Merge branch 'dev' into idf_no_heap_alloc_url

esphome/analyze_memory/cli.py

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from collections import defaultdict
 from collections.abc import Callable
-import json
 import sys
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
@@ -439,28 +438,6 @@ class MemoryAnalyzerCLI(MemoryAnalyzer):
 
         return "\n".join(lines)
 
-    def to_json(self) -> str:
-        """Export analysis results as JSON."""
-        data = {
-            "components": {
-                name: {
-                    "text": mem.text_size,
-                    "rodata": mem.rodata_size,
-                    "data": mem.data_size,
-                    "bss": mem.bss_size,
-                    "flash_total": mem.flash_total,
-                    "ram_total": mem.ram_total,
-                    "symbol_count": mem.symbol_count,
-                }
-                for name, mem in self.components.items()
-            },
-            "totals": {
-                "flash": sum(c.flash_total for c in self.components.values()),
-                "ram": sum(c.ram_total for c in self.components.values()),
-            },
-        }
-        return json.dumps(data, indent=2)
-
     def dump_uncategorized_symbols(self, output_file: str | None = None) -> None:
         """Dump uncategorized symbols for analysis."""
         # Sort by size descending

esphome/components/alarm_control_panel/alarm_control_panel.cpp

@@ -67,29 +67,52 @@ void AlarmControlPanel::add_on_ready_callback(std::function<void()> &&callback)
   this->ready_callback_.add(std::move(callback));
 }
 
-void AlarmControlPanel::arm_with_code_(AlarmControlPanelCall &(AlarmControlPanelCall::*arm_method)(),
-                                       const char *code) {
+void AlarmControlPanel::arm_away(optional<std::string> code) {
   auto call = this->make_call();
-  (call.*arm_method)();
-  if (code != nullptr)
-    call.set_code(code);
+  call.arm_away();
+  if (code.has_value())
+    call.set_code(code.value());
   call.perform();
 }
 
-void AlarmControlPanel::arm_away(const char *code) { this->arm_with_code_(&AlarmControlPanelCall::arm_away, code); }
-
-void AlarmControlPanel::arm_home(const char *code) { this->arm_with_code_(&AlarmControlPanelCall::arm_home, code); }
-
-void AlarmControlPanel::arm_night(const char *code) { this->arm_with_code_(&AlarmControlPanelCall::arm_night, code); }
-
-void AlarmControlPanel::arm_vacation(const char *code) {
-  this->arm_with_code_(&AlarmControlPanelCall::arm_vacation, code);
+void AlarmControlPanel::arm_home(optional<std::string> code) {
+  auto call = this->make_call();
+  call.arm_home();
+  if (code.has_value())
+    call.set_code(code.value());
+  call.perform();
 }
 
-void AlarmControlPanel::arm_custom_bypass(const char *code) {
-  this->arm_with_code_(&AlarmControlPanelCall::arm_custom_bypass, code);
+void AlarmControlPanel::arm_night(optional<std::string> code) {
+  auto call = this->make_call();
+  call.arm_night();
+  if (code.has_value())
+    call.set_code(code.value());
+  call.perform();
 }
 
-void AlarmControlPanel::disarm(const char *code) { this->arm_with_code_(&AlarmControlPanelCall::disarm, code); }
+void AlarmControlPanel::arm_vacation(optional<std::string> code) {
+  auto call = this->make_call();
+  call.arm_vacation();
+  if (code.has_value())
+    call.set_code(code.value());
+  call.perform();
+}
+
+void AlarmControlPanel::arm_custom_bypass(optional<std::string> code) {
+  auto call = this->make_call();
+  call.arm_custom_bypass();
+  if (code.has_value())
+    call.set_code(code.value());
+  call.perform();
+}
+
+void AlarmControlPanel::disarm(optional<std::string> code) {
+  auto call = this->make_call();
+  call.disarm();
+  if (code.has_value())
+    call.set_code(code.value());
+  call.perform();
+}
 
 }  // namespace esphome::alarm_control_panel

esphome/components/alarm_control_panel/alarm_control_panel.h

@@ -76,53 +76,37 @@ class AlarmControlPanel : public EntityBase {
    *
    * @param code The code
    */
-  void arm_away(const char *code = nullptr);
-  void arm_away(const optional<std::string> &code) {
-    this->arm_away(code.has_value() ? code.value().c_str() : nullptr);
-  }
+  void arm_away(optional<std::string> code = nullopt);
 
   /** arm the alarm in home mode
    *
    * @param code The code
    */
-  void arm_home(const char *code = nullptr);
-  void arm_home(const optional<std::string> &code) {
-    this->arm_home(code.has_value() ? code.value().c_str() : nullptr);
-  }
+  void arm_home(optional<std::string> code = nullopt);
 
   /** arm the alarm in night mode
    *
    * @param code The code
    */
-  void arm_night(const char *code = nullptr);
-  void arm_night(const optional<std::string> &code) {
-    this->arm_night(code.has_value() ? code.value().c_str() : nullptr);
-  }
+  void arm_night(optional<std::string> code = nullopt);
 
   /** arm the alarm in vacation mode
    *
    * @param code The code
    */
-  void arm_vacation(const char *code = nullptr);
-  void arm_vacation(const optional<std::string> &code) {
-    this->arm_vacation(code.has_value() ? code.value().c_str() : nullptr);
-  }
+  void arm_vacation(optional<std::string> code = nullopt);
 
   /** arm the alarm in custom bypass mode
    *
    * @param code The code
    */
-  void arm_custom_bypass(const char *code = nullptr);
-  void arm_custom_bypass(const optional<std::string> &code) {
-    this->arm_custom_bypass(code.has_value() ? code.value().c_str() : nullptr);
-  }
+  void arm_custom_bypass(optional<std::string> code = nullopt);
 
   /** disarm the alarm
    *
    * @param code The code
    */
-  void disarm(const char *code = nullptr);
-  void disarm(const optional<std::string> &code) { this->disarm(code.has_value() ? code.value().c_str() : nullptr); }
+  void disarm(optional<std::string> code = nullopt);
 
   /** Get the state
    *
@@ -134,8 +118,6 @@ class AlarmControlPanel : public EntityBase {
 
  protected:
   friend AlarmControlPanelCall;
-  // Helper to reduce code duplication for arm/disarm methods
-  void arm_with_code_(AlarmControlPanelCall &(AlarmControlPanelCall::*arm_method)(), const char *code);
   // in order to store last panel state in flash
   ESPPreferenceObject pref_;
   // current state

esphome/components/alarm_control_panel/alarm_control_panel_call.cpp

@@ -10,10 +10,8 @@ static const char *const TAG = "alarm_control_panel";
 
 AlarmControlPanelCall::AlarmControlPanelCall(AlarmControlPanel *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
 
-AlarmControlPanelCall &AlarmControlPanelCall::set_code(const char *code) {
-  if (code != nullptr) {
-    this->code_ = std::string(code);
-  }
+AlarmControlPanelCall &AlarmControlPanelCall::set_code(const std::string &code) {
+  this->code_ = code;
   return *this;
 }
 

esphome/components/alarm_control_panel/alarm_control_panel_call.h

@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@ class AlarmControlPanelCall {
  public:
   AlarmControlPanelCall(AlarmControlPanel *parent);
 
-  AlarmControlPanelCall &set_code(const char *code);
-  AlarmControlPanelCall &set_code(const std::string &code) { return this->set_code(code.c_str()); }
+  AlarmControlPanelCall &set_code(const std::string &code);
   AlarmControlPanelCall &arm_away();
   AlarmControlPanelCall &arm_home();
   AlarmControlPanelCall &arm_night();

esphome/components/alarm_control_panel/automation.h

@@ -66,7 +66,15 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ArmAwayAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, code)
 
-  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->alarm_control_panel_->arm_away(this->code_.optional_value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
+    auto call = this->alarm_control_panel_->make_call();
+    auto code = this->code_.optional_value(x...);
+    if (code.has_value()) {
+      call.set_code(code.value());
+    }
+    call.arm_away();
+    call.perform();
+  }
 
  protected:
   AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel_;
@@ -78,7 +86,15 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ArmHomeAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, code)
 
-  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->alarm_control_panel_->arm_home(this->code_.optional_value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
+    auto call = this->alarm_control_panel_->make_call();
+    auto code = this->code_.optional_value(x...);
+    if (code.has_value()) {
+      call.set_code(code.value());
+    }
+    call.arm_home();
+    call.perform();
+  }
 
  protected:
   AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel_;
@@ -90,7 +106,15 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ArmNightAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, code)
 
-  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->alarm_control_panel_->arm_night(this->code_.optional_value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
+    auto call = this->alarm_control_panel_->make_call();
+    auto code = this->code_.optional_value(x...);
+    if (code.has_value()) {
+      call.set_code(code.value());
+    }
+    call.arm_night();
+    call.perform();
+  }
 
  protected:
   AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel_;

esphome/components/bedjet/bedjet_hub.cpp

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 #include "bedjet_hub.h"
 #include "bedjet_child.h"
 #include "bedjet_const.h"
-#include "esphome/components/esp32_ble/ble_uuid.h"
 #include "esphome/core/application.h"
 #include <cinttypes>
 

esphome/components/display/__init__.py

@@ -63,13 +63,11 @@ def validate_auto_clear(value):
     return cv.boolean(value)
 
 
-def basic_display_schema(default_update_interval: str = "1s") -> cv.Schema:
-    """Create a basic display schema with configurable default update interval."""
-    return cv.Schema(
-        {
-            cv.Exclusive(CONF_LAMBDA, CONF_LAMBDA): cv.lambda_,
-        }
-    ).extend(cv.polling_component_schema(default_update_interval))
+BASIC_DISPLAY_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
+    {
+        cv.Exclusive(CONF_LAMBDA, CONF_LAMBDA): cv.lambda_,
+    }
+).extend(cv.polling_component_schema("1s"))
 
 
 def _validate_test_card(config):
@@ -83,41 +81,34 @@ def _validate_test_card(config):
     return config
 
 
-def full_display_schema(default_update_interval: str = "1s") -> cv.Schema:
-    """Create a full display schema with configurable default update interval."""
-    schema = basic_display_schema(default_update_interval).extend(
-        {
-            cv.Optional(CONF_ROTATION): validate_rotation,
-            cv.Exclusive(CONF_PAGES, CONF_LAMBDA): cv.All(
-                cv.ensure_list(
-                    {
-                        cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(DisplayPage),
-                        cv.Required(CONF_LAMBDA): cv.lambda_,
-                    }
-                ),
-                cv.Length(min=1),
-            ),
-            cv.Optional(CONF_ON_PAGE_CHANGE): automation.validate_automation(
+FULL_DISPLAY_SCHEMA = BASIC_DISPLAY_SCHEMA.extend(
+    {
+        cv.Optional(CONF_ROTATION): validate_rotation,
+        cv.Exclusive(CONF_PAGES, CONF_LAMBDA): cv.All(
+            cv.ensure_list(
                 {
-                    cv.GenerateID(CONF_TRIGGER_ID): cv.declare_id(
-                        DisplayOnPageChangeTrigger
-                    ),
-                    cv.Optional(CONF_FROM): cv.use_id(DisplayPage),
-                    cv.Optional(CONF_TO): cv.use_id(DisplayPage),
+                    cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(DisplayPage),
+                    cv.Required(CONF_LAMBDA): cv.lambda_,
                 }
             ),
-            cv.Optional(
-                CONF_AUTO_CLEAR_ENABLED, default=CONF_UNSPECIFIED
-            ): validate_auto_clear,
-            cv.Optional(CONF_SHOW_TEST_CARD): cv.boolean,
-        }
-    )
-    schema.add_extra(_validate_test_card)
-    return schema
-
-
-BASIC_DISPLAY_SCHEMA = basic_display_schema("1s")
-FULL_DISPLAY_SCHEMA = full_display_schema("1s")
+            cv.Length(min=1),
+        ),
+        cv.Optional(CONF_ON_PAGE_CHANGE): automation.validate_automation(
+            {
+                cv.GenerateID(CONF_TRIGGER_ID): cv.declare_id(
+                    DisplayOnPageChangeTrigger
+                ),
+                cv.Optional(CONF_FROM): cv.use_id(DisplayPage),
+                cv.Optional(CONF_TO): cv.use_id(DisplayPage),
+            }
+        ),
+        cv.Optional(
+            CONF_AUTO_CLEAR_ENABLED, default=CONF_UNSPECIFIED
+        ): validate_auto_clear,
+        cv.Optional(CONF_SHOW_TEST_CARD): cv.boolean,
+    }
+)
+FULL_DISPLAY_SCHEMA.add_extra(_validate_test_card)
 
 
 async def setup_display_core_(var, config):

esphome/components/epaper_spi/display.py

@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ from esphome.const import (
     CONF_TRANSFORM,
     CONF_UPDATE_INTERVAL,
     CONF_WIDTH,
-    SCHEDULER_DONT_RUN,
 )
 from esphome.cpp_generator import RawExpression
 from esphome.final_validate import full_config
@@ -73,10 +72,12 @@ TRANSFORM_OPTIONS = {CONF_MIRROR_X, CONF_MIRROR_Y, CONF_SWAP_XY}
 def model_schema(config):
     model = MODELS[config[CONF_MODEL]]
     class_name = epaper_spi_ns.class_(model.class_name, EPaperBase)
+    minimum_update_interval = update_interval(
+        model.get_default(CONF_MINIMUM_UPDATE_INTERVAL, "1s")
+    )
     cv_dimensions = cv.Optional if model.get_default(CONF_WIDTH) else cv.Required
     return (
-        display.full_display_schema("60s")
-        .extend(
+        display.FULL_DISPLAY_SCHEMA.extend(
             spi.spi_device_schema(
                 cs_pin_required=False,
                 default_mode="MODE0",
@@ -93,6 +94,9 @@ def model_schema(config):
             {
                 cv.Optional(CONF_ROTATION, default=0): validate_rotation,
                 cv.Required(CONF_MODEL): cv.one_of(model.name, upper=True),
+                cv.Optional(CONF_UPDATE_INTERVAL, default=cv.UNDEFINED): cv.All(
+                    update_interval, cv.Range(min=minimum_update_interval)
+                ),
                 cv.Optional(CONF_TRANSFORM): cv.Schema(
                     {
                         cv.Required(CONF_MIRROR_X): cv.boolean,
@@ -146,22 +150,15 @@ def _final_validate(config):
     global_config = full_config.get()
     from esphome.components.lvgl import DOMAIN as LVGL_DOMAIN
 
-    # If no drawing methods are configured, and LVGL is not enabled, show a test card
-    if (
-        CONF_LAMBDA not in config
-        and CONF_PAGES not in config
-        and LVGL_DOMAIN not in global_config
-    ):
-        config[CONF_SHOW_TEST_CARD] = True
-
-    interval = config[CONF_UPDATE_INTERVAL]
-    if interval != SCHEDULER_DONT_RUN:
-        model = MODELS[config[CONF_MODEL]]
-        minimum = update_interval(model.get_default(CONF_MINIMUM_UPDATE_INTERVAL, "1s"))
-        if interval < minimum:
-            raise cv.Invalid(
-                f"update_interval must be at least {minimum} for {model.name}, got {interval}"
-            )
+    if CONF_LAMBDA not in config and CONF_PAGES not in config:
+        if LVGL_DOMAIN in global_config:
+            if CONF_UPDATE_INTERVAL not in config:
+                config[CONF_UPDATE_INTERVAL] = update_interval("never")
+        else:
+            # If no drawing methods are configured, and LVGL is not enabled, show a test card
+            config[CONF_SHOW_TEST_CARD] = True
+    elif CONF_UPDATE_INTERVAL not in config:
+        config[CONF_UPDATE_INTERVAL] = update_interval("1min")
     return config
 
 

esphome/components/esp32/__init__.py

@@ -663,9 +663,6 @@ CONF_LOOP_TASK_STACK_SIZE = "loop_task_stack_size"
 KEY_VFS_SELECT_REQUIRED = "vfs_select_required"
 KEY_VFS_DIR_REQUIRED = "vfs_dir_required"
 
-# Ring buffer IRAM requirement tracking
-KEY_RINGBUF_IN_IRAM = "ringbuf_in_iram"
-
 
 def require_vfs_select() -> None:
     """Mark that VFS select support is required by a component.
@@ -685,17 +682,6 @@ def require_vfs_dir() -> None:
     CORE.data[KEY_VFS_DIR_REQUIRED] = True
 
