Merge pull request #13406 from esphome/bump-2026.1.0

2026.1.0

.claude/skills/pr-workflow/SKILL.md

@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
----
-name: pr-workflow
-description: Create pull requests for esphome. Use when creating PRs, submitting changes, or preparing contributions.
-allowed-tools: Read, Bash, Glob, Grep
----
-
-# ESPHome PR Workflow
-
-When creating a pull request for esphome, follow these steps:
-
-## 1. Create Branch from Upstream
-
-Always base your branch on **upstream** (not origin/fork) to ensure you have the latest code:
-
-```bash
-git fetch upstream
-git checkout -b <branch-name> upstream/dev
-```
-
-## 2. Read the PR Template
-
-Before creating a PR, read `.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md` to understand required fields.
-
-## 3. Create the PR
-
-Use `gh pr create` with the **full template** filled in. Never skip or abbreviate sections.
-
-Required fields:
-- **What does this implement/fix?**: Brief description of changes
-- **Types of changes**: Check ONE appropriate box (Bugfix, New feature, Breaking change, etc.)
-- **Related issue**: Use `fixes <link>` syntax if applicable
-- **Pull request in esphome-docs**: Link if docs are needed
-- **Test Environment**: Check platforms you tested on
-- **Example config.yaml**: Include working example YAML
-- **Checklist**: Verify code is tested and tests added
-
-## 4. Example PR Body
-
-```markdown
-# What does this implement/fix?
-
-<describe your changes here>
-
-## Types of changes
-
-- [ ] Bugfix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
-- [x] New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
-- [ ] Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
-- [ ] Developer breaking change (an API change that could break external components)
-- [ ] Code quality improvements to existing code or addition of tests
-- [ ] Other
-
-**Related issue or feature (if applicable):**
-
-- fixes https://github.com/esphome/esphome/issues/XXX
-
-**Pull request in [esphome-docs](https://github.com/esphome/esphome-docs) with documentation (if applicable):**
-
-- esphome/esphome-docs#XXX
-
-## Test Environment
-
-- [x] ESP32
-- [x] ESP32 IDF
-- [ ] ESP8266
-- [ ] RP2040
-- [ ] BK72xx
-- [ ] RTL87xx
-- [ ] LN882x
-- [ ] nRF52840
-
-## Example entry for `config.yaml`:
-
-```yaml
-# Example config.yaml
-component_name:
-  id: my_component
-  option: value
-```
-
-## Checklist:
-  - [x] The code change is tested and works locally.
-  - [x] Tests have been added to verify that the new code works (under `tests/` folder).
-
-If user exposed functionality or configuration variables are added/changed:
-  - [ ] Documentation added/updated in [esphome-docs](https://github.com/esphome/esphome-docs).
-```
-
-## 5. Push and Create PR
-
-```bash
-git push -u origin <branch-name>
-gh pr create --repo esphome/esphome --base dev --title "[component] Brief description"
-```
-
-Title should be prefixed with the component name in brackets, e.g. `[safe_mode] Add feature`.

.github/actions/restore-python/action.yml

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ runs:
         python-version: ${{ inputs.python-version }}
     - name: Restore Python virtual environment
       id: cache-venv
-      uses: actions/cache/restore@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
+      uses: actions/cache/restore@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
       with:
         path: venv
         # yamllint disable-line rule:line-length

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ jobs:
           python-version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PYTHON }}
       - name: Restore Python virtual environment
         id: cache-venv
-        uses: actions/cache@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
+        uses: actions/cache@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: venv
           # yamllint disable-line rule:line-length
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ jobs:
           token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
       - name: Save Python virtual environment cache
         if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/dev'
-        uses: actions/cache/save@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
+        uses: actions/cache/save@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: venv
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ steps.restore-python.outputs.python-version }}-venv-${{ needs.common.outputs.cache-key }}
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ jobs:
           python-version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PYTHON }}
           cache-key: ${{ needs.common.outputs.cache-key }}
       - name: Restore components graph cache
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: .temp/components_graph.json
           key: components-graph-${{ hashFiles('esphome/components/**/*.py') }}
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ jobs:
           echo "component-test-batches=$(echo "$output" | jq -c '.component_test_batches')" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
       - name: Save components graph cache
         if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/dev'
-        uses: actions/cache/save@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
+        uses: actions/cache/save@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: .temp/components_graph.json
           key: components-graph-${{ hashFiles('esphome/components/**/*.py') }}
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ jobs:
           python-version: "3.13"
       - name: Restore Python virtual environment
         id: cache-venv
-        uses: actions/cache@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
+        uses: actions/cache@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: venv
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ steps.python.outputs.python-version }}-venv-${{ needs.common.outputs.cache-key }}
@@ -334,14 +334,14 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Cache platformio
         if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/dev'
-        uses: actions/cache@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
+        uses: actions/cache@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: ~/.platformio
           key: platformio-${{ matrix.pio_cache_key }}-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini') }}
 
       - name: Cache platformio
         if: github.ref != 'refs/heads/dev'
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: ~/.platformio
           key: platformio-${{ matrix.pio_cache_key }}-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini') }}
@@ -413,14 +413,14 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Cache platformio
         if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/dev'
-        uses: actions/cache@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
+        uses: actions/cache@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: ~/.platformio
           key: platformio-tidyesp32-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini') }}
 
       - name: Cache platformio
         if: github.ref != 'refs/heads/dev'
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: ~/.platformio
           key: platformio-tidyesp32-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini') }}
@@ -502,14 +502,14 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Cache platformio
         if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/dev'
-        uses: actions/cache@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
+        uses: actions/cache@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: ~/.platformio
           key: platformio-tidyesp32-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini') }}
 
       - name: Cache platformio
         if: github.ref != 'refs/heads/dev'
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: ~/.platformio
           key: platformio-tidyesp32-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini') }}
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Restore cached memory analysis
         id: cache-memory-analysis
         if: steps.check-script.outputs.skip != 'true'
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: memory-analysis-target.json
           key: ${{ steps.cache-key.outputs.cache-key }}
@@ -759,7 +759,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Cache platformio
         if: steps.check-script.outputs.skip != 'true' && steps.cache-memory-analysis.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: ~/.platformio
           key: platformio-memory-${{ fromJSON(needs.determine-jobs.outputs.memory_impact).platform }}-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini') }}
@@ -800,7 +800,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Save memory analysis to cache
         if: steps.check-script.outputs.skip != 'true' && steps.cache-memory-analysis.outputs.cache-hit != 'true' && steps.build.outcome == 'success'
-        uses: actions/cache/save@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
+        uses: actions/cache/save@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: memory-analysis-target.json
           key: ${{ steps.cache-key.outputs.cache-key }}
@@ -847,7 +847,7 @@ jobs:
           python-version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PYTHON }}
           cache-key: ${{ needs.common.outputs.cache-key }}
       - name: Cache platformio
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@8b402f58fbc84540c8b491a91e594a4576fec3d7 # v5.0.2
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: ~/.platformio
           key: platformio-memory-${{ fromJSON(needs.determine-jobs.outputs.memory_impact).platform }}-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini') }}

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ ci:
 repos:
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
     # Ruff version.
-    rev: v0.14.13
+    rev: v0.14.11
     hooks:
       # Run the linter.
       - id: ruff

Doxyfile

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ PROJECT_NAME           = ESPHome
 # could be handy for archiving the generated documentation or if some version
 # control system is used.
 
