }
 
-void Wireguard::set_address(const std::string &address) { this->address_ = address; }
-void Wireguard::set_netmask(const std::string &netmask) { this->netmask_ = netmask; }
-void Wireguard::set_private_key(const std::string &key) { this->private_key_ = key; }
-void Wireguard::set_peer_endpoint(const std::string &endpoint) { this->peer_endpoint_ = endpoint; }
-void Wireguard::set_peer_public_key(const std::string &key) { this->peer_public_key_ = key; }
-void Wireguard::set_peer_port(const uint16_t port) { this->peer_port_ = port; }
-void Wireguard::set_preshared_key(const std::string &key) { this->preshared_key_ = key; }
-
-void Wireguard::add_allowed_ip(const std::string &ip, const std::string &netmask) {
-  this->allowed_ips_.emplace_back(ip, netmask);
-}
-
 void Wireguard::set_keepalive(const uint16_t seconds) { this->keepalive_ = seconds; }
 void Wireguard::set_reboot_timeout(const uint32_t seconds) { this->reboot_timeout_ = seconds; }
 void Wireguard::set_srctime(time::RealTimeClock *srctime) { this->srctime_ = srctime; }
@@ -274,9 +265,8 @@ void Wireguard::start_connection_() {
 
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Configuring allowed IPs list");
   bool allowed_ips_ok = true;
-  for (std::tuple<std::string, std::string> ip : this->allowed_ips_) {
-    allowed_ips_ok &=
-        (esp_wireguard_add_allowed_ip(&(this->wg_ctx_), std::get<0>(ip).c_str(), std::get<1>(ip).c_str()) == ESP_OK);
+  for (const AllowedIP &ip : this->allowed_ips_) {
+    allowed_ips_ok &= (esp_wireguard_add_allowed_ip(&(this->wg_ctx_), ip.ip, ip.netmask) == ESP_OK);
   }
 
   if (allowed_ips_ok) {
@@ -299,8 +289,25 @@ void Wireguard::stop_connection_() {
   }
 }
 
-std::string mask_key(const std::string &key) { return (key.substr(0, 5) + "[...]="); }
+void mask_key_to(char *buffer, size_t len, const char *key) {
+  // Format: "XXXXX[...]=\0" = MASK_KEY_BUFFER_SIZE chars minimum
+  if (len < MASK_KEY_BUFFER_SIZE || key == nullptr) {
+    if (len > 0)
+      buffer[0] = '\0';
+    return;
+  }
+  // Copy first 5 characters of the key
+  size_t i = 0;
+  for (; i < 5 && key[i] != '\0'; ++i) {
+    buffer[i] = key[i];
+  }
+  // Append "[...]="
+  const char *suffix = "[...]=";
+  for (size_t j = 0; suffix[j] != '\0' && (i + j) < len - 1; ++j) {
+    buffer[i + j] = suffix[j];
+  }
+  buffer[i + 6] = '\0';
+}
 
-}  // namespace wireguard
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::wireguard
 #endif

esphome/components/wireguard/wireguard.h

@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 #include "esphome/core/defines.h"
 #ifdef USE_WIREGUARD
 #include <ctime>
-#include <vector>
-#include <tuple>
+#include <initializer_list>
 
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/components/time/real_time_clock.h"
 
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
@@ -22,8 +22,13 @@
 
 #include <esp_wireguard.h>
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace wireguard {
+namespace esphome::wireguard {
+
+/// Allowed IP entry for WireGuard peer configuration.
+struct AllowedIP {
+  const char *ip;
+  const char *netmask;
+};
 
 /// Main Wireguard component class.
 class Wireguard : public PollingComponent {
@@ -37,15 +42,25 @@ class Wireguard : public PollingComponent {
 
   float get_setup_priority() const override { return esphome::setup_priority::BEFORE_CONNECTION; }
 
-  void set_address(const std::string &address);
-  void set_netmask(const std::string &netmask);
-  void set_private_key(const std::string &key);
-  void set_peer_endpoint(const std::string &endpoint);
-  void set_peer_public_key(const std::string &key);
-  void set_peer_port(uint16_t port);
-  void set_preshared_key(const std::string &key);
+  void set_address(const char *address) { this->address_ = address; }
+  void set_netmask(const char *netmask) { this->netmask_ = netmask; }
+  void set_private_key(const char *key) { this->private_key_ = key; }
+  void set_peer_endpoint(const char *endpoint) { this->peer_endpoint_ = endpoint; }
+  void set_peer_public_key(const char *key) { this->peer_public_key_ = key; }
+  void set_peer_port(uint16_t port) { this->peer_port_ = port; }
+  void set_preshared_key(const char *key) { this->preshared_key_ = key; }
 