 
-def enable_ringbuf_in_iram() -> None:
-    """Keep ring buffer functions in IRAM instead of moving them to flash.
-
-    Call this from components that use esphome/core/ring_buffer.cpp and need
-    the ring buffer functions to remain in IRAM for performance reasons
-    (e.g., voice assistants, audio components).
-    This prevents CONFIG_RINGBUF_PLACE_FUNCTIONS_INTO_FLASH from being enabled.
-    """
-    CORE.data[KEY_RINGBUF_IN_IRAM] = True
-
-
 def _parse_idf_component(value: str) -> ConfigType:
     """Parse IDF component shorthand syntax like 'owner/component^version'"""
     # Match operator followed by version-like string (digit or *)
@@ -1119,18 +1105,14 @@ async def to_code(config):
         add_idf_sdkconfig_option("CONFIG_FREERTOS_PLACE_FUNCTIONS_INTO_FLASH", True)
 
     # Place ring buffer functions into flash instead of IRAM by default
-    # This saves IRAM but may impact performance for audio/voice components.
-    # Components that need ring buffer in IRAM call enable_ringbuf_in_iram().
-    # Users can also set ringbuf_in_iram: true to force IRAM placement.
-    # In ESP-IDF 6.0 flash placement becomes the default.
-    if conf[CONF_ADVANCED][CONF_RINGBUF_IN_IRAM] or CORE.data.get(
-        KEY_RINGBUF_IN_IRAM, False
-    ):
-        # User config or component requires ring buffer in IRAM for performance
+    # This saves IRAM. In ESP-IDF 6.0 flash placement becomes the default.
+    # Users can set ringbuf_in_iram: true as an escape hatch if they encounter issues.
+    if conf[CONF_ADVANCED][CONF_RINGBUF_IN_IRAM]:
+        # User requests ring buffer in IRAM
         # IDF 6.0+: will need CONFIG_RINGBUF_PLACE_ISR_FUNCTIONS_INTO_FLASH=n
         add_idf_sdkconfig_option("CONFIG_RINGBUF_PLACE_ISR_FUNCTIONS_INTO_FLASH", False)
     else:
-        # No component needs it - place in flash to save IRAM
+        # Place in flash to save IRAM (default)
         add_idf_sdkconfig_option("CONFIG_RINGBUF_PLACE_FUNCTIONS_INTO_FLASH", True)
 
     # Place heap functions into flash to save IRAM (~4-6KB savings)

esphome/components/esp32/gpio.cpp

@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ void ESP32InternalGPIOPin::attach_interrupt(void (*func)(void *), void *arg, gpi
       break;
   }
   gpio_set_intr_type(this->get_pin_num(), idf_type);
+  gpio_intr_enable(this->get_pin_num());
   if (!isr_service_installed) {
     auto res = gpio_install_isr_service(ESP_INTR_FLAG_LEVEL3);
     if (res != ESP_OK) {
@@ -94,7 +95,6 @@ void ESP32InternalGPIOPin::attach_interrupt(void (*func)(void *), void *arg, gpi
     isr_service_installed = true;
   }
   gpio_isr_handler_add(this->get_pin_num(), func, arg);
-  gpio_intr_enable(this->get_pin_num());
 }
 
 size_t ESP32InternalGPIOPin::dump_summary(char *buffer, size_t len) const {

esphome/components/esp32/preferences.cpp

@@ -19,7 +19,16 @@ static constexpr size_t KEY_BUFFER_SIZE = 12;
 
 struct NVSData {
   uint32_t key;
-  SmallInlineBuffer<8> data;  // Most prefs fit in 8 bytes (covers fan, cover, select, etc.)
+  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> data;
+  size_t len;
+
+  void set_data(const uint8_t *src, size_t size) {
+    if (!this->data || this->len != size) {
+      this->data = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(size);
+      this->len = size;
+    }
+    memcpy(this->data.get(), src, size);
+  }
 };
 
 static std::vector<NVSData> s_pending_save;  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
@@ -32,14 +41,14 @@ class ESP32PreferenceBackend : public ESPPreferenceBackend {
     // try find in pending saves and update that
     for (auto &obj : s_pending_save) {
       if (obj.key == this->key) {
-        obj.data.set(data, len);
+        obj.set_data(data, len);
         return true;
       }
     }
     NVSData save{};
     save.key = this->key;
-    save.data.set(data, len);
-    s_pending_save.push_back(std::move(save));
+    save.set_data(data, len);
+    s_pending_save.emplace_back(std::move(save));
     ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "s_pending_save: key: %" PRIu32 ", len: %zu", this->key, len);
     return true;
   }
@@ -47,11 +56,11 @@ class ESP32PreferenceBackend : public ESPPreferenceBackend {
     // try find in pending saves and load from that
     for (auto &obj : s_pending_save) {
       if (obj.key == this->key) {
-        if (obj.data.size() != len) {
+        if (obj.len != len) {
           // size mismatch
           return false;
         }
-        memcpy(data, obj.data.data(), len);
+        memcpy(data, obj.data.get(), len);
         return true;
       }
     }
@@ -127,10 +136,10 @@ class ESP32Preferences : public ESPPreferences {
       snprintf(key_str, sizeof(key_str), "%" PRIu32, save.key);
       ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Checking if NVS data %s has changed", key_str);
       if (this->is_changed_(this->nvs_handle, save, key_str)) {
-        esp_err_t err = nvs_set_blob(this->nvs_handle, key_str, save.data.data(), save.data.size());
-        ESP_LOGV(TAG, "sync: key: %s, len: %zu", key_str, save.data.size());
+        esp_err_t err = nvs_set_blob(this->nvs_handle, key_str, save.data.get(), save.len);
+        ESP_LOGV(TAG, "sync: key: %s, len: %zu", key_str, save.len);
         if (err != 0) {
-          ESP_LOGV(TAG, "nvs_set_blob('%s', len=%zu) failed: %s", key_str, save.data.size(), esp_err_to_name(err));
+          ESP_LOGV(TAG, "nvs_set_blob('%s', len=%zu) failed: %s", key_str, save.len, esp_err_to_name(err));
           failed++;
           last_err = err;
           last_key = save.key;
@@ -138,7 +147,7 @@ class ESP32Preferences : public ESPPreferences {
         }
         written++;
       } else {
-        ESP_LOGV(TAG, "NVS data not changed skipping %" PRIu32 "  len=%zu", save.key, save.data.size());
+        ESP_LOGV(TAG, "NVS data not changed skipping %" PRIu32 "  len=%zu", save.key, save.len);
         cached++;
       }
       s_pending_save.erase(s_pending_save.begin() + i);
@@ -169,7 +178,7 @@ class ESP32Preferences : public ESPPreferences {
       return true;
     }
     // Check size first before allocating memory
-    if (actual_len != to_save.data.size()) {
+    if (actual_len != to_save.len) {
       return true;
     }
     // Most preferences are small, use stack buffer with heap fallback for large ones
@@ -179,7 +188,7 @@ class ESP32Preferences : public ESPPreferences {
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "nvs_get_blob('%s') failed: %s", key_str, esp_err_to_name(err));
       return true;
     }
-    return memcmp(to_save.data.data(), stored_data.get(), to_save.data.size()) != 0;
+    return memcmp(to_save.data.get(), stored_data.get(), to_save.len) != 0;
   }
 
   bool reset() override {

esphome/components/esp32_ble/ble.cpp

@@ -98,10 +98,6 @@ void ESP32BLE::advertising_set_service_data(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data) {
 }
 
 void ESP32BLE::advertising_set_manufacturer_data(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data) {
-  this->advertising_set_manufacturer_data(std::span<const uint8_t>(data));
-}
-
-void ESP32BLE::advertising_set_manufacturer_data(std::span<const uint8_t> data) {
   this->advertising_init_();
   this->advertising_->set_manufacturer_data(data);
   this->advertising_start();

esphome/components/esp32_ble/ble.h

@@ -118,7 +118,6 @@ class ESP32BLE : public Component {
   void advertising_start();
   void advertising_set_service_data(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data);
   void advertising_set_manufacturer_data(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data);
-  void advertising_set_manufacturer_data(std::span<const uint8_t> data);
   void advertising_set_appearance(uint16_t appearance) { this->appearance_ = appearance; }
   void advertising_set_service_data_and_name(std::span<const uint8_t> data, bool include_name);
   void advertising_add_service_uuid(ESPBTUUID uuid);

esphome/components/esp32_ble/ble_advertising.cpp

@@ -59,10 +59,6 @@ void BLEAdvertising::set_service_data(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data) {
 }
 
 void BLEAdvertising::set_manufacturer_data(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data) {
-  this->set_manufacturer_data(std::span<const uint8_t>(data));
-}
-
-void BLEAdvertising::set_manufacturer_data(std::span<const uint8_t> data) {
   delete[] this->advertising_data_.p_manufacturer_data;
   this->advertising_data_.p_manufacturer_data = nullptr;
   this->advertising_data_.manufacturer_len = data.size();

esphome/components/esp32_ble/ble_advertising.h

@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ class BLEAdvertising {
   void set_scan_response(bool scan_response) { this->scan_response_ = scan_response; }
   void set_min_preferred_interval(uint16_t interval) { this->advertising_data_.min_interval = interval; }
   void set_manufacturer_data(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data);
-  void set_manufacturer_data(std::span<const uint8_t> data);
   void set_appearance(uint16_t appearance) { this->advertising_data_.appearance = appearance; }
   void set_service_data(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data);
   void set_service_data(std::span<const uint8_t> data);

esphome/components/esp32_ble_beacon/esp32_ble_beacon.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #include "esp32_ble_beacon.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
-#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 
 #ifdef USE_ESP32
 

esphome/components/esp32_ble_server/ble_server_automations.cpp

@@ -15,10 +15,7 @@ Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, uint16_t> *BLETriggers::create_characteristic_on_w
   Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, uint16_t> *on_write_trigger =  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory)
       new Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, uint16_t>();
   characteristic->on_write([on_write_trigger](std::span<const uint8_t> data, uint16_t id) {
-    // Convert span to vector for trigger - copy is necessary because:
-    // 1. Trigger stores the data for use in automation actions that execute later
-    // 2. The span is only valid during this callback (points to temporary BLE stack data)
-    // 3. User lambdas in automations need persistent data they can access asynchronously
+    // Convert span to vector for trigger
     on_write_trigger->trigger(std::vector<uint8_t>(data.begin(), data.end()), id);
   });
   return on_write_trigger;
@@ -30,10 +27,7 @@ Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, uint16_t> *BLETriggers::create_descriptor_on_write
   Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, uint16_t> *on_write_trigger =  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory)
       new Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, uint16_t>();
   descriptor->on_write([on_write_trigger](std::span<const uint8_t> data, uint16_t id) {
-    // Convert span to vector for trigger - copy is necessary because:
-    // 1. Trigger stores the data for use in automation actions that execute later
-    // 2. The span is only valid during this callback (points to temporary BLE stack data)
-    // 3. User lambdas in automations need persistent data they can access asynchronously
+    // Convert span to vector for trigger
     on_write_trigger->trigger(std::vector<uint8_t>(data.begin(), data.end()), id);
   });
   return on_write_trigger;

esphome/components/esp8266/preferences.cpp

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ extern "C" {
 #include "preferences.h"
 
 #include <cstring>
+#include <memory>
 
 namespace esphome::esp8266 {
 
@@ -142,8 +143,16 @@ class ESP8266PreferenceBackend : public ESPPreferenceBackend {
       return false;
 
     const size_t buffer_size = static_cast<size_t>(this->length_words) + 1;
-    SmallBufferWithHeapFallback<PREF_BUFFER_WORDS, uint32_t> buffer_alloc(buffer_size);
-    uint32_t *buffer = buffer_alloc.get();
+    uint32_t stack_buffer[PREF_BUFFER_WORDS];
+    std::unique_ptr<uint32_t[]> heap_buffer;
+    uint32_t *buffer;
+
+    if (buffer_size <= PREF_BUFFER_WORDS) {
+      buffer = stack_buffer;
+    } else {
+      heap_buffer = make_unique<uint32_t[]>(buffer_size);
+      buffer = heap_buffer.get();
+    }
     memset(buffer, 0, buffer_size * sizeof(uint32_t));
 
     memcpy(buffer, data, len);
@@ -158,8 +167,16 @@ class ESP8266PreferenceBackend : public ESPPreferenceBackend {
       return false;
 
     const size_t buffer_size = static_cast<size_t>(this->length_words) + 1;
-    SmallBufferWithHeapFallback<PREF_BUFFER_WORDS, uint32_t> buffer_alloc(buffer_size);
-    uint32_t *buffer = buffer_alloc.get();
+    uint32_t stack_buffer[PREF_BUFFER_WORDS];
+    std::unique_ptr<uint32_t[]> heap_buffer;
+    uint32_t *buffer;
+
+    if (buffer_size <= PREF_BUFFER_WORDS) {
+      buffer = stack_buffer;
+    } else {
+      heap_buffer = make_unique<uint32_t[]>(buffer_size);
+      buffer = heap_buffer.get();
+    }
 
     bool ret = this->in_flash ? load_from_flash(this->offset, buffer, buffer_size)
                               : load_from_rtc(this->offset, buffer, buffer_size);

esphome/components/ethernet/ethernet_component.cpp

@@ -802,8 +802,8 @@ void EthernetComponent::ksz8081_set_clock_reference_(esp_eth_mac_t *mac) {
   ESPHL_ERROR_CHECK(err, "Read PHY Control 2 failed");
 #if ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL >= ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL_VERY_VERBOSE
   char hex_buf[format_hex_pretty_size(PHY_REG_SIZE)];
-  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "KSZ8081 PHY Control 2: %s", format_hex_pretty_to(hex_buf, (uint8_t *) &phy_control_2, PHY_REG_SIZE));
 #endif
+  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "KSZ8081 PHY Control 2: %s", format_hex_pretty_to(hex_buf, (uint8_t *) &phy_control_2, PHY_REG_SIZE));
 
   /*
    * Bit 7 is `RMII Reference Clock Select`. Default is `0`.
@@ -820,10 +820,8 @@ void EthernetComponent::ksz8081_set_clock_reference_(esp_eth_mac_t *mac) {
     ESPHL_ERROR_CHECK(err, "Write PHY Control 2 failed");
     err = mac->read_phy_reg(mac, this->phy_addr_, KSZ80XX_PC2R_REG_ADDR, &(phy_control_2));
     ESPHL_ERROR_CHECK(err, "Read PHY Control 2 failed");
-#if ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL >= ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL_VERY_VERBOSE
     ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "KSZ8081 PHY Control 2: %s",
               format_hex_pretty_to(hex_buf, (uint8_t *) &phy_control_2, PHY_REG_SIZE));
-#endif
   }
 }
 #endif  // USE_ETHERNET_KSZ8081

esphome/components/fan/fan.cpp

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ void FanCall::validate_() {
   auto traits = this->parent_.get_traits();
 
   if (this->speed_.has_value()) {
-    this->speed_ = clamp(*this->speed_, 1, static_cast<int>(traits.supported_speed_count()));
+    this->speed_ = clamp(*this->speed_, 1, traits.supported_speed_count());
 
     // https://developers.home-assistant.io/docs/core/entity/fan/#preset-modes
     // "Manually setting a speed must disable any set preset mode"

esphome/components/fan/fan_traits.h

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ namespace fan {
 class FanTraits {
  public:
   FanTraits() = default;
-  FanTraits(bool oscillation, bool speed, bool direction, uint8_t speed_count)
+  FanTraits(bool oscillation, bool speed, bool direction, int speed_count)
       : oscillation_(oscillation), speed_(speed), direction_(direction), speed_count_(speed_count) {}
 
   /// Return if this fan supports oscillation.
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ class FanTraits {
   /// Set whether this fan supports speed levels.
   void set_speed(bool speed) { this->speed_ = speed; }
   /// Return how many speed levels the fan has
-  uint8_t supported_speed_count() const { return this->speed_count_; }
+  int supported_speed_count() const { return this->speed_count_; }
   /// Set how many speed levels this fan has.
-  void set_supported_speed_count(uint8_t speed_count) { this->speed_count_ = speed_count; }
+  void set_supported_speed_count(int speed_count) { this->speed_count_ = speed_count; }
   /// Return if this fan supports changing direction
   bool supports_direction() const { return this->direction_; }
   /// Set whether this fan supports changing direction
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class FanTraits {
   bool oscillation_{false};
   bool speed_{false};
   bool direction_{false};
-  uint8_t speed_count_{};
+  int speed_count_{};
   std::vector<const char *> preset_modes_{};
 };
 

esphome/components/globals/__init__.py

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ from esphome.const import (
     CONF_INITIAL_VALUE,
     CONF_RESTORE_VALUE,
     CONF_TYPE,
-    CONF_UPDATE_INTERVAL,
     CONF_VALUE,
 )
 from esphome.core import CoroPriority, coroutine_with_priority
@@ -14,37 +13,25 @@ from esphome.core import CoroPriority, coroutine_with_priority
 CODEOWNERS = ["@esphome/core"]
 globals_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("globals")
 GlobalsComponent = globals_ns.class_("GlobalsComponent", cg.Component)
-RestoringGlobalsComponent = globals_ns.class_(
-    "RestoringGlobalsComponent", cg.PollingComponent
-)
+RestoringGlobalsComponent = globals_ns.class_("RestoringGlobalsComponent", cg.Component)
 RestoringGlobalStringComponent = globals_ns.class_(
-    "RestoringGlobalStringComponent", cg.PollingComponent
+    "RestoringGlobalStringComponent", cg.Component
 )
 GlobalVarSetAction = globals_ns.class_("GlobalVarSetAction", automation.Action)
 