-PROJECT_NUMBER         = 2026.2.0-dev
+PROJECT_NUMBER         = 2026.1.0
 
 # Using the PROJECT_BRIEF tag one can provide an optional one line description
 # for a project that appears at the top of each page and should give viewer a

esphome/__main__.py

@@ -223,13 +223,8 @@ def choose_upload_log_host(
             else:
                 resolved.append(device)
         if not resolved:
-            if CORE.dashboard:
-                hint = "If you know the IP, set 'use_address' in your network config."
-            else:
-                hint = "If you know the IP, try --device <IP>"
             raise EsphomeError(
-                f"All specified devices {defaults} could not be resolved. "
-                f"Is the device connected to the network? {hint}"
+                f"All specified devices {defaults} could not be resolved. Is the device connected to the network?"
             )
         return resolved
 

esphome/analyze_memory/__init__.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ from .helpers import (
     map_section_name,
     parse_symbol_line,
 )
-from .toolchain import find_tool, resolve_tool_path, run_tool
+from .toolchain import find_tool, run_tool
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from esphome.platformio_api import IDEData
@@ -132,12 +132,6 @@ class MemoryAnalyzer:
             readelf_path = readelf_path or idedata.readelf_path
             _LOGGER.debug("Using toolchain paths from PlatformIO idedata")
 
-        # Validate paths exist, fall back to find_tool if they don't
-        # This handles cases like Zephyr where cc_path doesn't include full path
-        # and the toolchain prefix may differ (e.g., arm-zephyr-eabi- vs arm-none-eabi-)
-        objdump_path = resolve_tool_path("objdump", objdump_path, objdump_path)
-        readelf_path = resolve_tool_path("readelf", readelf_path, objdump_path)
-
         self.objdump_path = objdump_path or "objdump"
         self.readelf_path = readelf_path or "readelf"
         self.external_components = external_components or set()

esphome/analyze_memory/const.py

@@ -9,61 +9,11 @@ ESPHOME_COMPONENT_PATTERN = re.compile(r"esphome::([a-zA-Z0-9_]+)::")
 # Maps standard section names to their various platform-specific variants
 # Note: Order matters! More specific patterns (.bss) must come before general ones (.dram)
 # because ESP-IDF uses names like ".dram0.bss" which would match ".dram" otherwise
-#
-# Platform-specific sections:
-# - ESP8266/ESP32: .iram*, .dram*
-# - LibreTiny RTL87xx: .xip.code_* (flash), .ram.code_* (RAM)
-# - LibreTiny BK7231: .itcm.code (fast RAM), .vectors (interrupt vectors)
-# - LibreTiny LN882X: .flash_text, .flash_copy* (flash code)
-# - Zephyr/nRF52: text, rodata, datas, bss (no leading dots)
 SECTION_MAPPING = {
-    ".text": frozenset(
-        [
-            ".text",
-            ".iram",
-            # LibreTiny RTL87xx XIP (eXecute In Place) flash code
-            ".xip.code",
-            # LibreTiny RTL87xx RAM code
-            ".ram.code_text",
-            # LibreTiny BK7231 fast RAM code and vectors
-            ".itcm.code",
-            ".vectors",
-            # LibreTiny LN882X flash code
-            ".flash_text",
-            ".flash_copy",
-            # Zephyr/nRF52 sections (no leading dots)
-            "text",
-            "rom_start",
-        ]
-    ),
-    ".rodata": frozenset(
-        [
-            ".rodata",
-            # LibreTiny RTL87xx read-only data in RAM
-            ".ram.code_rodata",
-            # Zephyr/nRF52 sections (no leading dots)
-            "rodata",
-        ]
-    ),
-    # .bss patterns - must be before .data to catch ".dram0.bss"
-    ".bss": frozenset(
-        [
-            ".bss",
-            # LibreTiny LN882X BSS
-            ".bss_ram",
-            # Zephyr/nRF52 sections (no leading dots)
-            "bss",
-            "noinit",
-        ]
-    ),
-    ".data": frozenset(
-        [
-            ".data",
-            ".dram",
-            # Zephyr/nRF52 sections (no leading dots)
-            "datas",
-        ]
-    ),
+    ".text": frozenset([".text", ".iram"]),
+    ".rodata": frozenset([".rodata"]),
+    ".bss": frozenset([".bss"]),  # Must be before .data to catch ".dram0.bss"
+    ".data": frozenset([".data", ".dram"]),
 }
 
 # Section to ComponentMemory attribute mapping

esphome/analyze_memory/helpers.py

@@ -94,13 +94,13 @@ def parse_symbol_line(line: str) -> tuple[str, str, int, str] | None:
         return None
 
     # Find section, size, and name
-    # Try each part as a potential section name
     for i, part in enumerate(parts):
-        # Skip parts that are clearly flags, addresses, or other metadata
-        # Sections start with '.' (standard ELF) or are known section names (Zephyr)
+        if not part.startswith("."):
+            continue
+
         section = map_section_name(part)
         if not section:
-            continue
+            break
 
         # Need at least size field after section
         if i + 1 >= len(parts):

esphome/analyze_memory/toolchain.py

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import logging
-import os
 from pathlib import Path
 import subprocess
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
@@ -18,82 +17,10 @@ TOOLCHAIN_PREFIXES = [
     "xtensa-lx106-elf-",  # ESP8266
     "xtensa-esp32-elf-",  # ESP32
     "xtensa-esp-elf-",  # ESP32 (newer IDF)
-    "arm-zephyr-eabi-",  # nRF52/Zephyr SDK
-    "arm-none-eabi-",  # Generic ARM (RP2040, etc.)
     "",  # System default (no prefix)
 ]
 
 
-def _find_in_platformio_packages(tool_name: str) -> str | None:
-    """Search for a tool in PlatformIO package directories.
-
-    This handles cases like Zephyr SDK where tools are installed in nested
-    directories that aren't in PATH.
-
-    Args:
-        tool_name: Name of the tool (e.g., "readelf", "objdump")
-
-    Returns:
-        Full path to the tool or None if not found
-    """
-    # Get PlatformIO packages directory
-    platformio_home = Path(os.path.expanduser("~/.platformio/packages"))
-    if not platformio_home.exists():
-        return None
-
-    # Search patterns for toolchains that might contain the tool
-    # Order matters - more specific patterns first
-    search_patterns = [
-        # Zephyr SDK deeply nested structure (4 levels)
-        # e.g., toolchain-gccarmnoneeabi/zephyr-sdk-0.17.4/arm-zephyr-eabi/bin/arm-zephyr-eabi-objdump
-        f"toolchain-*/*/*/bin/*-{tool_name}",
-        # Zephyr SDK nested structure (3 levels)
-        f"toolchain-*/*/bin/*-{tool_name}",
-        f"toolchain-*/bin/*-{tool_name}",
-        # Standard PlatformIO toolchain structure
-        f"toolchain-*/bin/*{tool_name}",
-    ]
-
-    for pattern in search_patterns:
-        matches = list(platformio_home.glob(pattern))
-        if matches:
-            # Sort to get consistent results, prefer arm-zephyr-eabi over arm-none-eabi
-            matches.sort(key=lambda p: ("zephyr" not in str(p), str(p)))
-            tool_path = str(matches[0])
-            _LOGGER.debug("Found %s in PlatformIO packages: %s", tool_name, tool_path)
-            return tool_path
-
-    return None
-
-
-def resolve_tool_path(
-    tool_name: str,
-    derived_path: str | None,
-    objdump_path: str | None = None,
-) -> str | None:
-    """Resolve a tool path, falling back to find_tool if derived path doesn't exist.
-
-    Args:
-        tool_name: Name of the tool (e.g., "objdump", "readelf")
-        derived_path: Path derived from idedata (may not exist for some platforms)
-        objdump_path: Path to objdump binary to derive other tool paths from
-
-    Returns:
-        Resolved path to the tool, or the original derived_path if it exists
-    """
-    if derived_path and not Path(derived_path).exists():
-        found = find_tool(tool_name, objdump_path)
-        if found:
-            _LOGGER.debug(
-                "Derived %s path %s not found, using %s",
-                tool_name,
-                derived_path,
-                found,
-            )
-            return found
-    return derived_path
-
-
 def find_tool(
     tool_name: str,
     objdump_path: str | None = None,
@@ -101,8 +28,7 @@ def find_tool(
     """Find a toolchain tool by name.
 
     First tries to derive the tool path from objdump_path (if provided),
-    then searches PlatformIO package directories (for cross-compile toolchains),
-    and finally falls back to searching for platform-specific tools in PATH.
+    then falls back to searching for platform-specific tools.
 
     Args:
         tool_name: Name of the tool (e.g., "objdump", "nm", "c++filt")
@@ -121,13 +47,7 @@ def find_tool(
             _LOGGER.debug("Found %s at: %s", tool_name, potential_path)
             return potential_path
 
-    # Search in PlatformIO packages directory first (handles Zephyr SDK, etc.)
-    # This must come before PATH search because system tools (e.g., /usr/bin/objdump)
-    # are for the host architecture, not the target (ARM, Xtensa, etc.)
-    if found := _find_in_platformio_packages(tool_name):
-        return found
-
-    # Try platform-specific tools in PATH (fallback for when tools are installed globally)
+    # Try platform-specific tools
     for prefix in TOOLCHAIN_PREFIXES:
         cmd = f"{prefix}{tool_name}"
         try:

esphome/codegen.py

@@ -69,7 +69,6 @@ from esphome.cpp_types import (  # noqa: F401
     JsonObjectConst,
     Parented,
     PollingComponent,
-    StringRef,
     arduino_json_ns,
     bool_,
     const_char_ptr,

esphome/components/am43/am43_base.cpp

@@ -1,12 +1,21 @@
 #include "am43_base.h"
-#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include <cstring>
+#include <cstdio>
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace am43 {
 
 const uint8_t START_PACKET[5] = {0x00, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, 0x9a};
 