-  void add_allowed_ip(const std::string &ip, const std::string &netmask);
+  /// Prevent accidental use of std::string which would dangle
+  void set_address(const std::string &address) = delete;
+  void set_netmask(const std::string &netmask) = delete;
+  void set_private_key(const std::string &key) = delete;
+  void set_peer_endpoint(const std::string &endpoint) = delete;
+  void set_peer_public_key(const std::string &key) = delete;
+  void set_preshared_key(const std::string &key) = delete;
+
+  void set_allowed_ips(std::initializer_list<AllowedIP> ips) { this->allowed_ips_ = ips; }
+  /// Prevent accidental use of std::string which would dangle
+  void set_allowed_ips(std::initializer_list<std::tuple<std::string, std::string>> ips) = delete;
 
   void set_keepalive(uint16_t seconds);
   void set_reboot_timeout(uint32_t seconds);
@@ -83,14 +98,14 @@ class Wireguard : public PollingComponent {
   time_t get_latest_handshake() const;
 
  protected:
-  std::string address_;
-  std::string netmask_;
-  std::string private_key_;
-  std::string peer_endpoint_;
-  std::string peer_public_key_;
-  std::string preshared_key_;
+  const char *address_{nullptr};
+  const char *netmask_{nullptr};
+  const char *private_key_{nullptr};
+  const char *peer_endpoint_{nullptr};
+  const char *peer_public_key_{nullptr};
+  const char *preshared_key_{nullptr};
 
-  std::vector<std::tuple<std::string, std::string>> allowed_ips_;
+  FixedVector<AllowedIP> allowed_ips_;
 
   uint16_t peer_port_;
   uint16_t keepalive_;
@@ -142,8 +157,11 @@ class Wireguard : public PollingComponent {
 void suspend_wdt();
 void resume_wdt();
 
+/// Size of buffer required for mask_key_to: 5 chars + "[...]=" + null = 12
+static constexpr size_t MASK_KEY_BUFFER_SIZE = 12;
+
 /// Strip most part of the key only for secure printing
-std::string mask_key(const std::string &key);
+void mask_key_to(char *buffer, size_t len, const char *key);
 
 /// Condition to check if remote peer is online.
 template<typename... Ts> class WireguardPeerOnlineCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<Wireguard> {
@@ -169,6 +187,5 @@ template<typename... Ts> class WireguardDisableAction : public Action<Ts...>, pu
   void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->disable(); }
 };
 
-}  // namespace wireguard
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::wireguard
 #endif

esphome/core/hash_base.h

@@ -44,7 +44,15 @@ class HashBase {
   virtual size_t get_size() const = 0;
 
  protected:
-  uint8_t digest_[32];  // Storage sized for max(MD5=16, SHA256=32) bytes
+// ESP32 variants with DMA-based hardware SHA (all except original ESP32) require 32-byte aligned buffers.
+// Original ESP32 uses a different hardware SHA implementation without DMA alignment requirements.
+// Other platforms (ESP8266, RP2040, LibreTiny) use software SHA and don't need alignment.
+// Storage sized for max(MD5=16, SHA256=32) bytes
+#if defined(USE_ESP32) && !defined(USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32)
+  alignas(32) uint8_t digest_[32];
+#else
+  uint8_t digest_[32];
+#endif
 };
 
 }  // namespace esphome

esphome/core/helpers.cpp

@@ -404,15 +404,31 @@ std::string format_hex_pretty(const std::string &data, char separator, bool show
   return format_hex_pretty_uint8(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(data.data()), data.length(), separator, show_length);
 }
 