 CONF_MAX_RESTORE_DATA_LENGTH = "max_restore_data_length"
 
 
-def validate_update_interval(config):
-    if CONF_UPDATE_INTERVAL in config and not config.get(CONF_RESTORE_VALUE, False):
-        raise cv.Invalid("update_interval requires restore_value to be true")
-    return config
-
-
 MULTI_CONF = True
-CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
-    cv.Schema(
-        {
-            cv.Required(CONF_ID): cv.declare_id(GlobalsComponent),
-            cv.Required(CONF_TYPE): cv.string_strict,
-            cv.Optional(CONF_INITIAL_VALUE): cv.string_strict,
-            cv.Optional(CONF_RESTORE_VALUE, default=False): cv.boolean,
-            cv.Optional(CONF_MAX_RESTORE_DATA_LENGTH): cv.int_range(0, 254),
-            cv.Optional(CONF_UPDATE_INTERVAL): cv.update_interval,
-        }
-    ).extend(cv.COMPONENT_SCHEMA),
-    validate_update_interval,
-)
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
+    {
+        cv.Required(CONF_ID): cv.declare_id(GlobalsComponent),
+        cv.Required(CONF_TYPE): cv.string_strict,
+        cv.Optional(CONF_INITIAL_VALUE): cv.string_strict,
+        cv.Optional(CONF_RESTORE_VALUE, default=False): cv.boolean,
+        cv.Optional(CONF_MAX_RESTORE_DATA_LENGTH): cv.int_range(0, 254),
+    }
+).extend(cv.COMPONENT_SCHEMA)
 
 
 # Run with low priority so that namespaces are registered first
@@ -78,8 +65,6 @@ async def to_code(config):
             value = value.encode()
         hash_ = int(hashlib.md5(value).hexdigest()[:8], 16)
         cg.add(glob.set_name_hash(hash_))
-        if CONF_UPDATE_INTERVAL in config:
-            cg.add(glob.set_update_interval(config[CONF_UPDATE_INTERVAL]))
 
 
 @automation.register_action(

esphome/components/globals/globals_component.h

@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include <cstring>
 
-namespace esphome::globals {
+namespace esphome {
+namespace globals {
 
 template<typename T> class GlobalsComponent : public Component {
  public:
@@ -23,14 +24,13 @@ template<typename T> class GlobalsComponent : public Component {
   T value_{};
 };
 
-template<typename T> class RestoringGlobalsComponent : public PollingComponent {
+template<typename T> class RestoringGlobalsComponent : public Component {
  public:
   using value_type = T;
-  explicit RestoringGlobalsComponent() : PollingComponent(1000) {}
-  explicit RestoringGlobalsComponent(T initial_value) : PollingComponent(1000), value_(initial_value) {}
+  explicit RestoringGlobalsComponent() = default;
+  explicit RestoringGlobalsComponent(T initial_value) : value_(initial_value) {}
   explicit RestoringGlobalsComponent(
-      std::array<typename std::remove_extent<T>::type, std::extent<T>::value> initial_value)
-      : PollingComponent(1000) {
+      std::array<typename std::remove_extent<T>::type, std::extent<T>::value> initial_value) {
     memcpy(this->value_, initial_value.data(), sizeof(T));
   }
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ template<typename T> class RestoringGlobalsComponent : public PollingComponent {
 
   float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::HARDWARE; }
 
-  void update() override { store_value_(); }
+  void loop() override { store_value_(); }
 
   void on_shutdown() override { store_value_(); }
 
@@ -66,14 +66,13 @@ template<typename T> class RestoringGlobalsComponent : public PollingComponent {
 };
 
 // Use with string or subclasses of strings
-template<typename T, uint8_t SZ> class RestoringGlobalStringComponent : public PollingComponent {
+template<typename T, uint8_t SZ> class RestoringGlobalStringComponent : public Component {
  public:
   using value_type = T;
-  explicit RestoringGlobalStringComponent() : PollingComponent(1000) {}
-  explicit RestoringGlobalStringComponent(T initial_value) : PollingComponent(1000) { this->value_ = initial_value; }
+  explicit RestoringGlobalStringComponent() = default;
+  explicit RestoringGlobalStringComponent(T initial_value) { this->value_ = initial_value; }
   explicit RestoringGlobalStringComponent(
-      std::array<typename std::remove_extent<T>::type, std::extent<T>::value> initial_value)
-      : PollingComponent(1000) {
+      std::array<typename std::remove_extent<T>::type, std::extent<T>::value> initial_value) {
     memcpy(this->value_, initial_value.data(), sizeof(T));
   }
 
@@ -91,7 +90,7 @@ template<typename T, uint8_t SZ> class RestoringGlobalStringComponent : public P
 
   float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::HARDWARE; }
 
-  void update() override { store_value_(); }
+  void loop() override { store_value_(); }
 
   void on_shutdown() override { store_value_(); }
 
@@ -145,4 +144,5 @@ template<typename T> T &id(GlobalsComponent<T> *value) { return value->value();
 template<typename T> T &id(RestoringGlobalsComponent<T> *value) { return value->value(); }
 template<typename T, uint8_t SZ> T &id(RestoringGlobalStringComponent<T, SZ> *value) { return value->value(); }
 
-}  // namespace esphome::globals
+}  // namespace globals
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/hbridge/fan/__init__.py

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = (
             cv.Optional(CONF_DECAY_MODE, default="SLOW"): cv.enum(
                 DECAY_MODE_OPTIONS, upper=True
             ),
-            cv.Optional(CONF_SPEED_COUNT, default=100): cv.int_range(min=1, max=255),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_SPEED_COUNT, default=100): cv.int_range(min=1),
             cv.Optional(CONF_ENABLE_PIN): cv.use_id(output.FloatOutput),
             cv.Optional(CONF_PRESET_MODES): validate_preset_modes,
         }

esphome/components/hbridge/fan/hbridge_fan.h

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ enum DecayMode {
 
 class HBridgeFan : public Component, public fan::Fan {
  public:
-  HBridgeFan(uint8_t speed_count, DecayMode decay_mode) : speed_count_(speed_count), decay_mode_(decay_mode) {}
+  HBridgeFan(int speed_count, DecayMode decay_mode) : speed_count_(speed_count), decay_mode_(decay_mode) {}
 
   void set_pin_a(output::FloatOutput *pin_a) { pin_a_ = pin_a; }
   void set_pin_b(output::FloatOutput *pin_b) { pin_b_ = pin_b; }
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class HBridgeFan : public Component, public fan::Fan {
   output::FloatOutput *pin_b_;
   output::FloatOutput *enable_{nullptr};
   output::BinaryOutput *oscillating_{nullptr};
-  uint8_t speed_count_{};
+  int speed_count_{};
   DecayMode decay_mode_{DECAY_MODE_SLOW};
   fan::FanTraits traits_;
   std::vector<const char *> preset_modes_{};

esphome/components/i2c/i2c_bus_esp_idf.cpp

@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ void IDFI2CBus::dump_config() {
         if (s.second) {
           ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Found device at address 0x%02X", s.first);
         } else {
-          ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Unknown error at address 0x%02X", s.first);
+          ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Unknown error at address 0x%02X", s.first);
         }
       }
     }

esphome/components/i2s_audio/__init__.py

@@ -1,11 +1,6 @@
 from esphome import pins
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components.esp32 import (
-    add_idf_sdkconfig_option,
-    enable_ringbuf_in_iram,
-    get_esp32_variant,
-)
-from esphome.components.esp32.const import (
     VARIANT_ESP32,
     VARIANT_ESP32C3,
     VARIANT_ESP32C5,
@@ -15,6 +10,8 @@ from esphome.components.esp32.const import (
     VARIANT_ESP32P4,
     VARIANT_ESP32S2,
     VARIANT_ESP32S3,
+    add_idf_sdkconfig_option,
+    get_esp32_variant,
 )
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import CONF_BITS_PER_SAMPLE, CONF_CHANNEL, CONF_ID, CONF_SAMPLE_RATE
@@ -281,9 +278,6 @@ async def to_code(config):
     # Helps avoid callbacks being skipped due to processor load
     add_idf_sdkconfig_option("CONFIG_I2S_ISR_IRAM_SAFE", True)
 
-    # Keep ring buffer functions in IRAM for audio performance
-    enable_ringbuf_in_iram()
-
     cg.add(var.set_lrclk_pin(config[CONF_I2S_LRCLK_PIN]))
     if CONF_I2S_BCLK_PIN in config:
         cg.add(var.set_bclk_pin(config[CONF_I2S_BCLK_PIN]))

esphome/components/kuntze/kuntze.cpp

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ static const char *const TAG = "kuntze";
 static const uint8_t CMD_READ_REG = 0x03;
 static const uint16_t REGISTER[] = {4136, 4160, 4680, 6000, 4688, 4728, 5832};
 
-// Maximum bytes to log for Modbus responses (2 registers = 4 bytes, plus byte count = 5 bytes)
+// Maximum bytes to log for Modbus responses (2 registers = 4, plus count = 5)
 static constexpr size_t KUNTZE_MAX_LOG_BYTES = 8;
 
 void Kuntze::on_modbus_data(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data) {

esphome/components/libretiny/preferences.cpp

@@ -18,7 +18,16 @@ static constexpr size_t KEY_BUFFER_SIZE = 12;
 
 struct NVSData {
   uint32_t key;
-  SmallInlineBuffer<8> data;  // Most prefs fit in 8 bytes (covers fan, cover, select, etc.)
+  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> data;
+  size_t len;
+
+  void set_data(const uint8_t *src, size_t size) {
+    if (!this->data || this->len != size) {
+      this->data = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(size);
+      this->len = size;
+    }
+    memcpy(this->data.get(), src, size);
+  }
 };
 
 static std::vector<NVSData> s_pending_save;  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
@@ -33,14 +42,14 @@ class LibreTinyPreferenceBackend : public ESPPreferenceBackend {
     // try find in pending saves and update that
     for (auto &obj : s_pending_save) {
       if (obj.key == this->key) {
-        obj.data.set(data, len);
+        obj.set_data(data, len);
         return true;
       }
     }
     NVSData save{};
     save.key = this->key;
-    save.data.set(data, len);
-    s_pending_save.push_back(std::move(save));
+    save.set_data(data, len);
+    s_pending_save.emplace_back(std::move(save));
     ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "s_pending_save: key: %" PRIu32 ", len: %zu", this->key, len);
     return true;
   }
@@ -49,11 +58,11 @@ class LibreTinyPreferenceBackend : public ESPPreferenceBackend {
     // try find in pending saves and load from that
     for (auto &obj : s_pending_save) {
       if (obj.key == this->key) {
-        if (obj.data.size() != len) {
+        if (obj.len != len) {
           // size mismatch
           return false;
         }
-        memcpy(data, obj.data.data(), len);
+        memcpy(data, obj.data.get(), len);
         return true;
       }
     }
@@ -117,11 +126,11 @@ class LibreTinyPreferences : public ESPPreferences {
       snprintf(key_str, sizeof(key_str), "%" PRIu32, save.key);
       ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Checking if FDB data %s has changed", key_str);
       if (this->is_changed_(&this->db, save, key_str)) {
-        ESP_LOGV(TAG, "sync: key: %s, len: %zu", key_str, save.data.size());
-        fdb_blob_make(&this->blob, save.data.data(), save.data.size());
+        ESP_LOGV(TAG, "sync: key: %s, len: %zu", key_str, save.len);
+        fdb_blob_make(&this->blob, save.data.get(), save.len);
         fdb_err_t err = fdb_kv_set_blob(&this->db, key_str, &this->blob);
         if (err != FDB_NO_ERR) {
-          ESP_LOGV(TAG, "fdb_kv_set_blob('%s', len=%zu) failed: %d", key_str, save.data.size(), err);
+          ESP_LOGV(TAG, "fdb_kv_set_blob('%s', len=%zu) failed: %d", key_str, save.len, err);
           failed++;
           last_err = err;
           last_key = save.key;
@@ -129,7 +138,7 @@ class LibreTinyPreferences : public ESPPreferences {
         }
         written++;
       } else {
-        ESP_LOGD(TAG, "FDB data not changed; skipping %" PRIu32 "  len=%zu", save.key, save.data.size());
+        ESP_LOGD(TAG, "FDB data not changed; skipping %" PRIu32 "  len=%zu", save.key, save.len);
         cached++;
       }
       s_pending_save.erase(s_pending_save.begin() + i);
@@ -153,7 +162,7 @@ class LibreTinyPreferences : public ESPPreferences {
     }
 
     // Check size first - if different, data has changed
-    if (kv.value_len != to_save.data.size()) {
+    if (kv.value_len != to_save.len) {
       return true;
     }
 
@@ -167,7 +176,7 @@ class LibreTinyPreferences : public ESPPreferences {
     }
 
     // Compare the actual data
-    return memcmp(to_save.data.data(), stored_data.get(), kv.value_len) != 0;
+    return memcmp(to_save.data.get(), stored_data.get(), kv.value_len) != 0;
   }
 
   bool reset() override {

esphome/components/logger/logger.h

@@ -234,7 +234,6 @@ class Logger : public Component {
 #endif
 
  protected:
-  void write_msg_(const char *msg, size_t len);
   // RAII guard for recursion flags - sets flag on construction, clears on destruction
   class RecursionGuard {
    public:
@@ -261,6 +260,7 @@ class Logger : public Component {
 #endif
 #endif
   void process_messages_();
+  void write_msg_(const char *msg, size_t len);
 
   // Format a log message with printf-style arguments and write it to a buffer with header, footer, and null terminator
   // It's the caller's responsibility to initialize buffer_at (typically to 0)

esphome/components/logger/logger_esp8266.cpp.bak

@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-#ifdef USE_ESP8266
-#include "logger.h"
-#include "esphome/core/log.h"
-
-namespace esphome::logger {
-
-static const char *const TAG = "logger";
-
-void Logger::pre_setup() {
-  if (this->baud_rate_ > 0) {
-    switch (this->uart_) {
-      case UART_SELECTION_UART0:
-      case UART_SELECTION_UART0_SWAP:
-        this->hw_serial_ = &Serial;
-        Serial.begin(this->baud_rate_);
-        if (this->uart_ == UART_SELECTION_UART0_SWAP) {
-          Serial.swap();
-        }
-        Serial.setDebugOutput(ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL >= ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL_VERBOSE);
-        break;
-      case UART_SELECTION_UART1:
-        this->hw_serial_ = &Serial1;
-        Serial1.begin(this->baud_rate_);
-        Serial1.setDebugOutput(ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL >= ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL_VERBOSE);
-        break;
-    }
-  } else {
-    uart_set_debug(UART_NO);
-  }
-
-  global_logger = this;
-
-  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Log initialized");
-}
-
-void HOT Logger::write_msg_(const char *msg) { this->hw_serial_->println(msg); }
-
-const LogString *Logger::get_uart_selection_() {
-  switch (this->uart_) {
-    case UART_SELECTION_UART0:
-      return LOG_STR("UART0");
-    case UART_SELECTION_UART1:
-      return LOG_STR("UART1");
-    case UART_SELECTION_UART0_SWAP:
-    default:
-      return LOG_STR("UART0_SWAP");
-  }
-}
-
-}  // namespace esphome::logger
-#endif

esphome/components/logger/logger_host.cpp.bak

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-#if defined(USE_HOST)
-#include "logger.h"
-
-namespace esphome::logger {
-
-void HOT Logger::write_msg_(const char *msg) {
-  time_t rawtime;
-  struct tm *timeinfo;
-  char buffer[80];
-
-  time(&rawtime);
-  timeinfo = localtime(&rawtime);
-  strftime(buffer, sizeof buffer, "[%H:%M:%S]", timeinfo);
-  fputs(buffer, stdout);
-  puts(msg);
-}
-
-void Logger::pre_setup() { global_logger = this; }
-
-}  // namespace esphome::logger
-
-#endif