+std::string pkt_to_hex(const uint8_t *data, uint16_t len) {
+  char buf[64];
+  memset(buf, 0, 64);
+  for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+    sprintf(&buf[i * 2], "%02x", data[i]);
+  std::string ret = buf;
+  return ret;
+}
+
 Am43Packet *Am43Encoder::get_battery_level_request() {
   uint8_t data = 0x1;
   return this->encode_(0xA2, &data, 1);
@@ -64,9 +73,7 @@ Am43Packet *Am43Encoder::encode_(uint8_t command, uint8_t *data, uint8_t length)
   memcpy(&this->packet_.data[7], data, length);
   this->packet_.length = length + 7;
   this->checksum_();
-  char hex_buf[format_hex_size(sizeof(this->packet_.data))];
-  ESP_LOGV("am43", "ENC(%d): 0x%s", this->packet_.length,
-           format_hex_to(hex_buf, this->packet_.data, this->packet_.length));
+  ESP_LOGV("am43", "ENC(%d): 0x%s", packet_.length, pkt_to_hex(packet_.data, packet_.length).c_str());
   return &this->packet_;
 }
 
@@ -81,8 +88,7 @@ void Am43Decoder::decode(const uint8_t *data, uint16_t length) {
   this->has_set_state_response_ = false;
   this->has_position_ = false;
   this->has_pin_response_ = false;
-  char hex_buf[format_hex_size(24)];  // Max expected packet size
-  ESP_LOGV("am43", "DEC(%d): 0x%s", length, format_hex_to(hex_buf, data, length));
+  ESP_LOGV("am43", "DEC(%d): 0x%s", length, pkt_to_hex(data, length).c_str());
 
   if (length < 2 || data[0] != 0x9a)
     return;

esphome/components/anova/anova_base.cpp

@@ -18,31 +18,31 @@ AnovaPacket *AnovaCodec::clean_packet_() {
 
 AnovaPacket *AnovaCodec::get_read_device_status_request() {
   this->current_query_ = READ_DEVICE_STATUS;
-  snprintf((char *) this->packet_.data, sizeof(this->packet_.data), "%s", CMD_READ_DEVICE_STATUS);
+  sprintf((char *) this->packet_.data, "%s", CMD_READ_DEVICE_STATUS);
   return this->clean_packet_();
 }
 
 AnovaPacket *AnovaCodec::get_read_target_temp_request() {
   this->current_query_ = READ_TARGET_TEMPERATURE;
-  snprintf((char *) this->packet_.data, sizeof(this->packet_.data), "%s", CMD_READ_TARGET_TEMP);
+  sprintf((char *) this->packet_.data, "%s", CMD_READ_TARGET_TEMP);
   return this->clean_packet_();
 }
 
 AnovaPacket *AnovaCodec::get_read_current_temp_request() {
   this->current_query_ = READ_CURRENT_TEMPERATURE;
-  snprintf((char *) this->packet_.data, sizeof(this->packet_.data), "%s", CMD_READ_CURRENT_TEMP);
+  sprintf((char *) this->packet_.data, "%s", CMD_READ_CURRENT_TEMP);
   return this->clean_packet_();
 }
 
 AnovaPacket *AnovaCodec::get_read_unit_request() {
   this->current_query_ = READ_UNIT;
-  snprintf((char *) this->packet_.data, sizeof(this->packet_.data), "%s", CMD_READ_UNIT);
+  sprintf((char *) this->packet_.data, "%s", CMD_READ_UNIT);
   return this->clean_packet_();
 }
 
 AnovaPacket *AnovaCodec::get_read_data_request() {
   this->current_query_ = READ_DATA;
-  snprintf((char *) this->packet_.data, sizeof(this->packet_.data), "%s", CMD_READ_DATA);
+  sprintf((char *) this->packet_.data, "%s", CMD_READ_DATA);
   return this->clean_packet_();
 }
 
@@ -50,25 +50,25 @@ AnovaPacket *AnovaCodec::get_set_target_temp_request(float temperature) {
   this->current_query_ = SET_TARGET_TEMPERATURE;
   if (this->fahrenheit_)
     temperature = ctof(temperature);
-  snprintf((char *) this->packet_.data, sizeof(this->packet_.data), CMD_SET_TARGET_TEMP, temperature);
+  sprintf((char *) this->packet_.data, CMD_SET_TARGET_TEMP, temperature);
   return this->clean_packet_();
 }
 
 AnovaPacket *AnovaCodec::get_set_unit_request(char unit) {
   this->current_query_ = SET_UNIT;
-  snprintf((char *) this->packet_.data, sizeof(this->packet_.data), CMD_SET_TEMP_UNIT, unit);
+  sprintf((char *) this->packet_.data, CMD_SET_TEMP_UNIT, unit);
   return this->clean_packet_();
 }
 
 AnovaPacket *AnovaCodec::get_start_request() {
   this->current_query_ = START;
-  snprintf((char *) this->packet_.data, sizeof(this->packet_.data), "%s", CMD_START);
+  sprintf((char *) this->packet_.data, CMD_START);
   return this->clean_packet_();
 }
 
 AnovaPacket *AnovaCodec::get_stop_request() {
   this->current_query_ = STOP;
-  snprintf((char *) this->packet_.data, sizeof(this->packet_.data), "%s", CMD_STOP);
+  sprintf((char *) this->packet_.data, CMD_STOP);
   return this->clean_packet_();
 }
 

esphome/components/api/api_connection.cpp

@@ -1715,7 +1715,7 @@ void APIConnection::on_home_assistant_state_response(const HomeAssistantStateRes
     // HA state max length is 255 characters, but attributes can be much longer
     // Use stack buffer for common case (states), heap fallback for large attributes
     size_t state_len = msg.state.size();
-    SmallBufferWithHeapFallback<MAX_STATE_LEN + 1> state_buf_alloc(state_len + 1);
+    SmallBufferWithHeapFallback<256> state_buf_alloc(state_len + 1);
     char *state_buf = reinterpret_cast<char *>(state_buf_alloc.get());
     if (state_len > 0) {
       memcpy(state_buf, msg.state.c_str(), state_len);

esphome/components/atm90e32/atm90e32.cpp

@@ -158,14 +158,12 @@ void ATM90E32Component::setup() {
 
   if (this->enable_offset_calibration_) {
     // Initialize flash storage for offset calibrations
-    uint32_t o_hash = fnv1_hash("_offset_calibration_");
-    o_hash = fnv1_hash_extend(o_hash, this->cs_summary_);
+    uint32_t o_hash = fnv1_hash(std::string("_offset_calibration_") + this->cs_summary_);
     this->offset_pref_ = global_preferences->make_preference<OffsetCalibration[3]>(o_hash, true);
     this->restore_offset_calibrations_();
 
     // Initialize flash storage for power offset calibrations
-    uint32_t po_hash = fnv1_hash("_power_offset_calibration_");
-    po_hash = fnv1_hash_extend(po_hash, this->cs_summary_);
+    uint32_t po_hash = fnv1_hash(std::string("_power_offset_calibration_") + this->cs_summary_);
     this->power_offset_pref_ = global_preferences->make_preference<PowerOffsetCalibration[3]>(po_hash, true);
     this->restore_power_offset_calibrations_();
   } else {
@@ -185,8 +183,7 @@ void ATM90E32Component::setup() {
 
   if (this->enable_gain_calibration_) {
     // Initialize flash storage for gain calibration
-    uint32_t g_hash = fnv1_hash("_gain_calibration_");
-    g_hash = fnv1_hash_extend(g_hash, this->cs_summary_);
+    uint32_t g_hash = fnv1_hash(std::string("_gain_calibration_") + this->cs_summary_);
     this->gain_calibration_pref_ = global_preferences->make_preference<GainCalibration[3]>(g_hash, true);
     this->restore_gain_calibrations_();
 

esphome/components/audio/audio_reader.cpp

@@ -185,16 +185,18 @@ esp_err_t AudioReader::start(const std::string &uri, AudioFileType &file_type) {
       return err;
     }
 