+char *format_bin_to(char *buffer, size_t buffer_size, const uint8_t *data, size_t length) {
+  if (buffer_size == 0) {
+    return buffer;
+  }
+  // Calculate max bytes we can format: each byte needs 8 chars
+  size_t max_bytes = (buffer_size - 1) / 8;
+  if (max_bytes == 0 || length == 0) {
+    buffer[0] = '\0';
+    return buffer;
+  }
+  size_t bytes_to_format = std::min(length, max_bytes);
+
+  for (size_t byte_idx = 0; byte_idx < bytes_to_format; byte_idx++) {
+    for (size_t bit_idx = 0; bit_idx < 8; bit_idx++) {
+      buffer[byte_idx * 8 + bit_idx] = ((data[byte_idx] >> (7 - bit_idx)) & 1) + '0';
+    }
+  }
+  buffer[bytes_to_format * 8] = '\0';
+  return buffer;
+}
+
 std::string format_bin(const uint8_t *data, size_t length) {
   std::string result;
   result.resize(length * 8);
-  for (size_t byte_idx = 0; byte_idx < length; byte_idx++) {
-    for (size_t bit_idx = 0; bit_idx < 8; bit_idx++) {
-      result[byte_idx * 8 + bit_idx] = ((data[byte_idx] >> (7 - bit_idx)) & 1) + '0';
-    }
-  }
-
+  format_bin_to(&result[0], length * 8 + 1, data, length);
   return result;
 }
 
@@ -487,19 +503,26 @@ static constexpr const char *BASE64_CHARS = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
                                             "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
                                             "0123456789+/";
 
-// Helper function to find the index of a base64 character in the lookup table.
+// Helper function to find the index of a base64/base64url character in the lookup table.
 // Returns the character's position (0-63) if found, or 0 if not found.
+// Supports both standard base64 (+/) and base64url (-_) alphabets.
 // NOTE: This returns 0 for both 'A' (valid base64 char at index 0) and invalid characters.
 // This is safe because is_base64() is ALWAYS checked before calling this function,
 // preventing invalid characters from ever reaching here. The base64_decode function
 // stops processing at the first invalid character due to the is_base64() check in its
 // while loop condition, making this edge case harmless in practice.
 static inline uint8_t base64_find_char(char c) {
+  // Handle base64url variants: '-' maps to '+' (index 62), '_' maps to '/' (index 63)
+  if (c == '-')
+    return 62;
+  if (c == '_')
+    return 63;
   const char *pos = strchr(BASE64_CHARS, c);
   return pos ? (pos - BASE64_CHARS) : 0;
 }
 
-static inline bool is_base64(char c) { return (isalnum(c) || (c == '+') || (c == '/')); }
+// Check if character is valid base64 or base64url
+static inline bool is_base64(char c) { return (isalnum(c) || (c == '+') || (c == '/') || (c == '-') || (c == '_')); }
 
 std::string base64_encode(const std::vector<uint8_t> &buf) { return base64_encode(buf.data(), buf.size()); }
 
@@ -617,6 +640,46 @@ std::vector<uint8_t> base64_decode(const std::string &encoded_string) {
   return ret;
 }
 
+/// Decode base64/base64url string directly into vector of little-endian int32 values
+/// @param base64 Base64 or base64url encoded string (both +/ and -_ accepted)
+/// @param out Output vector (cleared and filled with decoded int32 values)
+/// @return true if successful, false if decode failed or invalid size
+bool base64_decode_int32_vector(const std::string &base64, std::vector<int32_t> &out) {
+  // Decode in chunks to minimize stack usage
+  constexpr size_t chunk_bytes = 48;  // 12 int32 values
+  constexpr size_t chunk_chars = 64;  // 48 * 4/3 = 64 chars
+  uint8_t chunk[chunk_bytes];
+
+  out.clear();
+
+  const uint8_t *input = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(base64.data());
+  size_t remaining = base64.size();
+  size_t pos = 0;
+
+  while (remaining > 0) {
+    size_t chars_to_decode = std::min(remaining, chunk_chars);
+    size_t decoded_len = base64_decode(input + pos, chars_to_decode, chunk, chunk_bytes);
+
+    if (decoded_len == 0)
+      return false;
+
+    // Parse little-endian int32 values
+    for (size_t i = 0; i + 3 < decoded_len; i += 4) {
+      int32_t timing = static_cast<int32_t>(encode_uint32(chunk[i + 3], chunk[i + 2], chunk[i + 1], chunk[i]));
+      out.push_back(timing);
+    }
+
+    // Check for incomplete int32 in last chunk
+    if (remaining <= chunk_chars && (decoded_len % 4) != 0)
+      return false;
+
+    pos += chars_to_decode;
+    remaining -= chars_to_decode;
+  }
+
+  return !out.empty();
+}
+
 // Colors
 
 float gamma_correct(float value, float gamma) {