esphome/components/logger/logger_libretiny.cpp.bak

@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-#ifdef USE_LIBRETINY
-#include "logger.h"
-
-namespace esphome::logger {
-
-static const char *const TAG = "logger";
-
-void Logger::pre_setup() {
-  if (this->baud_rate_ > 0) {
-    switch (this->uart_) {
-#if LT_HW_UART0
-      case UART_SELECTION_UART0:
-        this->hw_serial_ = &Serial0;
-        Serial0.begin(this->baud_rate_);
-        break;
-#endif
-#if LT_HW_UART1
-      case UART_SELECTION_UART1:
-        this->hw_serial_ = &Serial1;
-        Serial1.begin(this->baud_rate_);
-        break;
-#endif
-#if LT_HW_UART2
-      case UART_SELECTION_UART2:
-        this->hw_serial_ = &Serial2;
-        Serial2.begin(this->baud_rate_);
-        break;
-#endif
-      default:
-        this->hw_serial_ = &Serial;
-        Serial.begin(this->baud_rate_);
-        if (this->uart_ != UART_SELECTION_DEFAULT) {
-          ESP_LOGW(TAG, "  The chosen logger UART port is not available on this board."
-                        "The default port was used instead.");
-        }
-        break;
-    }
-
-    // change lt_log() port to match default Serial
-    if (this->uart_ == UART_SELECTION_DEFAULT) {
-      this->uart_ = (UARTSelection) (LT_UART_DEFAULT_SERIAL + 1);
-      lt_log_set_port(LT_UART_DEFAULT_SERIAL);
-    } else {
-      lt_log_set_port(this->uart_ - 1);
-    }
-  }
-
-  global_logger = this;
-  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Log initialized");
-}
-
-void HOT Logger::write_msg_(const char *msg) { this->hw_serial_->println(msg); }
-
-const LogString *Logger::get_uart_selection_() {
-  switch (this->uart_) {
-    case UART_SELECTION_DEFAULT:
-      return LOG_STR("DEFAULT");
-    case UART_SELECTION_UART0:
-      return LOG_STR("UART0");
-    case UART_SELECTION_UART1:
-      return LOG_STR("UART1");
-    case UART_SELECTION_UART2:
-    default:
-      return LOG_STR("UART2");
-  }
-}
-
-}  // namespace esphome::logger
-
-#endif  // USE_LIBRETINY

esphome/components/logger/logger_rp2040.cpp.bak

@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-#ifdef USE_RP2040
-#include "logger.h"
-#include "esphome/core/log.h"
-
-namespace esphome::logger {
-
-static const char *const TAG = "logger";
-
-void Logger::pre_setup() {
-  if (this->baud_rate_ > 0) {
-    switch (this->uart_) {
-      case UART_SELECTION_UART0:
-        this->hw_serial_ = &Serial1;
-        Serial1.begin(this->baud_rate_);
-        break;
-      case UART_SELECTION_UART1:
-        this->hw_serial_ = &Serial2;
-        Serial2.begin(this->baud_rate_);
-        break;
-      case UART_SELECTION_USB_CDC:
-        this->hw_serial_ = &Serial;
-        Serial.begin(this->baud_rate_);
-        break;
-    }
-  }
-  global_logger = this;
-  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Log initialized");
-}
-
-void HOT Logger::write_msg_(const char *msg) { this->hw_serial_->println(msg); }
-
-const LogString *Logger::get_uart_selection_() {
-  switch (this->uart_) {
-    case UART_SELECTION_UART0:
-      return LOG_STR("UART0");
-    case UART_SELECTION_UART1:
-      return LOG_STR("UART1");
-#ifdef USE_LOGGER_USB_CDC
-    case UART_SELECTION_USB_CDC:
-      return LOG_STR("USB_CDC");
-#endif
-    default:
-      return LOG_STR("UNKNOWN");
-  }
-}
-
-}  // namespace esphome::logger
-#endif  // USE_RP2040

esphome/components/logger/logger_zephyr.cpp.bak

@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-#ifdef USE_ZEPHYR
-
-#include "esphome/core/application.h"
-#include "esphome/core/log.h"
-#include "logger.h"
-
-#include <zephyr/device.h>
-#include <zephyr/drivers/uart.h>
-#include <zephyr/usb/usb_device.h>
-
-namespace esphome::logger {
-
-static const char *const TAG = "logger";
-
-#ifdef USE_LOGGER_USB_CDC
-void Logger::loop() {
-  if (this->uart_ != UART_SELECTION_USB_CDC || nullptr == this->uart_dev_) {
-    return;
-  }
-  static bool opened = false;
-  uint32_t dtr = 0;
-  uart_line_ctrl_get(this->uart_dev_, UART_LINE_CTRL_DTR, &dtr);
-
-  /* Poll if the DTR flag was set, optional */
-  if (opened == dtr) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  if (!opened) {
-    App.schedule_dump_config();
-  }
-  opened = !opened;
-}
-#endif
-
-void Logger::pre_setup() {
-  if (this->baud_rate_ > 0) {
-    static const struct device *uart_dev = nullptr;
-    switch (this->uart_) {
-      case UART_SELECTION_UART0:
-        uart_dev = DEVICE_DT_GET_OR_NULL(DT_NODELABEL(uart0));
-        break;
-      case UART_SELECTION_UART1:
-        uart_dev = DEVICE_DT_GET_OR_NULL(DT_NODELABEL(uart1));
-        break;
-#ifdef USE_LOGGER_USB_CDC
-      case UART_SELECTION_USB_CDC:
-        uart_dev = DEVICE_DT_GET_OR_NULL(DT_NODELABEL(cdc_acm_uart0));
-        if (device_is_ready(uart_dev)) {
-          usb_enable(nullptr);
-        }
-        break;
-#endif
-    }
-    if (!device_is_ready(uart_dev)) {
-      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "%s is not ready.", LOG_STR_ARG(get_uart_selection_()));
-    } else {
-      this->uart_dev_ = uart_dev;
-    }
-  }
-  global_logger = this;
-  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Log initialized");
-}
-
-void HOT Logger::write_msg_(const char *msg) {
-#ifdef CONFIG_PRINTK
-  printk("%s\n", msg);
-#endif
-  if (nullptr == this->uart_dev_) {
-    return;
-  }
-  while (*msg) {
-    uart_poll_out(this->uart_dev_, *msg);
-    ++msg;
-  }
-  uart_poll_out(this->uart_dev_, '\n');
-}
-
-const LogString *Logger::get_uart_selection_() {
-  switch (this->uart_) {
-    case UART_SELECTION_UART0:
-      return LOG_STR("UART0");
-    case UART_SELECTION_UART1:
-      return LOG_STR("UART1");
-#ifdef USE_LOGGER_USB_CDC
-    case UART_SELECTION_USB_CDC:
-      return LOG_STR("USB_CDC");
-#endif
-    default:
-      return LOG_STR("UNKNOWN");
-  }
-}
-
-}  // namespace esphome::logger
-
-#endif

esphome/components/mcp23016/mcp23016.cpp

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ void MCP23016::pin_mode(uint8_t pin, gpio::Flags flags) {
     this->update_reg_(pin, false, iodir);
   }
 }
-float MCP23016::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::IO; }
+float MCP23016::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::HARDWARE; }
 bool MCP23016::read_reg_(uint8_t reg, uint8_t *value) {
   if (this->is_failed())
     return false;

esphome/components/micro_wake_word/__init__.py

@@ -448,9 +448,6 @@ async def to_code(config):
     # The inference task queues detection events that need immediate processing
     socket.require_wake_loop_threadsafe()
 
-    # Keep ring buffer functions in IRAM for audio performance
-    esp32.enable_ringbuf_in_iram()
-
     mic_source = await microphone.microphone_source_to_code(config[CONF_MICROPHONE])
     cg.add(var.set_microphone_source(mic_source))
 

esphome/components/mqtt/custom_mqtt_device.cpp

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ bool CustomMQTTDevice::publish(const std::string &topic, float value, int8_t num
 }
 bool CustomMQTTDevice::publish(const std::string &topic, int value) {
   char buffer[24];
-  size_t len = buf_append_printf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0, "%d", value);
+  int len = snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "%d", value);
   return global_mqtt_client->publish(topic, buffer, len);
 }
 bool CustomMQTTDevice::publish_json(const std::string &topic, const json::json_build_t &f, uint8_t qos, bool retain) {

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_alarm_control_panel.cpp

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ void MQTTAlarmControlPanelComponent::setup() {
 
 void MQTTAlarmControlPanelComponent::dump_config() {
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "MQTT alarm_control_panel '%s':", this->alarm_control_panel_->get_name().c_str());
-  LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(true, true);
+  LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(true, true)
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
                 "  Supported Features: %" PRIu32 "\n"
                 "  Requires Code to Disarm: %s\n"

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_binary_sensor.cpp

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ void MQTTBinarySensorComponent::setup() {
 
 void MQTTBinarySensorComponent::dump_config() {
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "MQTT Binary Sensor '%s':", this->binary_sensor_->get_name().c_str());
-  LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(true, false);
+  LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(true, false)
 }
 MQTTBinarySensorComponent::MQTTBinarySensorComponent(binary_sensor::BinarySensor *binary_sensor)
     : binary_sensor_(binary_sensor) {

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_client.cpp

@@ -98,17 +98,7 @@ void MQTTClientComponent::send_device_info_() {
         uint8_t index = 0;
         for (auto &ip : network::get_ip_addresses()) {
           if (ip.is_set()) {
-            char key[8];  // "ip" + up to 3 digits + null
-            char ip_buf[network::IP_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE];
-            if (index == 0) {
-              key[0] = 'i';
-              key[1] = 'p';
-              key[2] = '\0';
-            } else {
-              buf_append_printf(key, sizeof(key), 0, "ip%u", index);
-            }
-            ip.str_to(ip_buf);
-            root[key] = ip_buf;
+            root["ip" + (index == 0 ? "" : esphome::to_string(index))] = ip.str();
             index++;
           }
         }

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_component.cpp

@@ -27,23 +27,20 @@ inline char *append_char(char *p, char c) {
 // Max lengths for stack-based topic building.
 // These limits are enforced at Python config validation time in mqtt/__init__.py
 // using cv.Length() validators for topic_prefix and discovery_prefix.
-// MQTT_COMPONENT_TYPE_MAX_LEN, MQTT_SUFFIX_MAX_LEN, and MQTT_DEFAULT_TOPIC_MAX_LEN are in mqtt_component.h.
+// MQTT_COMPONENT_TYPE_MAX_LEN and MQTT_SUFFIX_MAX_LEN are defined in mqtt_component.h.
 // ESPHOME_DEVICE_NAME_MAX_LEN and OBJECT_ID_MAX_LEN are defined in entity_base.h.
 // This ensures the stack buffers below are always large enough.
+static constexpr size_t TOPIC_PREFIX_MAX_LEN = 64;      // Validated in Python: cv.Length(max=64)
 static constexpr size_t DISCOVERY_PREFIX_MAX_LEN = 64;  // Validated in Python: cv.Length(max=64)
+
+// Stack buffer sizes - safe because all inputs are length-validated at config time
+// Format: prefix + "/" + type + "/" + object_id + "/" + suffix + null
+static constexpr size_t DEFAULT_TOPIC_MAX_LEN =
+    TOPIC_PREFIX_MAX_LEN + 1 + MQTT_COMPONENT_TYPE_MAX_LEN + 1 + OBJECT_ID_MAX_LEN + 1 + MQTT_SUFFIX_MAX_LEN + 1;
 // Format: prefix + "/" + type + "/" + name + "/" + object_id + "/config" + null
 static constexpr size_t DISCOVERY_TOPIC_MAX_LEN = DISCOVERY_PREFIX_MAX_LEN + 1 + MQTT_COMPONENT_TYPE_MAX_LEN + 1 +
                                                   ESPHOME_DEVICE_NAME_MAX_LEN + 1 + OBJECT_ID_MAX_LEN + 7 + 1;
 
-// Function implementation of LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT macro to reduce code size
-void log_mqtt_component(const char *tag, MQTTComponent *obj, bool state_topic, bool command_topic) {
-  char buf[MQTT_DEFAULT_TOPIC_MAX_LEN];
-  if (state_topic)
-    ESP_LOGCONFIG(tag, "  State Topic: '%s'", obj->get_state_topic_to_(buf).c_str());
-  if (command_topic)
-    ESP_LOGCONFIG(tag, "  Command Topic: '%s'", obj->get_command_topic_to_(buf).c_str());
-}
-
 void MQTTComponent::set_qos(uint8_t qos) { this->qos_ = qos; }
 
 void MQTTComponent::set_subscribe_qos(uint8_t qos) { this->subscribe_qos_ = qos; }
@@ -72,18 +69,19 @@ std::string MQTTComponent::get_discovery_topic_(const MQTTDiscoveryInfo &discove
   return std::string(buf, p - buf);
 }
 
-StringRef MQTTComponent::get_default_topic_for_to_(std::span<char, MQTT_DEFAULT_TOPIC_MAX_LEN> buf, const char *suffix,
-                                                   size_t suffix_len) const {
+std::string MQTTComponent::get_default_topic_for_(const std::string &suffix) const {
   const std::string &topic_prefix = global_mqtt_client->get_topic_prefix();
   if (topic_prefix.empty()) {
-    return StringRef();  // Empty topic_prefix means no default topic
+    // If the topic_prefix is null, the default topic should be null
+    return "";
   }
 
   const char *comp_type = this->component_type();
   char object_id_buf[OBJECT_ID_MAX_LEN];
   StringRef object_id = this->get_default_object_id_to_(object_id_buf);
 
-  char *p = buf.data();
+  char buf[DEFAULT_TOPIC_MAX_LEN];
+  char *p = buf;
 
   p = append_str(p, topic_prefix.data(), topic_prefix.size());
   p = append_char(p, '/');
@@ -91,44 +89,21 @@ StringRef MQTTComponent::get_default_topic_for_to_(std::span<char, MQTT_DEFAULT_
   p = append_char(p, '/');
   p = append_str(p, object_id.c_str(), object_id.size());
   p = append_char(p, '/');
-  p = append_str(p, suffix, suffix_len);
-  *p = '\0';
+  p = append_str(p, suffix.data(), suffix.size());
 
-  return StringRef(buf.data(), p - buf.data());
-}
-
-std::string MQTTComponent::get_default_topic_for_(const std::string &suffix) const {
-  char buf[MQTT_DEFAULT_TOPIC_MAX_LEN];
-  StringRef ref = this->get_default_topic_for_to_(buf, suffix.data(), suffix.size());
-  return std::string(ref.c_str(), ref.size());
-}
-
-StringRef MQTTComponent::get_state_topic_to_(std::span<char, MQTT_DEFAULT_TOPIC_MAX_LEN> buf) const {
-  if (this->custom_state_topic_.has_value()) {
-    // Returns ref to existing data for static/value, uses buf only for lambda case
-    return this->custom_state_topic_.ref_or_copy_to(buf.data(), buf.size());
-  }
-  return this->get_default_topic_for_to_(buf, "state", 5);
-}
-
-StringRef MQTTComponent::get_command_topic_to_(std::span<char, MQTT_DEFAULT_TOPIC_MAX_LEN> buf) const {
-  if (this->custom_command_topic_.has_value()) {
-    // Returns ref to existing data for static/value, uses buf only for lambda case
-    return this->custom_command_topic_.ref_or_copy_to(buf.data(), buf.size());
-  }
-  return this->get_default_topic_for_to_(buf, "command", 7);
+  return std::string(buf, p - buf);
 }
 
 std::string MQTTComponent::get_state_topic_() const {
-  char buf[MQTT_DEFAULT_TOPIC_MAX_LEN];
-  StringRef ref = this->get_state_topic_to_(buf);
-  return std::string(ref.c_str(), ref.size());
+  if (this->custom_state_topic_.has_value())
+    return this->custom_state_topic_.value();
+  return this->get_default_topic_for_("state");
 }
 
 std::string MQTTComponent::get_command_topic_() const {
-  char buf[MQTT_DEFAULT_TOPIC_MAX_LEN];
-  StringRef ref = this->get_command_topic_to_(buf);
-  return std::string(ref.c_str(), ref.size());
+  if (this->custom_command_topic_.has_value())
+    return this->custom_command_topic_.value();
+  return this->get_default_topic_for_("command");
 }
 
 bool MQTTComponent::publish(const std::string &topic, const std::string &payload) {
@@ -193,14 +168,10 @@ bool MQTTComponent::send_discovery_() {
             break;
         }
 
-        if (config.state_topic) {
-          char state_topic_buf[MQTT_DEFAULT_TOPIC_MAX_LEN];
-          root[MQTT_STATE_TOPIC] = this->get_state_topic_to_(state_topic_buf);
-        }
-        if (config.command_topic) {
-          char command_topic_buf[MQTT_DEFAULT_TOPIC_MAX_LEN];
-          root[MQTT_COMMAND_TOPIC] = this->get_command_topic_to_(command_topic_buf);
-        }
+        if (config.state_topic)
+          root[MQTT_STATE_TOPIC] = this->get_state_topic_();
+        if (config.command_topic)
+          root[MQTT_COMMAND_TOPIC] = this->get_command_topic_();
         if (this->command_retain_)
           root[MQTT_COMMAND_RETAIN] = true;
 