-    if (str_endswith_ignore_case(url, ".wav")) {
+    std::string url_string = str_lower_case(url);
+
+    if (str_endswith(url_string, ".wav")) {
       file_type = AudioFileType::WAV;
     }
 #ifdef USE_AUDIO_MP3_SUPPORT
-    else if (str_endswith_ignore_case(url, ".mp3")) {
+    else if (str_endswith(url_string, ".mp3")) {
       file_type = AudioFileType::MP3;
     }
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_AUDIO_FLAC_SUPPORT
-    else if (str_endswith_ignore_case(url, ".flac")) {
+    else if (str_endswith(url_string, ".flac")) {
       file_type = AudioFileType::FLAC;
     }
 #endif

esphome/components/ccs811/ccs811.cpp

@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ void CCS811Component::setup() {
            bootloader_version, application_version);
   if (this->version_ != nullptr) {
     char version[20];  // "15.15.15 (0xffff)" is 17 chars, plus NUL, plus wiggle room
-    buf_append_printf(version, sizeof(version), 0, "%d.%d.%d (0x%02x)", (application_version >> 12 & 15),
-                      (application_version >> 8 & 15), (application_version >> 4 & 15), application_version);
+    sprintf(version, "%d.%d.%d (0x%02x)", (application_version >> 12 & 15), (application_version >> 8 & 15),
+            (application_version >> 4 & 15), application_version);
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "publishing version state: %s", version);
     this->version_->publish_state(version);
   }

esphome/components/ch422g/ch422g.cpp

@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ bool CH422GGPIOPin::digital_read() { return this->parent_->digital_read(this->pi
 
 void CH422GGPIOPin::digital_write(bool value) { this->parent_->digital_write(this->pin_, value ^ this->inverted_); }
 size_t CH422GGPIOPin::dump_summary(char *buffer, size_t len) const {
-  return buf_append_printf(buffer, len, 0, "EXIO%u via CH422G", this->pin_);
+  return snprintf(buffer, len, "EXIO%u via CH422G", this->pin_);
 }
 void CH422GGPIOPin::set_flags(gpio::Flags flags) {
   flags_ = flags;

esphome/components/cs5460a/cs5460a.h

@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ class CS5460AComponent : public Component,
   void restart() { restart_(); }
 
   void setup() override;
+  void loop() override {}
   void dump_config() override;
 
  protected:

esphome/components/cse7766/cse7766.cpp

@@ -207,24 +207,20 @@ void CSE7766Component::parse_data_() {
 
 #if ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL >= ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL_VERY_VERBOSE
   {
-    // Buffer: 7 + 15 + 33 + 15 + 25 = 95 chars max + null, rounded to 128 for safety margin.
-    // Float sizes with %.4f can be up to 11 chars for large values (e.g., 999999.9999).
-    char buf[128];
-    size_t pos = buf_append_printf(buf, sizeof(buf), 0, "Parsed:");
+    std::string buf = "Parsed:";
     if (have_voltage) {
-      pos = buf_append_printf(buf, sizeof(buf), pos, " V=%.4fV", voltage);
+      buf += str_sprintf(" V=%fV", voltage);
     }
     if (have_current) {
-      pos = buf_append_printf(buf, sizeof(buf), pos, " I=%.4fmA (~%.4fmA)", current * 1000.0f,
-                              calculated_current * 1000.0f);
+      buf += str_sprintf(" I=%fmA (~%fmA)", current * 1000.0f, calculated_current * 1000.0f);
     }
     if (have_power) {
-      pos = buf_append_printf(buf, sizeof(buf), pos, " P=%.4fW", power);
+      buf += str_sprintf(" P=%fW", power);
     }
     if (energy != 0.0f) {
-      buf_append_printf(buf, sizeof(buf), pos, " E=%.4fkWh (%u)", energy, cf_pulses);
+      buf += str_sprintf(" E=%fkWh (%u)", energy, cf_pulses);
     }
-    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "%s", buf);
+    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "%s", buf.c_str());
   }
 #endif
 }

esphome/components/daikin_arc/daikin_arc.cpp

@@ -258,9 +258,8 @@ bool DaikinArcClimate::parse_state_frame_(const uint8_t frame[]) {
   }
 
   char buf[DAIKIN_STATE_FRAME_SIZE * 3 + 1] = {0};
-  size_t pos = 0;
   for (size_t i = 0; i < DAIKIN_STATE_FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
-    pos = buf_append_printf(buf, sizeof(buf), pos, "%02x ", frame[i]);
+    sprintf(buf, "%s%02x ", buf, frame[i]);
   }
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "FRAME %s", buf);
 
@@ -350,9 +349,8 @@ bool DaikinArcClimate::on_receive(remote_base::RemoteReceiveData data) {
   if (data.expect_item(DAIKIN_HEADER_MARK, DAIKIN_HEADER_SPACE)) {
     valid_daikin_frame = true;
     size_t bytes_count = data.size() / 2 / 8;
-    size_t buf_size = bytes_count * 3 + 1;
-    std::unique_ptr<char[]> buf(new char[buf_size]());  // value-initialize (zero-fill)
-    size_t buf_pos = 0;
+    std::unique_ptr<char[]> buf(new char[bytes_count * 3 + 1]);
+    buf[0] = '\0';
     for (size_t i = 0; i < bytes_count; i++) {
       uint8_t byte = 0;
       for (int8_t bit = 0; bit < 8; bit++) {
@@ -363,19 +361,19 @@ bool DaikinArcClimate::on_receive(remote_base::RemoteReceiveData data) {
           break;
         }
       }
-      buf_pos = buf_append_printf(buf.get(), buf_size, buf_pos, "%02x ", byte);
+      sprintf(buf.get(), "%s%02x ", buf.get(), byte);
     }
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "WHOLE FRAME %s  size: %d", buf.get(), data.size());
   }
   if (!valid_daikin_frame) {
-    char sbuf[16 * 10 + 1] = {0};
-    size_t sbuf_pos = 0;
+    char sbuf[16 * 10 + 1];
+    sbuf[0] = '\0';
     for (size_t j = 0; j < static_cast<size_t>(data.size()); j++) {
       if ((j - 2) % 16 == 0) {
         if (j > 0) {
           ESP_LOGD(TAG, "DATA %04x: %s", (j - 16 > 0xffff ? 0 : j - 16), sbuf);
         }
-        sbuf_pos = 0;
+        sbuf[0] = '\0';
       }
       char type_ch = ' ';
       // debug_tolerance = 25%
@@ -403,10 +401,9 @@ bool DaikinArcClimate::on_receive(remote_base::RemoteReceiveData data) {
         type_ch = '0';
 
       if (abs(data[j]) > 100000) {
-        sbuf_pos = buf_append_printf(sbuf, sizeof(sbuf), sbuf_pos, "%-5d[%c] ", data[j] > 0 ? 99999 : -99999, type_ch);
+        sprintf(sbuf, "%s%-5d[%c] ", sbuf, data[j] > 0 ? 99999 : -99999, type_ch);
       } else {
-        sbuf_pos =
-            buf_append_printf(sbuf, sizeof(sbuf), sbuf_pos, "%-5d[%c] ", (int) (round(data[j] / 10.) * 10), type_ch);
+        sprintf(sbuf, "%s%-5d[%c] ", sbuf, (int) (round(data[j] / 10.) * 10), type_ch);
       }
       if (j + 1 == static_cast<size_t>(data.size())) {
         ESP_LOGD(TAG, "DATA %04x: %s", (j - 8 > 0xffff ? 0 : j - 8), sbuf);

esphome/components/debug/debug_component.cpp

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ void DebugComponent::dump_config() {
 
   char device_info_buffer[DEVICE_INFO_BUFFER_SIZE];
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "ESPHome version %s", ESPHOME_VERSION);
-  size_t pos = buf_append_printf(device_info_buffer, DEVICE_INFO_BUFFER_SIZE, 0, "%s", ESPHOME_VERSION);
+  size_t pos = buf_append(device_info_buffer, DEVICE_INFO_BUFFER_SIZE, 0, "%s", ESPHOME_VERSION);
 
   this->free_heap_ = get_free_heap_();
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Free Heap Size: %" PRIu32 " bytes", this->free_heap_);

esphome/components/debug/debug_component.h

@@ -5,6 +5,12 @@
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/macros.h"
 #include <span>
+#include <cstdarg>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <algorithm>
+#ifdef USE_ESP8266
+#include <pgmspace.h>
+#endif
 
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
 #include "esphome/components/sensor/sensor.h"
@@ -19,7 +25,40 @@ namespace debug {
 static constexpr size_t DEVICE_INFO_BUFFER_SIZE = 256;
 static constexpr size_t RESET_REASON_BUFFER_SIZE = 128;
 
-// buf_append_printf is now provided by esphome/core/helpers.h
+#ifdef USE_ESP8266
+// ESP8266: Use vsnprintf_P to keep format strings in flash (PROGMEM)
+// Format strings must be wrapped with PSTR() macro
+inline size_t buf_append_p(char *buf, size_t size, size_t pos, PGM_P fmt, ...) {
+  if (pos >= size) {
+    return size;
+  }
+  va_list args;
+  va_start(args, fmt);
+  int written = vsnprintf_P(buf + pos, size - pos, fmt, args);
+  va_end(args);
+  if (written < 0) {
+    return pos;  // encoding error
+  }
+  return std::min(pos + static_cast<size_t>(written), size);
+}
+#define buf_append(buf, size, pos, fmt, ...) buf_append_p(buf, size, pos, PSTR(fmt), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+/// Safely append formatted string to buffer, returning new position (capped at size)
+__attribute__((format(printf, 4, 5))) inline size_t buf_append(char *buf, size_t size, size_t pos, const char *fmt,
+                                                               ...) {
+  if (pos >= size) {
+    return size;
+  }
+  va_list args;
+  va_start(args, fmt);
+  int written = vsnprintf(buf + pos, size - pos, fmt, args);
+  va_end(args);
+  if (written < 0) {
+    return pos;  // encoding error
+  }
+  return std::min(pos + static_cast<size_t>(written), size);
+}
+#endif
 
 class DebugComponent : public PollingComponent {
  public:
@@ -35,11 +74,8 @@ class DebugComponent : public PollingComponent {
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
   void set_free_sensor(sensor::Sensor *free_sensor) { free_sensor_ = free_sensor; }
   void set_block_sensor(sensor::Sensor *block_sensor) { block_sensor_ = block_sensor; }
-#if (defined(USE_ESP8266) && USE_ARDUINO_VERSION_CODE >= VERSION_CODE(2, 5, 2)) || defined(USE_ESP32)
+#if defined(USE_ESP8266) && USE_ARDUINO_VERSION_CODE >= VERSION_CODE(2, 5, 2)
   void set_fragmentation_sensor(sensor::Sensor *fragmentation_sensor) { fragmentation_sensor_ = fragmentation_sensor; }
-#endif
-#if defined(USE_ESP32) || defined(USE_LIBRETINY)
-  void set_min_free_sensor(sensor::Sensor *min_free_sensor) { min_free_sensor_ = min_free_sensor; }
 #endif
   void set_loop_time_sensor(sensor::Sensor *loop_time_sensor) { loop_time_sensor_ = loop_time_sensor; }
 #ifdef USE_ESP32
@@ -61,11 +97,8 @@ class DebugComponent : public PollingComponent {
 
   sensor::Sensor *free_sensor_{nullptr};
   sensor::Sensor *block_sensor_{nullptr};
-#if (defined(USE_ESP8266) && USE_ARDUINO_VERSION_CODE >= VERSION_CODE(2, 5, 2)) || defined(USE_ESP32)
+#if defined(USE_ESP8266) && USE_ARDUINO_VERSION_CODE >= VERSION_CODE(2, 5, 2)
   sensor::Sensor *fragmentation_sensor_{nullptr};
-#endif
-#if defined(USE_ESP32) || defined(USE_LIBRETINY)
-  sensor::Sensor *min_free_sensor_{nullptr};
 #endif
   sensor::Sensor *loop_time_sensor_{nullptr};
 #ifdef USE_ESP32

esphome/components/debug/debug_esp32.cpp

@@ -173,8 +173,8 @@ size_t DebugComponent::get_device_info_(std::span<char, DEVICE_INFO_BUFFER_SIZE>
   uint32_t flash_size = ESP.getFlashChipSize() / 1024;       // NOLINT
   uint32_t flash_speed = ESP.getFlashChipSpeed() / 1000000;  // NOLINT
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Flash Chip: Size=%" PRIu32 "kB Speed=%" PRIu32 "MHz Mode=%s", flash_size, flash_speed, flash_mode);
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Flash: %" PRIu32 "kB Speed:%" PRIu32 "MHz Mode:%s", flash_size, flash_speed,
-                          flash_mode);
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Flash: %" PRIu32 "kB Speed:%" PRIu32 "MHz Mode:%s", flash_size, flash_speed,
+                   flash_mode);
 #endif
 
   esp_chip_info_t info;
@@ -182,71 +182,60 @@ size_t DebugComponent::get_device_info_(std::span<char, DEVICE_INFO_BUFFER_SIZE>
   const char *model = ESPHOME_VARIANT;
 
   // Build features string
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Chip: %s Features:", model);
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Chip: %s Features:", model);
   bool first_feature = true;
   for (const auto &feature : CHIP_FEATURES) {
     if (info.features & feature.bit) {
-      pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "%s%s", first_feature ? "" : ", ", feature.name);
+      pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "%s%s", first_feature ? "" : ", ", feature.name);
       first_feature = false;
       info.features &= ~feature.bit;
     }
   }
   if (info.features != 0) {
-    pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "%sOther:0x%" PRIx32, first_feature ? "" : ", ", info.features);
+    pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "%sOther:0x%" PRIx32, first_feature ? "" : ", ", info.features);
   }
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Chip: Model=%s, Cores=%u, Revision=%u", model, info.cores, info.revision);
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, " Cores:%u Revision:%u", info.cores, info.revision);
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, " Cores:%u Revision:%u", info.cores, info.revision);
 
   uint32_t cpu_freq_mhz = arch_get_cpu_freq_hz() / 1000000;
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "CPU Frequency: %" PRIu32 " MHz", cpu_freq_mhz);
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|CPU Frequency: %" PRIu32 " MHz", cpu_freq_mhz);
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|CPU Frequency: %" PRIu32 " MHz", cpu_freq_mhz);
 
   // Framework detection
 #ifdef USE_ARDUINO
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Framework: Arduino");
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Framework: Arduino");
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Framework: Arduino");
 #elif defined(USE_ESP32)
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Framework: ESP-IDF");
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Framework: ESP-IDF");
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Framework: ESP-IDF");
 #else
   ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Framework: UNKNOWN");
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Framework: UNKNOWN");
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Framework: UNKNOWN");
 #endif
 
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "ESP-IDF Version: %s", esp_get_idf_version());
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|ESP-IDF: %s", esp_get_idf_version());
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|ESP-IDF: %s", esp_get_idf_version());
 
   uint8_t mac[6];
   get_mac_address_raw(mac);
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "EFuse MAC: %02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X", mac[0], mac[1], mac[2], mac[3], mac[4], mac[5]);
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|EFuse MAC: %02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X", mac[0], mac[1], mac[2], mac[3],
-                          mac[4], mac[5]);
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|EFuse MAC: %02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X", mac[0], mac[1], mac[2], mac[3], mac[4],
+                   mac[5]);
 
   char reason_buffer[RESET_REASON_BUFFER_SIZE];
   const char *reset_reason = get_reset_reason_(std::span<char, RESET_REASON_BUFFER_SIZE>(reason_buffer));
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Reset: %s", reset_reason);
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Reset: %s", reset_reason);
 
   const char *wakeup_cause = get_wakeup_cause_(std::span<char, RESET_REASON_BUFFER_SIZE>(reason_buffer));
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Wakeup: %s", wakeup_cause);
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Wakeup: %s", wakeup_cause);
 
   return pos;
 }
 
 void DebugComponent::update_platform_() {
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
-  uint32_t max_alloc = heap_caps_get_largest_free_block(MALLOC_CAP_INTERNAL);
   if (this->block_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-    this->block_sensor_->publish_state(max_alloc);
-  }
-  if (this->min_free_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-    this->min_free_sensor_->publish_state(heap_caps_get_minimum_free_size(MALLOC_CAP_INTERNAL));
-  }
-  if (this->fragmentation_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-    uint32_t free_heap = heap_caps_get_free_size(MALLOC_CAP_INTERNAL);
-    if (free_heap > 0) {
-      float fragmentation = 100.0f - (100.0f * max_alloc / free_heap);
-      this->fragmentation_sensor_->publish_state(fragmentation);
-    }
+    this->block_sensor_->publish_state(heap_caps_get_largest_free_block(MALLOC_CAP_INTERNAL));
   }
   if (this->psram_sensor_ != nullptr) {
     this->psram_sensor_->publish_state(heap_caps_get_free_size(MALLOC_CAP_SPIRAM));

esphome/components/debug/debug_esp8266.cpp

@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ size_t DebugComponent::get_device_info_(std::span<char, DEVICE_INFO_BUFFER_SIZE>
   uint32_t flash_size = ESP.getFlashChipSize() / 1024;       // NOLINT
   uint32_t flash_speed = ESP.getFlashChipSpeed() / 1000000;  // NOLINT
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Flash Chip: Size=%" PRIu32 "kB Speed=%" PRIu32 "MHz Mode=%s", flash_size, flash_speed, flash_mode);
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Flash: %" PRIu32 "kB Speed:%" PRIu32 "MHz Mode:%s", flash_size, flash_speed,
-                          flash_mode);
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Flash: %" PRIu32 "kB Speed:%" PRIu32 "MHz Mode:%s", flash_size, flash_speed,
+                   flash_mode);
 