@@ -219,37 +190,27 @@ bool MQTTComponent::send_discovery_() {
         StringRef object_id = this->get_default_object_id_to_(object_id_buf);
         if (discovery_info.unique_id_generator == MQTT_MAC_ADDRESS_UNIQUE_ID_GENERATOR) {
           char friendly_name_hash[9];
-          buf_append_printf(friendly_name_hash, sizeof(friendly_name_hash), 0, "%08" PRIx32,
-                            fnv1_hash(this->friendly_name_()));
+          snprintf(friendly_name_hash, sizeof(friendly_name_hash), "%08" PRIx32, fnv1_hash(this->friendly_name_()));
           // Format: mac-component_type-hash (e.g. "aabbccddeeff-sensor-12345678")
           // MAC (12) + "-" (1) + domain (max 20) + "-" (1) + hash (8) + null (1) = 43
           char unique_id[MAC_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE + ESPHOME_DOMAIN_MAX_LEN + 11];
           char mac_buf[MAC_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE];
           get_mac_address_into_buffer(mac_buf);
-          buf_append_printf(unique_id, sizeof(unique_id), 0, "%s-%s-%s", mac_buf, this->component_type(),
-                            friendly_name_hash);
+          snprintf(unique_id, sizeof(unique_id), "%s-%s-%s", mac_buf, this->component_type(), friendly_name_hash);
           root[MQTT_UNIQUE_ID] = unique_id;
         } else {
           // default to almost-unique ID. It's a hack but the only way to get that
           // gorgeous device registry view.
-          // "ESP" (3) + component_type (max 20) + object_id (max 128) + null
-          char unique_id_buf[3 + MQTT_COMPONENT_TYPE_MAX_LEN + OBJECT_ID_MAX_LEN + 1];
-          buf_append_printf(unique_id_buf, sizeof(unique_id_buf), 0, "ESP%s%s", this->component_type(),
-                            object_id.c_str());
-          root[MQTT_UNIQUE_ID] = unique_id_buf;
+          root[MQTT_UNIQUE_ID] = "ESP" + std::string(this->component_type()) + object_id.c_str();
         }
 
         const std::string &node_name = App.get_name();
-        if (discovery_info.object_id_generator == MQTT_DEVICE_NAME_OBJECT_ID_GENERATOR) {
-          // node_name (max 31) + "_" (1) + object_id (max 128) + null
-          char object_id_full[ESPHOME_DEVICE_NAME_MAX_LEN + 1 + OBJECT_ID_MAX_LEN + 1];
-          buf_append_printf(object_id_full, sizeof(object_id_full), 0, "%s_%s", node_name.c_str(), object_id.c_str());
-          root[MQTT_OBJECT_ID] = object_id_full;
-        }
+        if (discovery_info.object_id_generator == MQTT_DEVICE_NAME_OBJECT_ID_GENERATOR)
+          root[MQTT_OBJECT_ID] = node_name + "_" + object_id.c_str();
 
         const std::string &friendly_name_ref = App.get_friendly_name();
         const std::string &node_friendly_name = friendly_name_ref.empty() ? node_name : friendly_name_ref;
-        const char *node_area = App.get_area();
+        std::string node_area = App.get_area();
 
         JsonObject device_info = root[MQTT_DEVICE].to<JsonObject>();
         char mac[MAC_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE];
@@ -260,29 +221,18 @@ bool MQTTComponent::send_discovery_() {
         device_info[MQTT_DEVICE_SW_VERSION] = ESPHOME_PROJECT_VERSION " (ESPHome " ESPHOME_VERSION ")";
         const char *model = std::strchr(ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME, '.');
         device_info[MQTT_DEVICE_MODEL] = model == nullptr ? ESPHOME_BOARD : model + 1;
-        if (model == nullptr) {
-          device_info[MQTT_DEVICE_MANUFACTURER] = ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME;
-        } else {
-          // Extract manufacturer (part before '.') using stack buffer to avoid heap allocation
-          // memcpy is used instead of strncpy since we know the exact length and strncpy
-          // would still require manual null-termination
-          char manufacturer[sizeof(ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME)];
-          size_t len = model - ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME;
-          memcpy(manufacturer, ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME, len);
-          manufacturer[len] = '\0';
-          device_info[MQTT_DEVICE_MANUFACTURER] = manufacturer;
-        }
+        device_info[MQTT_DEVICE_MANUFACTURER] =
+            model == nullptr ? ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME : std::string(ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME, model - ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME);
 #else
         static const char ver_fmt[] PROGMEM = ESPHOME_VERSION " (config hash 0x%08" PRIx32 ")";
-        // Buffer sized for format string expansion: ~4 bytes net growth from format specifier to 8 hex digits, plus
-        // safety margin
-        char version_buf[sizeof(ver_fmt) + 8];
 #ifdef USE_ESP8266
-        snprintf_P(version_buf, sizeof(version_buf), ver_fmt, App.get_config_hash());
+        char fmt_buf[sizeof(ver_fmt)];
+        strcpy_P(fmt_buf, ver_fmt);
+        const char *fmt = fmt_buf;
 #else
-        snprintf(version_buf, sizeof(version_buf), ver_fmt, App.get_config_hash());
+        const char *fmt = ver_fmt;
 #endif
-        device_info[MQTT_DEVICE_SW_VERSION] = version_buf;
+        device_info[MQTT_DEVICE_SW_VERSION] = str_sprintf(fmt, App.get_config_hash());
         device_info[MQTT_DEVICE_MODEL] = ESPHOME_BOARD;
 #if defined(USE_ESP8266) || defined(USE_ESP32)
         device_info[MQTT_DEVICE_MANUFACTURER] = "Espressif";
@@ -296,7 +246,7 @@ bool MQTTComponent::send_discovery_() {
         device_info[MQTT_DEVICE_MANUFACTURER] = "Host";
 #endif
 #endif
-        if (node_area[0] != '\0') {
+        if (!node_area.empty()) {
           device_info[MQTT_DEVICE_SUGGESTED_AREA] = node_area;
         }
 
@@ -338,9 +288,7 @@ void MQTTComponent::set_availability(std::string topic, std::string payload_avai
 }
 void MQTTComponent::disable_availability() { this->set_availability("", "", ""); }
 void MQTTComponent::call_setup() {
-  // Cache is_internal result once during setup - topics don't change after this
-  this->is_internal_ = this->compute_is_internal_();
-  if (this->is_internal_)
+  if (this->is_internal())
     return;
 
   this->setup();
@@ -392,28 +340,26 @@ StringRef MQTTComponent::get_default_object_id_to_(std::span<char, OBJECT_ID_MAX
 }
 StringRef MQTTComponent::get_icon_ref_() const { return this->get_entity()->get_icon_ref(); }
 bool MQTTComponent::is_disabled_by_default_() const { return this->get_entity()->is_disabled_by_default(); }
-bool MQTTComponent::compute_is_internal_() {
+bool MQTTComponent::is_internal() {
   if (this->custom_state_topic_.has_value()) {
-    // If the custom state_topic is empty, return true as it is internal and should not publish
+    // If the custom state_topic is null, return true as it is internal and should not publish
     // else, return false, as it is explicitly set to a topic, so it is not internal and should publish
-    // Using is_empty() avoids heap allocation for non-lambda cases
-    return this->custom_state_topic_.is_empty();
+    return this->get_state_topic_().empty();
   }
 
   if (this->custom_command_topic_.has_value()) {
-    // If the custom command_topic is empty, return true as it is internal and should not publish
+    // If the custom command_topic is null, return true as it is internal and should not publish
     // else, return false, as it is explicitly set to a topic, so it is not internal and should publish
-    // Using is_empty() avoids heap allocation for non-lambda cases
-    return this->custom_command_topic_.is_empty();
+    return this->get_command_topic_().empty();
   }
 
-  // No custom topics have been set - check topic_prefix directly to avoid allocation
-  if (global_mqtt_client->get_topic_prefix().empty()) {
-    // If the default topic prefix is empty, then the component, by default, is internal and should not publish
+  // No custom topics have been set
+  if (this->get_default_topic_for_("").empty()) {
+    // If the default topic prefix is null, then the component, by default, is internal and should not publish
     return true;
   }
 
-  // Use ESPHome's component internal state if topic_prefix is not empty with no custom state_topic or command_topic
+  // Use ESPHome's component internal state if topic_prefix is not null with no custom state_topic or command_topic
   return this->get_entity()->is_internal();
 }
 

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_component.h

@@ -20,22 +20,17 @@ struct SendDiscoveryConfig {
   bool command_topic{true};  ///< If the command topic should be included. Default to true.
 };
 
-// Max lengths for stack-based topic building.
-// These limits are enforced at Python config validation time in mqtt/__init__.py
-// using cv.Length() validators for topic_prefix and discovery_prefix.
-// This ensures the stack buffers are always large enough.
+// Max lengths for stack-based topic building (must match mqtt_component.cpp)
 static constexpr size_t MQTT_COMPONENT_TYPE_MAX_LEN = 20;
 static constexpr size_t MQTT_SUFFIX_MAX_LEN = 32;
-static constexpr size_t MQTT_TOPIC_PREFIX_MAX_LEN = 64;  // Validated in Python: cv.Length(max=64)
-// Stack buffer size - safe because all inputs are length-validated at config time
-// Format: prefix + "/" + type + "/" + object_id + "/" + suffix + null
-static constexpr size_t MQTT_DEFAULT_TOPIC_MAX_LEN =
-    MQTT_TOPIC_PREFIX_MAX_LEN + 1 + MQTT_COMPONENT_TYPE_MAX_LEN + 1 + OBJECT_ID_MAX_LEN + 1 + MQTT_SUFFIX_MAX_LEN + 1;
 
-class MQTTComponent;  // Forward declaration
-void log_mqtt_component(const char *tag, MQTTComponent *obj, bool state_topic, bool command_topic);
-
-#define LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(state_topic, command_topic) log_mqtt_component(TAG, this, state_topic, command_topic)
+#define LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(state_topic, command_topic) \
+  if (state_topic) { \
+    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  State Topic: '%s'", this->get_state_topic_().c_str()); \
+  } \
+  if (command_topic) { \
+    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Command Topic: '%s'", this->get_command_topic_().c_str()); \
+  }
 
 // Macro to define component_type() with compile-time length verification
 // Usage: MQTT_COMPONENT_TYPE(MQTTSensorComponent, "sensor")
@@ -79,8 +74,6 @@ void log_mqtt_component(const char *tag, MQTTComponent *obj, bool state_topic, b
  * a clean separation.
  */
 class MQTTComponent : public Component {
-  friend void log_mqtt_component(const char *tag, MQTTComponent *obj, bool state_topic, bool command_topic);
-
  public:
   /// Constructs a MQTTComponent.
   explicit MQTTComponent();
@@ -95,8 +88,7 @@ class MQTTComponent : public Component {
 
   virtual bool send_initial_state() = 0;
 
-  /// Returns cached is_internal result (computed once during setup).
-  bool is_internal() const { return this->is_internal_; }
+  virtual bool is_internal();
 
   /// Set QOS for state messages.
   void set_qos(uint8_t qos);
@@ -187,16 +179,7 @@ class MQTTComponent : public Component {
   /// Helper method to get the discovery topic for this component.
   std::string get_discovery_topic_(const MQTTDiscoveryInfo &discovery_info) const;
 
-  /** Get this components state/command/... topic into a buffer.
-   *
-   * @param buf The buffer to write to (must be exactly MQTT_DEFAULT_TOPIC_MAX_LEN).
-   * @param suffix The suffix/key such as "state" or "command".
-   * @return StringRef pointing to the buffer with the topic.
-   */
-  StringRef get_default_topic_for_to_(std::span<char, MQTT_DEFAULT_TOPIC_MAX_LEN> buf, const char *suffix,
-                                      size_t suffix_len) const;
-
-  /** Get this components state/command/... topic (allocates std::string).
+  /** Get this components state/command/... topic.
    *
    * @param suffix The suffix/key such as "state" or "command".
    * @return The full topic.
@@ -217,20 +200,10 @@ class MQTTComponent : public Component {
   /// Get whether the underlying Entity is disabled by default
   bool is_disabled_by_default_() const;
 
-  /// Get the MQTT state topic into a buffer (no heap allocation for non-lambda custom topics).
-  /// @param buf Buffer of exactly MQTT_DEFAULT_TOPIC_MAX_LEN bytes.
-  /// @return StringRef pointing to the topic in the buffer.
-  StringRef get_state_topic_to_(std::span<char, MQTT_DEFAULT_TOPIC_MAX_LEN> buf) const;
-
-  /// Get the MQTT command topic into a buffer (no heap allocation for non-lambda custom topics).
-  /// @param buf Buffer of exactly MQTT_DEFAULT_TOPIC_MAX_LEN bytes.
-  /// @return StringRef pointing to the topic in the buffer.
-  StringRef get_command_topic_to_(std::span<char, MQTT_DEFAULT_TOPIC_MAX_LEN> buf) const;
-
-  /// Get the MQTT topic that new states will be shared to (allocates std::string).
+  /// Get the MQTT topic that new states will be shared to.
   std::string get_state_topic_() const;
 
-  /// Get the MQTT topic for listening to commands (allocates std::string).
+  /// Get the MQTT topic for listening to commands.
   std::string get_command_topic_() const;
 
   bool is_connected_() const;
@@ -248,18 +221,12 @@ class MQTTComponent : public Component {
 
   std::unique_ptr<Availability> availability_;
 
-  // Packed bitfields - QoS values are 0-2, bools are flags
-  uint8_t qos_ : 2 {0};
-  uint8_t subscribe_qos_ : 2 {0};
-  bool command_retain_ : 1 {false};
-  bool retain_ : 1 {true};
-  bool discovery_enabled_ : 1 {true};
-  bool resend_state_ : 1 {false};
-  bool is_internal_ : 1 {false};  ///< Cached result of compute_is_internal_(), set during setup
-
-  /// Compute is_internal status based on topics and entity state.
-  /// Called once during setup to cache the result.
-  bool compute_is_internal_();
+  bool command_retain_{false};
+  bool retain_{true};
+  uint8_t qos_{0};
+  uint8_t subscribe_qos_{0};
+  bool discovery_enabled_{true};
+  bool resend_state_{false};
 };
 
 }  // namespace esphome::mqtt

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_cover.cpp

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ void MQTTCoverComponent::dump_config() {
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "MQTT cover '%s':", this->cover_->get_name().c_str());
   auto traits = this->cover_->get_traits();
   bool has_command_topic = traits.get_supports_position() || !traits.get_supports_tilt();
-  LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(true, has_command_topic);
+  LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(true, has_command_topic)
   if (traits.get_supports_position()) {
     ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
                   "  Position State Topic: '%s'\n"

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_date.cpp

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ void MQTTDateComponent::setup() {
 
 void MQTTDateComponent::dump_config() {
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "MQTT Date '%s':", this->date_->get_name().c_str());
-  LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(true, true);
+  LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(true, true)
 }
 
 MQTT_COMPONENT_TYPE(MQTTDateComponent, "date")

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_datetime.cpp

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ void MQTTDateTimeComponent::setup() {
 
 void MQTTDateTimeComponent::dump_config() {
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "MQTT DateTime '%s':", this->datetime_->get_name().c_str());
-  LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(true, true);
+  LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(true, true)
 }
 
 MQTT_COMPONENT_TYPE(MQTTDateTimeComponent, "datetime")

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_fan.cpp

@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ bool MQTTFanComponent::publish_state() {
   auto traits = this->state_->get_traits();
   if (traits.supports_speed()) {
     char buf[12];
-    size_t len = buf_append_printf(buf, sizeof(buf), 0, "%d", this->state_->speed);
+    int len = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d", this->state_->speed);
     bool success = this->publish(this->get_speed_level_state_topic(), buf, len);
     failed = failed || !success;
   }

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_light.cpp

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ void MQTTJSONLightComponent::send_discovery(JsonObject root, mqtt::SendDiscovery
 bool MQTTJSONLightComponent::send_initial_state() { return this->publish_state_(); }
 void MQTTJSONLightComponent::dump_config() {
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "MQTT Light '%s':", this->state_->get_name().c_str());
-  LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(true, true);
+  LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(true, true)
 }
 
 }  // namespace esphome::mqtt

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_number.cpp

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ void MQTTNumberComponent::setup() {
 
 void MQTTNumberComponent::dump_config() {
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "MQTT Number '%s':", this->number_->get_name().c_str());
-  LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(true, false);
+  LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(true, false)
 }
 
 MQTT_COMPONENT_TYPE(MQTTNumberComponent, "number")
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ bool MQTTNumberComponent::send_initial_state() {
 }
 bool MQTTNumberComponent::publish_state(float value) {
   char buffer[64];
-  buf_append_printf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0, "%f", value);
+  snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "%f", value);
   return this->publish(this->get_state_topic_(), buffer);
 }
 