 #if !defined(CLANG_TIDY)
   char reason_buffer[RESET_REASON_BUFFER_SIZE];
@@ -77,15 +77,15 @@ size_t DebugComponent::get_device_info_(std::span<char, DEVICE_INFO_BUFFER_SIZE>
            chip_id, ESP.getSdkVersion(), ESP.getCoreVersion().c_str(), boot_version, boot_mode, cpu_freq, flash_chip_id,
            reset_reason, ESP.getResetInfo().c_str());
 
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Chip: 0x%08" PRIX32, chip_id);
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|SDK: %s", ESP.getSdkVersion());
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Core: %s", ESP.getCoreVersion().c_str());
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Boot: %u", boot_version);
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Mode: %u", boot_mode);
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|CPU: %u", cpu_freq);
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Flash: 0x%08" PRIX32, flash_chip_id);
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Reset: %s", reset_reason);
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|%s", ESP.getResetInfo().c_str());
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Chip: 0x%08" PRIX32, chip_id);
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|SDK: %s", ESP.getSdkVersion());
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Core: %s", ESP.getCoreVersion().c_str());
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Boot: %u", boot_version);
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Mode: %u", boot_mode);
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|CPU: %u", cpu_freq);
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Flash: 0x%08" PRIX32, flash_chip_id);
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Reset: %s", reset_reason);
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|%s", ESP.getResetInfo().c_str());
 #endif
 
   return pos;

esphome/components/debug/debug_libretiny.cpp

@@ -36,12 +36,12 @@ size_t DebugComponent::get_device_info_(std::span<char, DEVICE_INFO_BUFFER_SIZE>
            lt_get_version(), lt_cpu_get_model_name(), lt_cpu_get_model(), lt_cpu_get_freq_mhz(), mac_id,
            lt_get_board_code(), flash_kib, ram_kib, reset_reason);
 
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Version: %s", LT_BANNER_STR + 10);
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Reset Reason: %s", reset_reason);
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Chip Name: %s", lt_cpu_get_model_name());
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Chip ID: 0x%06" PRIX32, mac_id);
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Flash: %" PRIu32 " KiB", flash_kib);
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|RAM: %" PRIu32 " KiB", ram_kib);
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Version: %s", LT_BANNER_STR + 10);
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Reset Reason: %s", reset_reason);
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Chip Name: %s", lt_cpu_get_model_name());
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Chip ID: 0x%06" PRIX32, mac_id);
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Flash: %" PRIu32 " KiB", flash_kib);
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|RAM: %" PRIu32 " KiB", ram_kib);
 
   return pos;
 }
@@ -51,9 +51,6 @@ void DebugComponent::update_platform_() {
   if (this->block_sensor_ != nullptr) {
     this->block_sensor_->publish_state(lt_heap_get_max_alloc());
   }
-  if (this->min_free_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-    this->min_free_sensor_->publish_state(lt_heap_get_min_free());
-  }
 #endif
 }
 

esphome/components/debug/debug_rp2040.cpp

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ size_t DebugComponent::get_device_info_(std::span<char, DEVICE_INFO_BUFFER_SIZE>
 
   uint32_t cpu_freq = rp2040.f_cpu();
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "CPU Frequency: %" PRIu32, cpu_freq);
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|CPU Frequency: %" PRIu32, cpu_freq);
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|CPU Frequency: %" PRIu32, cpu_freq);
 
   return pos;
 }

esphome/components/debug/debug_zephyr.cpp

@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ static size_t append_reset_reason(char *buf, size_t size, size_t pos, bool set,
     return pos;
   }
   if (pos > 0) {
-    pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, ", ");
+    pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, ", ");
   }
-  return buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "%s", reason);
+  return buf_append(buf, size, pos, "%s", reason);
 }
 
 static inline uint32_t read_mem_u32(uintptr_t addr) {
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ size_t DebugComponent::get_device_info_(std::span<char, DEVICE_INFO_BUFFER_SIZE>
   const char *supply_status =
       (nrf_power_mainregstatus_get(NRF_POWER) == NRF_POWER_MAINREGSTATUS_NORMAL) ? "Normal voltage." : "High voltage.";
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Main supply status: %s", supply_status);
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Main supply status: %s", supply_status);
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Main supply status: %s", supply_status);
 
   // Regulator stage 0
   if (nrf_power_mainregstatus_get(NRF_POWER) == NRF_POWER_MAINREGSTATUS_HIGH) {
@@ -172,16 +172,16 @@ size_t DebugComponent::get_device_info_(std::span<char, DEVICE_INFO_BUFFER_SIZE>
         reg0_voltage = "???V";
     }
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Regulator stage 0: %s, %s", reg0_type, reg0_voltage);
-    pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Regulator stage 0: %s, %s", reg0_type, reg0_voltage);
+    pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Regulator stage 0: %s, %s", reg0_type, reg0_voltage);
   } else {
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Regulator stage 0: disabled");
-    pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Regulator stage 0: disabled");
+    pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Regulator stage 0: disabled");
   }
 
   // Regulator stage 1
   const char *reg1_type = nrf_power_dcdcen_get(NRF_POWER) ? "DC/DC" : "LDO";
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Regulator stage 1: %s", reg1_type);
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Regulator stage 1: %s", reg1_type);
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Regulator stage 1: %s", reg1_type);
 
   // USB power state
   const char *usb_state;
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ size_t DebugComponent::get_device_info_(std::span<char, DEVICE_INFO_BUFFER_SIZE>
     usb_state = "disconnected";
   }
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "USB power state: %s", usb_state);
-  pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|USB power state: %s", usb_state);
+  pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|USB power state: %s", usb_state);
 
   // Power-fail comparator
   bool enabled;
@@ -300,14 +300,14 @@ size_t DebugComponent::get_device_info_(std::span<char, DEVICE_INFO_BUFFER_SIZE>
           break;
       }
       ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Power-fail comparator: %s, VDDH: %s", pof_voltage, vddh_voltage);
-      pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Power-fail comparator: %s, VDDH: %s", pof_voltage, vddh_voltage);
+      pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Power-fail comparator: %s, VDDH: %s", pof_voltage, vddh_voltage);
     } else {
       ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Power-fail comparator: %s", pof_voltage);
-      pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Power-fail comparator: %s", pof_voltage);
+      pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Power-fail comparator: %s", pof_voltage);
     }
   } else {
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Power-fail comparator: disabled");
-    pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, "|Power-fail comparator: disabled");
+    pos = buf_append(buf, size, pos, "|Power-fail comparator: disabled");
   }
 
   auto package = [](uint32_t value) {

esphome/components/debug/sensor.py

@@ -11,9 +11,6 @@ from esphome.const import (
     ENTITY_CATEGORY_DIAGNOSTIC,
     ICON_COUNTER,
     ICON_TIMER,
-    PLATFORM_BK72XX,
-    PLATFORM_LN882X,
-    PLATFORM_RTL87XX,
     UNIT_BYTES,
     UNIT_HERTZ,
     UNIT_MILLISECOND,
@@ -28,7 +25,6 @@ from . import (  # noqa: F401  pylint: disable=unused-import
 
 DEPENDENCIES = ["debug"]
 
-CONF_MIN_FREE = "min_free"
 CONF_PSRAM = "psram"
 
 CONFIG_SCHEMA = {
@@ -46,14 +42,8 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = {
         entity_category=ENTITY_CATEGORY_DIAGNOSTIC,
     ),
     cv.Optional(CONF_FRAGMENTATION): cv.All(
-        cv.Any(
-            cv.All(
-                cv.only_on_esp8266,
-                cv.require_framework_version(esp8266_arduino=cv.Version(2, 5, 2)),
-            ),
-            cv.only_on_esp32,
-            msg="This feature is only available on ESP8266 (Arduino 2.5.2+) and ESP32",
-        ),
+        cv.only_on_esp8266,
+        cv.require_framework_version(esp8266_arduino=cv.Version(2, 5, 2)),
         sensor.sensor_schema(
             unit_of_measurement=UNIT_PERCENT,
             icon=ICON_COUNTER,
@@ -61,19 +51,6 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = {
             entity_category=ENTITY_CATEGORY_DIAGNOSTIC,
         ),
     ),
-    cv.Optional(CONF_MIN_FREE): cv.All(
-        cv.Any(
-            cv.only_on_esp32,
-            cv.only_on([PLATFORM_BK72XX, PLATFORM_LN882X, PLATFORM_RTL87XX]),
-            msg="This feature is only available on ESP32 and LibreTiny (BK72xx, LN882x, RTL87xx)",
-        ),
-        sensor.sensor_schema(
-            unit_of_measurement=UNIT_BYTES,
-            icon=ICON_COUNTER,
-            accuracy_decimals=0,
-            entity_category=ENTITY_CATEGORY_DIAGNOSTIC,
-        ),
-    ),
     cv.Optional(CONF_LOOP_TIME): sensor.sensor_schema(
         unit_of_measurement=UNIT_MILLISECOND,
         icon=ICON_TIMER,
@@ -116,10 +93,6 @@ async def to_code(config):
         sens = await sensor.new_sensor(fragmentation_conf)
         cg.add(debug_component.set_fragmentation_sensor(sens))
 
-    if min_free_conf := config.get(CONF_MIN_FREE):
-        sens = await sensor.new_sensor(min_free_conf)
-        cg.add(debug_component.set_min_free_sensor(sens))
-
     if loop_time_conf := config.get(CONF_LOOP_TIME):
         sens = await sensor.new_sensor(loop_time_conf)
         cg.add(debug_component.set_loop_time_sensor(sens))

esphome/components/dfrobot_sen0395/commands.cpp

@@ -127,9 +127,7 @@ DetRangeCfgCommand::DetRangeCfgCommand(float min1, float max1, float min2, float
     this->min2_ = min2 = this->max2_ = max2 = this->min3_ = min3 = this->max3_ = max3 = this->min4_ = min4 =
         this->max4_ = max4 = -1;
 
-    char buf[72];  // max 72: "detRangeCfg -1 "(15) + 8 * (float(5) + space(1)) + null
-    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "detRangeCfg -1 %.0f %.0f", min1 / 0.15, max1 / 0.15);
-    this->cmd_ = buf;
+    this->cmd_ = str_sprintf("detRangeCfg -1 %.0f %.0f", min1 / 0.15, max1 / 0.15);
   } else if (min3 < 0 || max3 < 0) {
     this->min1_ = min1 = round(min1 / 0.15) * 0.15;
     this->max1_ = max1 = round(max1 / 0.15) * 0.15;
@@ -137,10 +135,7 @@ DetRangeCfgCommand::DetRangeCfgCommand(float min1, float max1, float min2, float
     this->max2_ = max2 = round(max2 / 0.15) * 0.15;
     this->min3_ = min3 = this->max3_ = max3 = this->min4_ = min4 = this->max4_ = max4 = -1;
 
-    char buf[72];  // max 72: "detRangeCfg -1 "(15) + 8 * (float(5) + space(1)) + null
-    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "detRangeCfg -1 %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f", min1 / 0.15, max1 / 0.15, min2 / 0.15,
-             max2 / 0.15);
-    this->cmd_ = buf;
+    this->cmd_ = str_sprintf("detRangeCfg -1 %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f", min1 / 0.15, max1 / 0.15, min2 / 0.15, max2 / 0.15);
   } else if (min4 < 0 || max4 < 0) {
     this->min1_ = min1 = round(min1 / 0.15) * 0.15;
     this->max1_ = max1 = round(max1 / 0.15) * 0.15;
@@ -150,10 +145,9 @@ DetRangeCfgCommand::DetRangeCfgCommand(float min1, float max1, float min2, float
     this->max3_ = max3 = round(max3 / 0.15) * 0.15;
     this->min4_ = min4 = this->max4_ = max4 = -1;
 
-    char buf[72];  // max 72: "detRangeCfg -1 "(15) + 8 * (float(5) + space(1)) + null
-    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "detRangeCfg -1 %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f", min1 / 0.15, max1 / 0.15, min2 / 0.15,
-             max2 / 0.15, min3 / 0.15, max3 / 0.15);
-    this->cmd_ = buf;
+    this->cmd_ = str_sprintf("detRangeCfg -1 "
+                             "%.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f",
+                             min1 / 0.15, max1 / 0.15, min2 / 0.15, max2 / 0.15, min3 / 0.15, max3 / 0.15);
   } else {
     this->min1_ = min1 = round(min1 / 0.15) * 0.15;
     this->max1_ = max1 = round(max1 / 0.15) * 0.15;
@@ -164,10 +158,10 @@ DetRangeCfgCommand::DetRangeCfgCommand(float min1, float max1, float min2, float
     this->min4_ = min4 = round(min4 / 0.15) * 0.15;
     this->max4_ = max4 = round(max4 / 0.15) * 0.15;
 
-    char buf[72];  // max 72: "detRangeCfg -1 "(15) + 8 * (float(5) + space(1)) + null
-    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "detRangeCfg -1 %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f", min1 / 0.15, max1 / 0.15,
-             min2 / 0.15, max2 / 0.15, min3 / 0.15, max3 / 0.15, min4 / 0.15, max4 / 0.15);
-    this->cmd_ = buf;
+    this->cmd_ = str_sprintf("detRangeCfg -1 "
+                             "%.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f",
+                             min1 / 0.15, max1 / 0.15, min2 / 0.15, max2 / 0.15, min3 / 0.15, max3 / 0.15, min4 / 0.15,
+                             max4 / 0.15);
   }
 
   this->min1_ = min1;
@@ -209,10 +203,7 @@ SetLatencyCommand::SetLatencyCommand(float delay_after_detection, float delay_af
   delay_after_disappear = std::round(delay_after_disappear / 0.025f) * 0.025f;
   this->delay_after_detection_ = clamp(delay_after_detection, 0.0f, 1638.375f);
   this->delay_after_disappear_ = clamp(delay_after_disappear, 0.0f, 1638.375f);
-  // max 32: "setLatency "(11) + float(8) + " "(1) + float(8) + null, rounded to 32
-  char buf[32];
-  snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "setLatency %.03f %.03f", this->delay_after_detection_, this->delay_after_disappear_);
-  this->cmd_ = buf;
+  this->cmd_ = str_sprintf("setLatency %.03f %.03f", this->delay_after_detection_, this->delay_after_disappear_);
 };
 
 uint8_t SetLatencyCommand::on_message(std::string &message) {

esphome/components/dfrobot_sen0395/commands.h

@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ class SetLatencyCommand : public Command {
 class SensorCfgStartCommand : public Command {
  public:
   SensorCfgStartCommand(bool startup_mode) : startup_mode_(startup_mode) {
-    char tmp_cmd[20];  // "sensorCfgStart " (15) + "0/1" (1) + null = 17
-    buf_append_printf(tmp_cmd, sizeof(tmp_cmd), 0, "sensorCfgStart %d", startup_mode);
+    char tmp_cmd[20] = {0};
+    sprintf(tmp_cmd, "sensorCfgStart %d", startup_mode);
     cmd_ = std::string(tmp_cmd);
   }
   uint8_t on_message(std::string &message) override;
@@ -142,8 +142,8 @@ class SensitivityCommand : public Command {
   SensitivityCommand(uint8_t sensitivity) : sensitivity_(sensitivity) {
     if (sensitivity > 9)
       sensitivity_ = sensitivity = 9;
-    char tmp_cmd[20];  // "setSensitivity " (15) + "0-9" (1) + null = 17
-    buf_append_printf(tmp_cmd, sizeof(tmp_cmd), 0, "setSensitivity %d", sensitivity);
+    char tmp_cmd[20] = {0};
+    sprintf(tmp_cmd, "setSensitivity %d", sensitivity);
     cmd_ = std::string(tmp_cmd);
   };
   uint8_t on_message(std::string &message) override;

esphome/components/dsmr/__init__.py

@@ -25,13 +25,29 @@ dsmr_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("esphome::dsmr")
 Dsmr = dsmr_ns.class_("Dsmr", cg.Component, uart.UARTDevice)
 
 
+def _validate_key(value):
+    value = cv.string_strict(value)
+    parts = [value[i : i + 2] for i in range(0, len(value), 2)]
+    if len(parts) != 16:
+        raise cv.Invalid("Decryption key must consist of 16 hexadecimal numbers")
+    parts_int = []
+    if any(len(part) != 2 for part in parts):
+        raise cv.Invalid("Decryption key must be format XX")
+    for part in parts:
+        try:
+            parts_int.append(int(part, 16))
+        except ValueError:
+            # pylint: disable=raise-missing-from
+            raise cv.Invalid("Decryption key must be hex values from 00 to FF")
+
+    return "".join(f"{part:02X}" for part in parts_int)
+
+
 CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
     cv.Schema(
         {
             cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(Dsmr),
-            cv.Optional(CONF_DECRYPTION_KEY): lambda value: cv.bind_key(
-                value, name="Decryption key"
-            ),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_DECRYPTION_KEY): _validate_key,
             cv.Optional(CONF_CRC_CHECK, default=True): cv.boolean,
             cv.Optional(CONF_GAS_MBUS_ID, default=1): cv.int_,
             cv.Optional(CONF_WATER_MBUS_ID, default=2): cv.int_,

esphome/components/dsmr/dsmr.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #include "dsmr.h"
-#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
 #include <AES.h>
@@ -295,8 +294,8 @@ void Dsmr::dump_config() {
   DSMR_TEXT_SENSOR_LIST(DSMR_LOG_TEXT_SENSOR, )
 }
 