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_select.cpp

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ void MQTTSelectComponent::setup() {
 
 void MQTTSelectComponent::dump_config() {
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "MQTT Select '%s':", this->select_->get_name().c_str());
-  LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(true, false);
+  LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(true, false)
 }
 
 MQTT_COMPONENT_TYPE(MQTTSelectComponent, "select")

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_sensor.cpp

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ void MQTTSensorComponent::dump_config() {
   if (this->get_expire_after() > 0) {
     ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Expire After: %" PRIu32 "s", this->get_expire_after() / 1000);
   }
-  LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(true, false);
+  LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(true, false)
 }
 
 MQTT_COMPONENT_TYPE(MQTTSensorComponent, "sensor")

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_text.cpp

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ void MQTTTextComponent::setup() {
 
 void MQTTTextComponent::dump_config() {
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "MQTT text '%s':", this->text_->get_name().c_str());
-  LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(true, true);
+  LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(true, true)
 }
 
 MQTT_COMPONENT_TYPE(MQTTTextComponent, "text")

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_time.cpp

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ void MQTTTimeComponent::setup() {
 
 void MQTTTimeComponent::dump_config() {
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "MQTT Time '%s':", this->time_->get_name().c_str());
-  LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(true, true);
+  LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(true, true)
 }
 
 MQTT_COMPONENT_TYPE(MQTTTimeComponent, "time")

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_valve.cpp

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ void MQTTValveComponent::dump_config() {
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "MQTT valve '%s':", this->valve_->get_name().c_str());
   auto traits = this->valve_->get_traits();
   bool has_command_topic = traits.get_supports_position();
-  LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(true, has_command_topic);
+  LOG_MQTT_COMPONENT(true, has_command_topic)
   if (traits.get_supports_position()) {
     ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
                   "  Position State Topic: '%s'\n"

esphome/components/select/select.h

@@ -80,21 +80,23 @@ class Select : public EntityBase {
 
   void add_on_state_callback(std::function<void(size_t)> &&callback);
 
-  /** Set the value of the select by index, this is an optional virtual method.
-   *
-   * This method is called by the SelectCall when the index is already known.
-   * Default implementation converts to string and calls control().
-   * Override this to work directly with indices and avoid string conversions.
-   *
-   * @param index The index as validated by the SelectCall.
-   */
-  virtual void control(size_t index) { this->control(this->option_at(index)); }
-
  protected:
   friend class SelectCall;
 
   size_t active_index_{0};
 
+  /** Set the value of the select by index, this is an optional virtual method.
+   *
+   * IMPORTANT: At least ONE of the two control() methods must be overridden by derived classes.
+   * Overriding this index-based version is PREFERRED as it avoids string conversions.
+   *
+   * This method is called by the SelectCall when the index is already known.
+   * Default implementation converts to string and calls control(const std::string&).
+   *
+   * @param index The index as validated by the SelectCall.
+   */
+  virtual void control(size_t index) { this->control(this->option_at(index)); }
+
   /** Set the value of the select, this is a virtual method that each select integration can implement.
    *
    * IMPORTANT: At least ONE of the two control() methods must be overridden by derived classes.

esphome/components/speed/fan/__init__.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = (
             cv.Optional(CONF_SPEED): cv.invalid(
                 "Configuring individual speeds is deprecated."
             ),
-            cv.Optional(CONF_SPEED_COUNT, default=100): cv.int_range(min=1, max=255),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_SPEED_COUNT, default=100): cv.int_range(min=1),
             cv.Optional(CONF_PRESET_MODES): validate_preset_modes,
         }
     )

esphome/components/speed/fan/speed_fan.h

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ namespace speed {
 
 class SpeedFan : public Component, public fan::Fan {
  public:
-  SpeedFan(uint8_t speed_count) : speed_count_(speed_count) {}
+  SpeedFan(int speed_count) : speed_count_(speed_count) {}
   void setup() override;
   void dump_config() override;
   void set_output(output::FloatOutput *output) { this->output_ = output; }
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class SpeedFan : public Component, public fan::Fan {
   output::FloatOutput *output_;
   output::BinaryOutput *oscillating_{nullptr};
   output::BinaryOutput *direction_{nullptr};
-  uint8_t speed_count_{};
+  int speed_count_{};
   fan::FanTraits traits_;
   std::vector<const char *> preset_modes_{};
 };

esphome/components/template/fan/__init__.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = (
         {
             cv.Optional(CONF_HAS_DIRECTION, default=False): cv.boolean,
             cv.Optional(CONF_HAS_OSCILLATING, default=False): cv.boolean,
-            cv.Optional(CONF_SPEED_COUNT): cv.int_range(min=1, max=255),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_SPEED_COUNT): cv.int_range(min=1),
             cv.Optional(CONF_PRESET_MODES): validate_preset_modes,
         }
     )

esphome/components/template/fan/template_fan.h

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class TemplateFan final : public Component, public fan::Fan {
   void dump_config() override;
   void set_has_direction(bool has_direction) { this->has_direction_ = has_direction; }
   void set_has_oscillating(bool has_oscillating) { this->has_oscillating_ = has_oscillating; }
-  void set_speed_count(uint8_t count) { this->speed_count_ = count; }
+  void set_speed_count(int count) { this->speed_count_ = count; }
   void set_preset_modes(std::initializer_list<const char *> presets) { this->preset_modes_ = presets; }
   fan::FanTraits get_traits() override { return this->traits_; }
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class TemplateFan final : public Component, public fan::Fan {
 
   bool has_oscillating_{false};
   bool has_direction_{false};
-  uint8_t speed_count_{0};
+  int speed_count_{0};
   fan::FanTraits traits_;
   std::vector<const char *> preset_modes_{};
 };

esphome/components/tuya/fan/__init__.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
             cv.Optional(CONF_SPEED_DATAPOINT): cv.uint8_t,
             cv.Optional(CONF_SWITCH_DATAPOINT): cv.uint8_t,
             cv.Optional(CONF_DIRECTION_DATAPOINT): cv.uint8_t,
-            cv.Optional(CONF_SPEED_COUNT, default=3): cv.int_range(min=1, max=255),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_SPEED_COUNT, default=3): cv.int_range(min=1, max=256),
         }
     )
     .extend(cv.COMPONENT_SCHEMA),

esphome/components/tuya/fan/tuya_fan.h

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ namespace tuya {
 
 class TuyaFan : public Component, public fan::Fan {
  public:
-  TuyaFan(Tuya *parent, uint8_t speed_count) : parent_(parent), speed_count_(speed_count) {}
+  TuyaFan(Tuya *parent, int speed_count) : parent_(parent), speed_count_(speed_count) {}
   void setup() override;
   void dump_config() override;
   void set_speed_id(uint8_t speed_id) { this->speed_id_ = speed_id; }
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class TuyaFan : public Component, public fan::Fan {
   optional<uint8_t> switch_id_{};
   optional<uint8_t> oscillation_id_{};
   optional<uint8_t> direction_id_{};
-  uint8_t speed_count_{};
+  int speed_count_{};
   TuyaDatapointType speed_type_{};
   TuyaDatapointType oscillation_type_{};
 };

esphome/components/tx20/tx20.cpp

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
-#include <array>
+#include <vector>
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace tx20 {
@@ -45,24 +45,25 @@ std::string Tx20Component::get_wind_cardinal_direction() const { return this->wi
 void Tx20Component::decode_and_publish_() {
   ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Decode Tx20");
 
-  std::array<bool, MAX_BUFFER_SIZE> bit_buffer{};
-  size_t bit_pos = 0;
+  std::string string_buffer;
+  std::string string_buffer_2;
+  std::vector<bool> bit_buffer;
   bool current_bit = true;
-  // Cap at MAX_BUFFER_SIZE to prevent out-of-bounds access (buffer_index can exceed MAX_BUFFER_SIZE in ISR)
-  const int max_buffer_index = std::min(static_cast<int>(this->store_.buffer_index), static_cast<int>(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE));
 
-  for (int i = 1; i <= max_buffer_index; i++) {
+  for (int i = 1; i <= this->store_.buffer_index; i++) {
+    string_buffer_2 += to_string(this->store_.buffer[i]) + ", ";
     uint8_t repeat = this->store_.buffer[i] / TX20_BIT_TIME;
     // ignore segments at the end that were too short
-    for (uint8_t j = 0; j < repeat && bit_pos < MAX_BUFFER_SIZE; j++) {
-      bit_buffer[bit_pos++] = current_bit;
-    }
+    string_buffer.append(repeat, current_bit ? '1' : '0');
+    bit_buffer.insert(bit_buffer.end(), repeat, current_bit);
     current_bit = !current_bit;
   }
   current_bit = !current_bit;
-  size_t bits_before_padding = bit_pos;
-  while (bit_pos < MAX_BUFFER_SIZE) {
-    bit_buffer[bit_pos++] = current_bit;
+  if (string_buffer.length() < MAX_BUFFER_SIZE) {
+    uint8_t remain = MAX_BUFFER_SIZE - string_buffer.length();
+    string_buffer_2 += to_string(remain) + ", ";
+    string_buffer.append(remain, current_bit ? '1' : '0');
+    bit_buffer.insert(bit_buffer.end(), remain, current_bit);
   }
 
   uint8_t tx20_sa = 0;
@@ -107,24 +108,8 @@ void Tx20Component::decode_and_publish_() {
   // 2. Check received checksum matches calculated checksum
   // 3. Check that Wind Direction matches Wind Direction (Inverted)
   // 4. Check that Wind Speed matches Wind Speed (Inverted)
-#if ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL >= ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL_VERY_VERBOSE
-  // Build debug strings from completed data
-  char debug_buf[320];  // buffer values: max 42 entries * 7 chars each
-  size_t debug_pos = 0;
-  for (int i = 1; i <= max_buffer_index; i++) {
-    debug_pos = buf_append_printf(debug_buf, sizeof(debug_buf), debug_pos, "%u, ", this->store_.buffer[i]);
-  }
-  if (bits_before_padding < MAX_BUFFER_SIZE) {
-    buf_append_printf(debug_buf, sizeof(debug_buf), debug_pos, "%zu, ", MAX_BUFFER_SIZE - bits_before_padding);
-  }
-  char bits_buf[MAX_BUFFER_SIZE + 1];
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_BUFFER_SIZE; i++) {
-    bits_buf[i] = bit_buffer[i] ? '1' : '0';
-  }
-  bits_buf[MAX_BUFFER_SIZE] = '\0';
-  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "BUFFER %s", debug_buf);
-  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Decoded bits %s", bits_buf);
-#endif
+  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "BUFFER %s", string_buffer_2.c_str());
+  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Decoded bits %s", string_buffer.c_str());
 
   if (tx20_sa == 4) {
     if (chk == tx20_sd) {

esphome/components/web_server_idf/web_server_idf.cpp

@@ -401,9 +401,8 @@ void AsyncWebServerResponse::addHeader(const char *name, const char *value) {
 void AsyncResponseStream::print(float value) {
   // Use stack buffer to avoid temporary string allocation
   // Size: sign (1) + digits (10) + decimal (1) + precision (6) + exponent (5) + null (1) = 24, use 32 for safety
-  constexpr size_t float_buf_size = 32;
-  char buf[float_buf_size];
-  int len = snprintf(buf, float_buf_size, "%f", value);
+  char buf[32];
+  int len = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%f", value);
   this->content_.append(buf, len);
 }
 

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component.cpp

@@ -39,10 +39,6 @@
 #include "esphome/components/esp32_improv/esp32_improv_component.h"
 #endif
 
-#ifdef USE_IMPROV_SERIAL
-#include "esphome/components/improv_serial/improv_serial_component.h"
-#endif
-
 namespace esphome::wifi {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "wifi";
@@ -369,75 +365,6 @@ bool WiFiComponent::ssid_was_seen_in_scan_(const std::string &ssid) const {
   return false;
 }
 
-bool WiFiComponent::needs_full_scan_results_() const {
-  // Components that require full scan results (for example, scan result listeners)
-  // are expected to call request_wifi_scan_results(), which sets keep_scan_results_.
-  if (this->keep_scan_results_) {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-#ifdef USE_CAPTIVE_PORTAL
-  // Captive portal needs full results when active (showing network list to user)
-  if (captive_portal::global_captive_portal != nullptr && captive_portal::global_captive_portal->is_active()) {
-    return true;
-  }
-#endif
-
-#ifdef USE_IMPROV_SERIAL
-  // Improv serial needs results during provisioning (before connected)
-  if (improv_serial::global_improv_serial_component != nullptr && !this->is_connected()) {
-    return true;
-  }
-#endif
-
-#ifdef USE_IMPROV
-  // BLE improv also needs results during provisioning
-  if (esp32_improv::global_improv_component != nullptr && esp32_improv::global_improv_component->is_active()) {
-    return true;
-  }
-#endif
-
-  return false;
-}
-
-bool WiFiComponent::matches_configured_network_(const char *ssid, const uint8_t *bssid) const {
-  // Hidden networks in scan results have empty SSIDs - skip them
-  if (ssid[0] == '\0') {
-    return false;
-  }
-  for (const auto &sta : this->sta_) {
-    // Skip hidden network configs (they don't appear in normal scans)
-    if (sta.get_hidden()) {
-      continue;
-    }
-    // For BSSID-only configs (empty SSID), match by BSSID
-    if (sta.get_ssid().empty()) {
-      if (sta.has_bssid() && std::memcmp(sta.get_bssid().data(), bssid, 6) == 0) {
-        return true;
-      }
-      continue;
-    }
-    // Match by SSID
-    if (sta.get_ssid() == ssid) {
-      return true;
-    }
-  }
-  return false;
-}
-
-void WiFiComponent::log_discarded_scan_result_(const char *ssid, const uint8_t *bssid, int8_t rssi, uint8_t channel) {
-#if ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL >= ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL_VERBOSE
-  // Skip logging during roaming scans to avoid log buffer overflow
-  // (roaming scans typically find many networks but only care about same-SSID APs)
-  if (this->roaming_state_ == RoamingState::SCANNING) {
-    return;
-  }
-  char bssid_s[MAC_ADDRESS_PRETTY_BUFFER_SIZE];
-  format_mac_addr_upper(bssid, bssid_s);
-  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "- " LOG_SECRET("'%s'") " " LOG_SECRET("(%s)") " %ddB Ch:%u", ssid, bssid_s, rssi, channel);
-#endif
-}
-
 int8_t WiFiComponent::find_next_hidden_sta_(int8_t start_index) {
   // Find next SSID to try in RETRY_HIDDEN phase.
   //
@@ -726,12 +653,8 @@ void WiFiComponent::loop() {
         ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Starting fallback AP");
         this->setup_ap_config_();
 #ifdef USE_CAPTIVE_PORTAL
-        if (captive_portal::global_captive_portal != nullptr) {
-          // Reset so we force one full scan after captive portal starts
-          // (previous scans were filtered because captive portal wasn't active yet)
-          this->has_completed_scan_after_captive_portal_start_ = false;
+        if (captive_portal::global_captive_portal != nullptr)
           captive_portal::global_captive_portal->start();
-        }
 #endif
       }
     }
@@ -1248,7 +1171,7 @@ template<typename VectorType> static void insertion_sort_scan_results(VectorType
 // has overhead from UART transmission, so combining INFO+DEBUG into one line halves
 // the blocking time. Do NOT split this into separate ESP_LOGI/ESP_LOGD calls.
 __attribute__((noinline)) static void log_scan_result(const WiFiScanResult &res) {
-  char bssid_s[MAC_ADDRESS_PRETTY_BUFFER_SIZE];
+  char bssid_s[18];
   auto bssid = res.get_bssid();
   format_mac_addr_upper(bssid.data(), bssid_s);
 
@@ -1264,6 +1187,18 @@ __attribute__((noinline)) static void log_scan_result(const WiFiScanResult &res)
 #endif
 }
 
+#if ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL >= ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL_VERBOSE
+// Helper function to log non-matching scan results at verbose level
+__attribute__((noinline)) static void log_scan_result_non_matching(const WiFiScanResult &res) {
+  char bssid_s[18];
+  auto bssid = res.get_bssid();
+  format_mac_addr_upper(bssid.data(), bssid_s);
+
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "- " LOG_SECRET("'%s'") " " LOG_SECRET("(%s) ") "%s", res.get_ssid().c_str(), bssid_s,
+           LOG_STR_ARG(get_signal_bars(res.get_rssi())));
+}
+#endif
+
 void WiFiComponent::check_scanning_finished() {
   if (!this->scan_done_) {
     if (millis() - this->action_started_ > WIFI_SCAN_TIMEOUT_MS) {
@@ -1273,8 +1208,6 @@ void WiFiComponent::check_scanning_finished() {
     return;
   }
   this->scan_done_ = false;
-  this->has_completed_scan_after_captive_portal_start_ =
-      true;  // Track that we've done a scan since captive portal started
   this->retry_hidden_mode_ = RetryHiddenMode::SCAN_BASED;
 
   if (this->scan_result_.empty()) {
@@ -1302,12 +1235,21 @@ void WiFiComponent::check_scanning_finished() {
   // Sort scan results using insertion sort for better memory efficiency
   insertion_sort_scan_results(this->scan_result_);
 
-  // Log matching networks (non-matching already logged at VERBOSE in scan callback)
+  size_t non_matching_count = 0;
   for (auto &res : this->scan_result_) {
     if (res.get_matches()) {
       log_scan_result(res);
+    } else {
+#if ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL >= ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL_VERBOSE
+      log_scan_result_non_matching(res);
+#else
+      non_matching_count++;
+#endif
     }
   }
+  if (non_matching_count > 0) {
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "- %zu non-matching (VERBOSE to show)", non_matching_count);
+  }
 
   // SYNCHRONIZATION POINT: Establish link between scan_result_[0] and selected_sta_index_
   // After sorting, scan_result_[0] contains the best network. Now find which sta_[i] config
@@ -1571,10 +1513,7 @@ WiFiRetryPhase WiFiComponent::determine_next_phase_() {
       if (this->went_through_explicit_hidden_phase_()) {
         return WiFiRetryPhase::EXPLICIT_HIDDEN;
       }
-      // Skip scanning when captive portal/improv is active to avoid disrupting AP,
-      // BUT only if we've already completed at least one scan AFTER the portal started.
-      // When captive portal first starts, scan results may be filtered/stale, so we need
-      // to do one full scan to populate available networks for the captive portal UI.
+      // Skip scanning when captive portal/improv is active to avoid disrupting AP.
       //
       // WHY SCANNING DISRUPTS AP MODE:
       // WiFi scanning requires the radio to leave the AP's channel and hop through
@@ -1591,16 +1530,7 @@ WiFiRetryPhase WiFiComponent::determine_next_phase_() {
       //
       // This allows users to configure WiFi via captive portal while the device keeps
       // attempting to connect to all configured networks in sequence.
-      // Captive portal needs scan results to show available networks.
-      // If captive portal is active, only skip scanning if we've done a scan after it started.
-      // If only improv is active (no captive portal), skip scanning since improv doesn't need results.
-      if (this->is_captive_portal_active_()) {
-        if (this->has_completed_scan_after_captive_portal_start_) {
-          return WiFiRetryPhase::RETRY_HIDDEN;
-        }
-        // Need to scan for captive portal
-      } else if (this->is_esp32_improv_active_()) {
-        // Improv doesn't need scan results
+      if (this->is_captive_portal_active_() || this->is_esp32_improv_active_()) {
         return WiFiRetryPhase::RETRY_HIDDEN;
       }
       return WiFiRetryPhase::SCAN_CONNECTING;
@@ -1805,7 +1735,6 @@ void WiFiComponent::log_and_adjust_priority_for_failed_connect_() {
         (old_priority > std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::min()) ? (old_priority - 1) : std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::min();
     this->set_sta_priority(failed_bssid.value(), new_priority);
   }
-
   char bssid_s[18];
   format_mac_addr_upper(failed_bssid.value().data(), bssid_s);
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Failed " LOG_SECRET("'%s'") " " LOG_SECRET("(%s)") ", priority %d → %d",
@@ -2150,7 +2079,7 @@ void WiFiComponent::clear_roaming_state_() {
 
 void WiFiComponent::release_scan_results_() {
   if (!this->keep_scan_results_) {
-#if defined(USE_RP2040) || defined(USE_ESP32)
+#ifdef USE_RP2040
     // std::vector - use swap trick since shrink_to_fit is non-binding
     decltype(this->scan_result_)().swap(this->scan_result_);
 #else

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component.h

@@ -161,12 +161,9 @@ struct EAPAuth {
 
 using bssid_t = std::array<uint8_t, 6>;
 
-/// Initial reserve size for filtered scan results (typical: 1-3 matching networks per SSID)
-static constexpr size_t WIFI_SCAN_RESULT_FILTERED_RESERVE = 8;
-
-// Use std::vector for RP2040 (callback-based) and ESP32 (destructive scan API)
-// Use FixedVector for ESP8266 and LibreTiny where two-pass exact allocation is possible
-#if defined(USE_RP2040) || defined(USE_ESP32)
+// Use std::vector for RP2040 since scan count is unknown (callback-based)
+// Use FixedVector for other platforms where count is queried first
+#ifdef USE_RP2040
 template<typename T> using wifi_scan_vector_t = std::vector<T>;
 #else
 template<typename T> using wifi_scan_vector_t = FixedVector<T>;
@@ -542,13 +539,6 @@ class WiFiComponent : public Component {
   /// Check if an SSID was seen in the most recent scan results
   /// Used to skip hidden mode for SSIDs we know are visible
   bool ssid_was_seen_in_scan_(const std::string &ssid) const;
-  /// Check if full scan results are needed (captive portal active, improv, listeners)
-  bool needs_full_scan_results_() const;
-  /// Check if network matches any configured network (for scan result filtering)
-  /// Matches by SSID when configured, or by BSSID for BSSID-only configs
-  bool matches_configured_network_(const char *ssid, const uint8_t *bssid) const;
-  /// Log a discarded scan result at VERBOSE level (skipped during roaming scans to avoid log overflow)
-  void log_discarded_scan_result_(const char *ssid, const uint8_t *bssid, int8_t rssi, uint8_t channel);
   /// Find next SSID that wasn't in scan results (might be hidden)
   /// Returns index of next potentially hidden SSID, or -1 if none found
   /// @param start_index Start searching from index after this (-1 to start from beginning)
@@ -720,8 +710,6 @@ class WiFiComponent : public Component {
   bool enable_on_boot_{true};
   bool got_ipv4_address_{false};
   bool keep_scan_results_{false};
-  bool has_completed_scan_after_captive_portal_start_{
-      false};  // Tracks if we've completed a scan after captive portal started
   RetryHiddenMode retry_hidden_mode_{RetryHiddenMode::BLIND_RETRY};
   bool skip_cooldown_next_cycle_{false};
   bool post_connect_roaming_{true};  // Enabled by default

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component_esp8266.cpp

@@ -756,35 +756,20 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_scan_done_callback_(void *arg, STATUS status) {
     return;
   }
 
+  // Count the number of results first
   auto *head = reinterpret_cast<bss_info *>(arg);
-  bool needs_full = this->needs_full_scan_results_();
-
-  // First pass: count matching networks (linked list is non-destructive)
-  size_t total = 0;
   size_t count = 0;
   for (bss_info *it = head; it != nullptr; it = STAILQ_NEXT(it, next)) {
-    total++;
-    const char *ssid_cstr = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(it->ssid);
-    if (needs_full || this->matches_configured_network_(ssid_cstr, it->bssid)) {
-      count++;
-    }
+    count++;
   }
 
-  this->scan_result_.init(count);  // Exact allocation
-
-  // Second pass: store matching networks
+  this->scan_result_.init(count);
   for (bss_info *it = head; it != nullptr; it = STAILQ_NEXT(it, next)) {
-    const char *ssid_cstr = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(it->ssid);
-    if (needs_full || this->matches_configured_network_(ssid_cstr, it->bssid)) {
-      this->scan_result_.emplace_back(
-          bssid_t{it->bssid[0], it->bssid[1], it->bssid[2], it->bssid[3], it->bssid[4], it->bssid[5]},
-          std::string(ssid_cstr, it->ssid_len), it->channel, it->rssi, it->authmode != AUTH_OPEN, it->is_hidden != 0);
-    } else {
-      this->log_discarded_scan_result_(ssid_cstr, it->bssid, it->rssi, it->channel);
-    }
+    this->scan_result_.emplace_back(
+        bssid_t{it->bssid[0], it->bssid[1], it->bssid[2], it->bssid[3], it->bssid[4], it->bssid[5]},
+        std::string(reinterpret_cast<char *>(it->ssid), it->ssid_len), it->channel, it->rssi, it->authmode != AUTH_OPEN,
+        it->is_hidden != 0);
   }
-  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Scan complete: %zu found, %zu stored%s", total, this->scan_result_.size(),
-           needs_full ? "" : " (filtered)");
   this->scan_done_ = true;
 #ifdef USE_WIFI_SCAN_RESULTS_LISTENERS
   for (auto *listener : global_wifi_component->scan_results_listeners_) {

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component_esp_idf.cpp

@@ -827,14 +827,7 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_process_event_(IDFWiFiEvent *data) {
     }
 
     uint16_t number = it.number;
-    bool needs_full = this->needs_full_scan_results_();
-
-    // Smart reserve: full capacity if needed, small reserve otherwise
-    if (needs_full) {
-      this->scan_result_.reserve(number);
-    } else {
-      this->scan_result_.reserve(WIFI_SCAN_RESULT_FILTERED_RESERVE);
-    }
+    scan_result_.init(number);
 
     // Process one record at a time to avoid large buffer allocation
     wifi_ap_record_t record;
@@ -845,23 +838,12 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_process_event_(IDFWiFiEvent *data) {
         esp_wifi_clear_ap_list();  // Free remaining records not yet retrieved
         break;
       }
-
-      // Check C string first - avoid std::string construction for non-matching networks
-      const char *ssid_cstr = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(record.ssid);
-
-      // Only construct std::string and store if needed
-      if (needs_full || this->matches_configured_network_(ssid_cstr, record.bssid)) {
-        bssid_t bssid;
-        std::copy(record.bssid, record.bssid + 6, bssid.begin());
-        std::string ssid(ssid_cstr);
-        this->scan_result_.emplace_back(bssid, std::move(ssid), record.primary, record.rssi,
-                                        record.authmode != WIFI_AUTH_OPEN, ssid_cstr[0] == '\0');
-      } else {
-        this->log_discarded_scan_result_(ssid_cstr, record.bssid, record.rssi, record.primary);
-      }
+      bssid_t bssid;
+      std::copy(record.bssid, record.bssid + 6, bssid.begin());
+      std::string ssid(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(record.ssid));
+      scan_result_.emplace_back(bssid, ssid, record.primary, record.rssi, record.authmode != WIFI_AUTH_OPEN,
+                                ssid.empty());
     }
-    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Scan complete: %u found, %zu stored%s", number, this->scan_result_.size(),
-             needs_full ? "" : " (filtered)");
 #ifdef USE_WIFI_SCAN_RESULTS_LISTENERS
     for (auto *listener : this->scan_results_listeners_) {
       listener->on_wifi_scan_results(this->scan_result_);

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component_libretiny.cpp

@@ -664,39 +664,18 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_scan_done_callback_() {
   if (num < 0)
     return;
 
-  bool needs_full = this->needs_full_scan_results_();
-
-  // Access scan results directly via WiFi.scan struct to avoid Arduino String allocations
-  // WiFi.scan is public in LibreTiny for WiFiEvents & WiFiScan static handlers
-  auto *scan = WiFi.scan;
-
-  // First pass: count matching networks
-  size_t count = 0;
+  this->scan_result_.init(static_cast<unsigned int>(num));
   for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
-    const char *ssid_cstr = scan->ap[i].ssid;
-    if (needs_full || this->matches_configured_network_(ssid_cstr, scan->ap[i].bssid.addr)) {
-      count++;
-    }
-  }
+    String ssid = WiFi.SSID(i);
+    wifi_auth_mode_t authmode = WiFi.encryptionType(i);
+    int32_t rssi = WiFi.RSSI(i);
+    uint8_t *bssid = WiFi.BSSID(i);
+    int32_t channel = WiFi.channel(i);
 
-  this->scan_result_.init(count);  // Exact allocation
-
-  // Second pass: store matching networks
-  for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
-    const char *ssid_cstr = scan->ap[i].ssid;
-    if (needs_full || this->matches_configured_network_(ssid_cstr, scan->ap[i].bssid.addr)) {
-      auto &ap = scan->ap[i];
-      this->scan_result_.emplace_back(bssid_t{ap.bssid.addr[0], ap.bssid.addr[1], ap.bssid.addr[2], ap.bssid.addr[3],
-                                              ap.bssid.addr[4], ap.bssid.addr[5]},
-                                      std::string(ssid_cstr), ap.channel, ap.rssi, ap.auth != WIFI_AUTH_OPEN,
-                                      ssid_cstr[0] == '\0');
-    } else {
-      auto &ap = scan->ap[i];
-      this->log_discarded_scan_result_(ssid_cstr, ap.bssid.addr, ap.rssi, ap.channel);
-    }
+    this->scan_result_.emplace_back(bssid_t{bssid[0], bssid[1], bssid[2], bssid[3], bssid[4], bssid[5]},
+                                    std::string(ssid.c_str()), channel, rssi, authmode != WIFI_AUTH_OPEN,
+                                    ssid.length() == 0);
   }
-  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Scan complete: %d found, %zu stored%s", num, this->scan_result_.size(),
-           needs_full ? "" : " (filtered)");
   WiFi.scanDelete();
 #ifdef USE_WIFI_SCAN_RESULTS_LISTENERS
   for (auto *listener : this->scan_results_listeners_) {

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component_pico_w.cpp

@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ static const char *const TAG = "wifi_pico_w";
 // Track previous state for detecting changes
 static bool s_sta_was_connected = false;  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
 static bool s_sta_had_ip = false;         // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
-static size_t s_scan_result_count = 0;    // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
 
 bool WiFiComponent::wifi_mode_(optional<bool> sta, optional<bool> ap) {
   if (sta.has_value()) {
@@ -138,20 +137,10 @@ int WiFiComponent::s_wifi_scan_result(void *env, const cyw43_ev_scan_result_t *r
 }
 
 void WiFiComponent::wifi_scan_result(void *env, const cyw43_ev_scan_result_t *result) {
-  s_scan_result_count++;
-  const char *ssid_cstr = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(result->ssid);
-
-  // Skip networks that don't match any configured network (unless full results needed)
-  if (!this->needs_full_scan_results_() && !this->matches_configured_network_(ssid_cstr, result->bssid)) {
-    this->log_discarded_scan_result_(ssid_cstr, result->bssid, result->rssi, result->channel);
-    return;
-  }
-
   bssid_t bssid;
   std::copy(result->bssid, result->bssid + 6, bssid.begin());
-  std::string ssid(ssid_cstr);
-  WiFiScanResult res(bssid, std::move(ssid), result->channel, result->rssi, result->auth_mode != CYW43_AUTH_OPEN,
-                     ssid_cstr[0] == '\0');
+  std::string ssid(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(result->ssid));
+  WiFiScanResult res(bssid, ssid, result->channel, result->rssi, result->auth_mode != CYW43_AUTH_OPEN, ssid.empty());
   if (std::find(this->scan_result_.begin(), this->scan_result_.end(), res) == this->scan_result_.end()) {
     this->scan_result_.push_back(res);
   }
@@ -160,7 +149,6 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_scan_result(void *env, const cyw43_ev_scan_result_t *re
 bool WiFiComponent::wifi_scan_start_(bool passive) {
   this->scan_result_.clear();
   this->scan_done_ = false;
-  s_scan_result_count = 0;
   cyw43_wifi_scan_options_t scan_options = {0};
   scan_options.scan_type = passive ? 1 : 0;
   int err = cyw43_wifi_scan(&cyw43_state, &scan_options, nullptr, &s_wifi_scan_result);
@@ -256,9 +244,7 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_loop_() {
   // Handle scan completion
   if (this->state_ == WIFI_COMPONENT_STATE_STA_SCANNING && !cyw43_wifi_scan_active(&cyw43_state)) {
     this->scan_done_ = true;
-    bool needs_full = this->needs_full_scan_results_();
-    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Scan complete: %zu found, %zu stored%s", s_scan_result_count, this->scan_result_.size(),
-             needs_full ? "" : " (filtered)");
+    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Scan done");
 #ifdef USE_WIFI_SCAN_RESULTS_LISTENERS
     for (auto *listener : this->scan_results_listeners_) {
       listener->on_wifi_scan_results(this->scan_result_);

esphome/core/__init__.py

@@ -762,15 +762,6 @@ class EsphomeCore:
     def relative_piolibdeps_path(self, *path: str | Path) -> Path:
         return self.relative_build_path(".piolibdeps", *path)
 
-    @property
-    def platformio_cache_dir(self) -> str:
-        """Get the PlatformIO cache directory path."""
-        # Check if running in Docker/HA addon with custom cache dir
-        if (cache_dir := os.environ.get("PLATFORMIO_CACHE_DIR")) and cache_dir.strip():
-            return cache_dir
-        # Default PlatformIO cache location
-        return os.path.expanduser("~/.platformio/.cache")
-
     @property
     def firmware_bin(self) -> Path:
         # Check if using native ESP-IDF build (--native-idf)

esphome/core/automation.h

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 #include "esphome/core/defines.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/preferences.h"
-#include "esphome/core/string_ref.h"
 #include <concepts>
 #include <functional>
 #include <utility>
@@ -191,55 +190,15 @@ template<typename T, typename... X> class TemplatableValue {
   /// Get the static string pointer (only valid if is_static_string() returns true)
   const char *get_static_string() const { return this->static_str_; }
 
-  /// Check if the string value is empty without allocating (for std::string specialization).
-  /// For NONE, returns true. For STATIC_STRING/VALUE, checks without allocation.
-  /// For LAMBDA/STATELESS_LAMBDA, must call value() which may allocate.
-  bool is_empty() const requires std::same_as<T, std::string> {
-    switch (this->type_) {
-      case NONE:
-        return true;
-      case STATIC_STRING:
-        return this->static_str_ == nullptr || this->static_str_[0] == '\0';
-      case VALUE:
-        return this->value_->empty();
-      default:  // LAMBDA/STATELESS_LAMBDA - must call value()
-        return this->value().empty();
-    }
-  }
+ protected:
+  enum : uint8_t {
+    NONE,
+    VALUE,
+    LAMBDA,
+    STATELESS_LAMBDA,
+    STATIC_STRING,  // For const char* when T is std::string - avoids heap allocation
+  } type_;
 
-  /// Get a StringRef to the string value without heap allocation when possible.
-  /// For STATIC_STRING/VALUE, returns reference to existing data (no allocation).
-  /// For LAMBDA/STATELESS_LAMBDA, calls value(), copies to provided buffer, returns ref to buffer.
-  /// @param lambda_buf Buffer used only for lambda case (must remain valid while StringRef is used).
-  /// @param lambda_buf_size Size of the buffer.
-  /// @return StringRef pointing to the string data.
-  StringRef ref_or_copy_to(char *lambda_buf, size_t lambda_buf_size) const requires std::same_as<T, std::string> {
-    switch (this->type_) {
-      case NONE:
-        return StringRef();
-      case STATIC_STRING:
-        if (this->static_str_ == nullptr)
-          return StringRef();
-        return StringRef(this->static_str_, strlen(this->static_str_));
-      case VALUE:
-        return StringRef(this->value_->data(), this->value_->size());
-      default: {  // LAMBDA/STATELESS_LAMBDA - must call value() and copy
-        std::string result = this->value();
-        size_t copy_len = std::min(result.size(), lambda_buf_size - 1);
-        memcpy(lambda_buf, result.data(), copy_len);
-        lambda_buf[copy_len] = '\0';
-        return StringRef(lambda_buf, copy_len);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
- protected : enum : uint8_t {
-   NONE,
-   VALUE,
-   LAMBDA,
-   STATELESS_LAMBDA,
-   STATIC_STRING,  // For const char* when T is std::string - avoids heap allocation
- } type_;
   // For std::string, use heap pointer to minimize union size (4 bytes vs 12+).
   // For other types, store value inline as before.
   using ValueStorage = std::conditional_t<USE_HEAP_STORAGE, T *, T>;

esphome/core/helpers.cpp

@@ -347,10 +347,7 @@ std::string format_hex(const uint8_t *data, size_t length) {
   format_hex_to(&ret[0], length * 2 + 1, data, length);
   return ret;
 }
-#pragma GCC diagnostic push
-#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
 std::string format_hex(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data) { return format_hex(data.data(), data.size()); }
-#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
 
 char *format_hex_pretty_to(char *buffer, size_t buffer_size, const uint8_t *data, size_t length, char separator) {
   return format_hex_internal(buffer, buffer_size, data, length, separator, 'A');
@@ -519,8 +516,10 @@ int8_t step_to_accuracy_decimals(float step) {
   return str.length() - dot_pos - 1;
 }
 
-// Store BASE64 characters as array - automatically placed in flash/ROM on embedded platforms
-static const char BASE64_CHARS[] = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
+// Use C-style string constant to store in ROM instead of RAM (saves 24 bytes)
+static constexpr const char *BASE64_CHARS = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
+                                            "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+                                            "0123456789+/";
 
 // Helper function to find the index of a base64/base64url character in the lookup table.
 // Returns the character's position (0-63) if found, or 0 if not found.

esphome/core/helpers.h

@@ -132,78 +132,6 @@ template<typename T> class ConstVector {
   size_t size_;
 };
 
-/// Small buffer optimization - stores data inline when small, heap-allocates for large data
-/// This avoids heap fragmentation for common small allocations while supporting arbitrary sizes.
-/// Memory management is encapsulated - callers just use set() and data().
-template<size_t InlineSize = 8> class SmallInlineBuffer {
- public:
-  SmallInlineBuffer() = default;
-  ~SmallInlineBuffer() {
-    if (!this->is_inline_())
-      delete[] this->heap_;
-  }
-
-  // Move constructor
-  SmallInlineBuffer(SmallInlineBuffer &&other) noexcept : len_(other.len_) {
-    if (other.is_inline_()) {
-      memcpy(this->inline_, other.inline_, this->len_);
-    } else {
-      this->heap_ = other.heap_;
-      other.heap_ = nullptr;
-    }
-    other.len_ = 0;
-  }
-
-  // Move assignment
-  SmallInlineBuffer &operator=(SmallInlineBuffer &&other) noexcept {
-    if (this != &other) {
-      if (!this->is_inline_())
-        delete[] this->heap_;
-      this->len_ = other.len_;
-      if (other.is_inline_()) {
-        memcpy(this->inline_, other.inline_, this->len_);
-      } else {
-        this->heap_ = other.heap_;
-        other.heap_ = nullptr;
-      }
-      other.len_ = 0;
-    }
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  // Disable copy (would need deep copy of heap data)
-  SmallInlineBuffer(const SmallInlineBuffer &) = delete;
-  SmallInlineBuffer &operator=(const SmallInlineBuffer &) = delete;
-
-  /// Set buffer contents, allocating heap if needed
-  void set(const uint8_t *src, size_t size) {
-    // Free existing heap allocation if switching from heap to inline or different heap size
-    if (!this->is_inline_() && (size <= InlineSize || size != this->len_)) {
-      delete[] this->heap_;
-      this->heap_ = nullptr;  // Defensive: prevent use-after-free if logic changes
-    }
-    // Allocate new heap buffer if needed
-    if (size > InlineSize && (this->is_inline_() || size != this->len_)) {
-      this->heap_ = new uint8_t[size];  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory)
-    }
-    this->len_ = size;
-    memcpy(this->data(), src, size);
-  }
-
-  uint8_t *data() { return this->is_inline_() ? this->inline_ : this->heap_; }
-  const uint8_t *data() const { return this->is_inline_() ? this->inline_ : this->heap_; }
-  size_t size() const { return this->len_; }
-
- protected:
-  bool is_inline_() const { return this->len_ <= InlineSize; }
-
-  size_t len_{0};
-  union {
-    uint8_t inline_[InlineSize]{};  // Zero-init ensures clean initial state
-    uint8_t *heap_;
-  };
-};
-
 /// Minimal static vector - saves memory by avoiding std::vector overhead
 template<typename T, size_t N> class StaticVector {
  public:
@@ -238,9 +166,6 @@ template<typename T, size_t N> class StaticVector {
   size_t size() const { return count_; }
   bool empty() const { return count_ == 0; }
 
-  // Direct access to size counter for efficient in-place construction
-  size_t &count() { return count_; }
-
   // Direct access to underlying data
   T *data() { return data_.data(); }
   const T *data() const { return data_.data(); }
@@ -647,10 +572,6 @@ template<typename T> constexpr T convert_little_endian(T val) {
 bool str_equals_case_insensitive(const std::string &a, const std::string &b);
 /// Compare StringRefs for equality in case-insensitive manner.
 bool str_equals_case_insensitive(StringRef a, StringRef b);
-/// Compare C strings for equality in case-insensitive manner (no heap allocation).
-inline bool str_equals_case_insensitive(const char *a, const char *b) { return strcasecmp(a, b) == 0; }
-inline bool str_equals_case_insensitive(const std::string &a, const char *b) { return strcasecmp(a.c_str(), b) == 0; }
-inline bool str_equals_case_insensitive(const char *a, const std::string &b) { return strcasecmp(a, b.c_str()) == 0; }
 
 /// Check whether a string starts with a value.
 bool str_startswith(const std::string &str, const std::string &start);
@@ -728,11 +649,9 @@ inline uint32_t fnv1_hash_object_id(const char *str, size_t len) {
 }
 
 /// snprintf-like function returning std::string of maximum length \p len (excluding null terminator).
-/// @warning Allocates heap memory. Use snprintf() with a stack buffer instead.
 std::string __attribute__((format(printf, 1, 3))) str_snprintf(const char *fmt, size_t len, ...);
 
 /// sprintf-like function returning std::string.
-/// @warning Allocates heap memory. Use snprintf() with a stack buffer instead.
 std::string __attribute__((format(printf, 1, 2))) str_sprintf(const char *fmt, ...);
 
 #ifdef USE_ESP8266
@@ -1105,17 +1024,13 @@ std::string format_hex(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data);
 /// Causes heap fragmentation on long-running devices.
 template<typename T, enable_if_t<std::is_unsigned<T>::value, int> = 0> std::string format_hex(T val) {
   val = convert_big_endian(val);
-#pragma GCC diagnostic push
-#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
   return format_hex(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(&val), sizeof(T));
-#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
 }
 /// Format the std::array \p data in lowercased hex.
 /// @warning Allocates heap memory. Use format_hex_to() with a stack buffer instead.
 /// Causes heap fragmentation on long-running devices.
 template<std::size_t N> std::string format_hex(const std::array<uint8_t, N> &data) {
   return format_hex(data.data(), data.size());
-#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
 }
 
 /** Format a byte array in pretty-printed, human-readable hex format.

esphome/core/scheduler.h

@@ -118,9 +118,10 @@ class Scheduler {
     } name_;
     uint32_t interval;
     // Split time to handle millis() rollover. The scheduler combines the 32-bit millis()
-    // with a 16-bit rollover counter to create a 48-bit time space (stored as 64-bit
-    // for compatibility). With 49.7 days per 32-bit rollover, the 16-bit counter
-    // supports 49.7 days × 65536 = ~8900 years. This ensures correct scheduling
+    // with a 16-bit rollover counter to create a 48-bit time space (using 32+16 bits).
+    // This is intentionally limited to 48 bits, not stored as a full 64-bit value.
+    // With 49.7 days per 32-bit rollover, the 16-bit counter supports
+    // 49.7 days × 65536 = ~8900 years. This ensures correct scheduling
     // even when devices run for months. Split into two fields for better memory
     // alignment on 32-bit systems.
     uint32_t next_execution_low_;  // Lower 32 bits of execution time (millis value)

esphome/platformio_api.py

@@ -171,16 +171,7 @@ def run_compile(config, verbose):
     args = []
     if CONF_COMPILE_PROCESS_LIMIT in config[CONF_ESPHOME]:
         args += [f"-j{config[CONF_ESPHOME][CONF_COMPILE_PROCESS_LIMIT]}"]
-    result = run_platformio_cli_run(config, verbose, *args)
-
-    # Run memory analysis if enabled
-    if config.get(CONF_ESPHOME, {}).get("analyze_memory", False):
-        try:
-            analyze_memory_usage(config)
-        except Exception as e:
-            _LOGGER.warning("Failed to analyze memory usage: %s", e)
-
-    return result
+    return run_platformio_cli_run(config, verbose, *args)
 
 
 def _run_idedata(config):
@@ -434,74 +425,3 @@ class IDEData:
     def defines(self) -> list[str]:
         """Return the list of preprocessor defines from idedata."""
         return self.raw.get("defines", [])
-
-
-def analyze_memory_usage(config: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
-    """Analyze memory usage by component after compilation."""
-    # Lazy import to avoid overhead when not needed
-    from esphome.analyze_memory.cli import MemoryAnalyzerCLI
-    from esphome.analyze_memory.helpers import get_esphome_components
-
-    idedata = get_idedata(config)
-
-    # Get paths to tools
-    elf_path = idedata.firmware_elf_path
-    objdump_path = idedata.objdump_path
-    readelf_path = idedata.readelf_path
-
-    # Debug logging
-    _LOGGER.debug("ELF path from idedata: %s", elf_path)
-
-    # Check if file exists
-    if not Path(elf_path).exists():
-        # Try alternate path
-        alt_path = Path(CORE.relative_build_path(".pioenvs", CORE.name, "firmware.elf"))
-        if alt_path.exists():
-            elf_path = str(alt_path)
-            _LOGGER.debug("Using alternate ELF path: %s", elf_path)
-        else:
-            _LOGGER.warning("ELF file not found at %s or %s", elf_path, alt_path)
-            return
-
-    # Extract external components from config
-    external_components = set()
-
-    # Get the list of built-in ESPHome components
-    builtin_components = get_esphome_components()
-
-    # Special non-component keys that appear in configs
-    NON_COMPONENT_KEYS = {
-        CONF_ESPHOME,
-        "substitutions",
-        "packages",
-        "globals",
-        "<<",
-    }
-
-    # Check all top-level keys in config
-    for key in config:
-        if key not in builtin_components and key not in NON_COMPONENT_KEYS:
-            # This is an external component
-            external_components.add(key)
-
-    _LOGGER.debug("Detected external components: %s", external_components)
-
-    # Create analyzer and run analysis
-    analyzer = MemoryAnalyzerCLI(
-        elf_path, objdump_path, readelf_path, external_components
-    )
-    analyzer.analyze()
-
-    # Generate and print report
-    report = analyzer.generate_report()
-    _LOGGER.info("\n%s", report)
-
-    # Optionally save to file
-    if config.get(CONF_ESPHOME, {}).get("memory_report_file"):
-        report_file = Path(config[CONF_ESPHOME]["memory_report_file"])
-        if report_file.suffix == ".json":
-            report_file.write_text(analyzer.to_json())
-            _LOGGER.info("Memory report saved to %s", report_file)
-        else:
-            report_file.write_text(report)
-            _LOGGER.info("Memory report saved to %s", report_file)

script/ci-custom.py

@@ -692,8 +692,6 @@ HEAP_ALLOCATING_HELPERS = {
     "str_truncate": "removal (function is unused)",
     "str_upper_case": "removal (function is unused)",
     "str_snake_case": "removal (function is unused)",
-    "str_sprintf": "snprintf() with a stack buffer",
-    "str_snprintf": "snprintf() with a stack buffer",
 }
 
 
@@ -712,9 +710,7 @@ HEAP_ALLOCATING_HELPERS = {
     r"str_sanitize(?!_)|"
     r"str_truncate|"
     r"str_upper_case|"
-    r"str_snake_case|"
-    r"str_sprintf|"
-    r"str_snprintf"
+    r"str_snake_case"
     r")\s*\(" + CPP_RE_EOL,
     include=cpp_include,
     exclude=[

tests/integration/fixtures/api_user_services_union.yaml

@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-esphome:
-  name: test-user-services-union
-  friendly_name: Test User Services Union Storage
-
-esp32:
-  board: esp32dev
-  framework:
-    type: esp-idf
-
-logger:
-  level: DEBUG
-
-wifi:
-  ssid: "test"
-  password: "password"
-
-api:
-  actions:
-    # Test service with no arguments
-    - action: test_no_args
-      then:
-        - logger.log: "No args service called"
-
-    # Test service with one argument
-    - action: test_one_arg
-      variables:
-        value: int
-      then:
-        - logger.log:
-            format: "One arg service: %d"
-            args: [value]
-
-    # Test service with multiple arguments of different types
-    - action: test_multi_args
-      variables:
-        int_val: int
-        float_val: float
-        str_val: string
-        bool_val: bool
-      then:
-        - logger.log:
-            format: "Multi args: %d, %.2f, %s, %d"
-            args: [int_val, float_val, str_val.c_str(), bool_val]
-
-    # Test service with max typical arguments
-    - action: test_many_args
-      variables:
-        arg1: int
-        arg2: int
-        arg3: int
-        arg4: string
-        arg5: float
-      then:
-        - logger.log: "Many args service called"
-
-binary_sensor:
-  - platform: template
-    name: "Test Binary Sensor"
-    id: test_sensor

tests/unit_tests/test_writer.py

@@ -453,7 +453,6 @@ def test_clean_build(
     mock_core.relative_pioenvs_path.return_value = pioenvs_dir
     mock_core.relative_piolibdeps_path.return_value = piolibdeps_dir
     mock_core.relative_build_path.return_value = dependencies_lock
-    mock_core.platformio_cache_dir = str(platformio_cache_dir)
 
     # Verify all exist before
     assert pioenvs_dir.exists()