-void Dsmr::set_decryption_key(const char *decryption_key) {
-  if (decryption_key == nullptr || decryption_key[0] == '\0') {
+void Dsmr::set_decryption_key(const std::string &decryption_key) {
+  if (decryption_key.empty()) {
     ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Disabling decryption");
     this->decryption_key_.clear();
     if (this->crypt_telegram_ != nullptr) {
@@ -306,15 +305,21 @@ void Dsmr::set_decryption_key(const char *decryption_key) {
     return;
   }
 
-  if (!parse_hex(decryption_key, this->decryption_key_, 16)) {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Error, decryption key must be 32 hex characters");
-    this->decryption_key_.clear();
+  if (decryption_key.length() != 32) {
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Error, decryption key must be 32 character long");
     return;
   }
+  this->decryption_key_.clear();
 
   ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Decryption key is set");
   // Verbose level prints decryption key
-  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Using decryption key: %s", decryption_key);
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Using decryption key: %s", decryption_key.c_str());
+
+  char temp[3] = {0};
+  for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+    strncpy(temp, &(decryption_key.c_str()[i * 2]), 2);
+    this->decryption_key_.push_back(std::strtoul(temp, nullptr, 16));
+  }
 
   if (this->crypt_telegram_ == nullptr) {
     this->crypt_telegram_ = new uint8_t[this->max_telegram_len_];  // NOLINT

esphome/components/dsmr/dsmr.h

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class Dsmr : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
 
   void dump_config() override;
 
-  void set_decryption_key(const char *decryption_key);
+  void set_decryption_key(const std::string &decryption_key);
   void set_max_telegram_length(size_t length) { this->max_telegram_len_ = length; }
   void set_request_pin(GPIOPin *request_pin) { this->request_pin_ = request_pin; }
   void set_request_interval(uint32_t interval) { this->request_interval_ = interval; }

esphome/components/esp32_ble/ble_uuid.h

@@ -46,8 +46,6 @@ class ESPBTUUID {
 
   esp_bt_uuid_t get_uuid() const;
 
-  // Remove before 2026.8.0
-  ESPDEPRECATED("Use to_str() instead. Removed in 2026.8.0", "2026.2.0")
   std::string to_string() const;
   const char *to_str(std::span<char, UUID_STR_LEN> output) const;
 

esphome/components/esp32_hosted/update/esp32_hosted_update.cpp

@@ -69,10 +69,7 @@ void Esp32HostedUpdate::setup() {
   // Get coprocessor version
   esp_hosted_coprocessor_fwver_t ver_info;
   if (esp_hosted_get_coprocessor_fwversion(&ver_info) == ESP_OK) {
-    // 16 bytes: "255.255.255" (11 chars) + null + safety margin
-    char buf[16];
-    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d.%d.%d", ver_info.major1, ver_info.minor1, ver_info.patch1);
-    this->update_info_.current_version = buf;
+    this->update_info_.current_version = str_sprintf("%d.%d.%d", ver_info.major1, ver_info.minor1, ver_info.patch1);
   } else {
     this->update_info_.current_version = "unknown";
   }

esphome/components/esp8266/core.cpp

@@ -6,11 +6,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "preferences.h"
 #include <Arduino.h>
-#include <core_esp8266_features.h>
-
-extern "C" {
-#include <user_interface.h>
-}
+#include <Esp.h>
 
 namespace esphome {
 
@@ -20,19 +16,23 @@ void IRAM_ATTR HOT delay(uint32_t ms) { ::delay(ms); }
 uint32_t IRAM_ATTR HOT micros() { return ::micros(); }
 void IRAM_ATTR HOT delayMicroseconds(uint32_t us) { delay_microseconds_safe(us); }
 void arch_restart() {
-  system_restart();
+  ESP.restart();  // NOLINT(readability-static-accessed-through-instance)
   // restart() doesn't always end execution
   while (true) {  // NOLINT(clang-diagnostic-unreachable-code)
     yield();
   }
 }
 void arch_init() {}
-void IRAM_ATTR HOT arch_feed_wdt() { system_soft_wdt_feed(); }
+void IRAM_ATTR HOT arch_feed_wdt() {
+  ESP.wdtFeed();  // NOLINT(readability-static-accessed-through-instance)
+}
 
 uint8_t progmem_read_byte(const uint8_t *addr) {
   return pgm_read_byte(addr);  // NOLINT
 }
-uint32_t IRAM_ATTR HOT arch_get_cpu_cycle_count() { return esp_get_cycle_count(); }
+uint32_t IRAM_ATTR HOT arch_get_cpu_cycle_count() {
+  return ESP.getCycleCount();  // NOLINT(readability-static-accessed-through-instance)
+}
 uint32_t arch_get_cpu_freq_hz() { return F_CPU; }
 
 void force_link_symbols() {

esphome/components/esp8266/gpio.cpp

@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ void ESP8266GPIOPin::pin_mode(gpio::Flags flags) {
 }
 
 size_t ESP8266GPIOPin::dump_summary(char *buffer, size_t len) const {
-  return buf_append_printf(buffer, len, 0, "GPIO%u", this->pin_);
+  return snprintf(buffer, len, "GPIO%u", this->pin_);
 }
 
 bool ESP8266GPIOPin::digital_read() {

esphome/components/esp8266/preferences.cpp

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ extern "C" {
 #include "preferences.h"
 
 #include <cstring>
+#include <memory>
 
 namespace esphome::esp8266 {
 
@@ -142,8 +143,16 @@ class ESP8266PreferenceBackend : public ESPPreferenceBackend {
       return false;
 
     const size_t buffer_size = static_cast<size_t>(this->length_words) + 1;
-    SmallBufferWithHeapFallback<PREF_BUFFER_WORDS, uint32_t> buffer_alloc(buffer_size);
-    uint32_t *buffer = buffer_alloc.get();
+    uint32_t stack_buffer[PREF_BUFFER_WORDS];
+    std::unique_ptr<uint32_t[]> heap_buffer;
+    uint32_t *buffer;
+
+    if (buffer_size <= PREF_BUFFER_WORDS) {
+      buffer = stack_buffer;
+    } else {
+      heap_buffer = make_unique<uint32_t[]>(buffer_size);
+      buffer = heap_buffer.get();
+    }
     memset(buffer, 0, buffer_size * sizeof(uint32_t));
 
     memcpy(buffer, data, len);
@@ -158,8 +167,16 @@ class ESP8266PreferenceBackend : public ESPPreferenceBackend {
       return false;
 
     const size_t buffer_size = static_cast<size_t>(this->length_words) + 1;
-    SmallBufferWithHeapFallback<PREF_BUFFER_WORDS, uint32_t> buffer_alloc(buffer_size);
-    uint32_t *buffer = buffer_alloc.get();
+    uint32_t stack_buffer[PREF_BUFFER_WORDS];
+    std::unique_ptr<uint32_t[]> heap_buffer;
+    uint32_t *buffer;
+
+    if (buffer_size <= PREF_BUFFER_WORDS) {
+      buffer = stack_buffer;
+    } else {
+      heap_buffer = make_unique<uint32_t[]>(buffer_size);
+      buffer = heap_buffer.get();
+    }
 
     bool ret = this->in_flash ? load_from_flash(this->offset, buffer, buffer_size)
                               : load_from_rtc(this->offset, buffer, buffer_size);

esphome/components/event/__init__.py

@@ -90,7 +90,9 @@ async def setup_event_core_(var, config, *, event_types: list[str]):
 
     for conf in config.get(CONF_ON_EVENT, []):
         trigger = cg.new_Pvariable(conf[CONF_TRIGGER_ID], var)
-        await automation.build_automation(trigger, [(cg.StringRef, "event_type")], conf)
+        await automation.build_automation(
+            trigger, [(cg.std_string, "event_type")], conf
+        )
 
     cg.add(var.set_event_types(event_types))
 

esphome/components/event/automation.h

@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ template<typename... Ts> class TriggerEventAction : public Action<Ts...>, public
   void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->trigger(this->event_type_.value(x...)); }
 };
 
-class EventTrigger : public Trigger<StringRef> {
+class EventTrigger : public Trigger<std::string> {
  public:
   EventTrigger(Event *event) {
-    event->add_on_event_callback([this](StringRef event_type) { this->trigger(event_type); });
+    event->add_on_event_callback([this](const std::string &event_type) { this->trigger(event_type); });
   }
 };
 

esphome/components/event/event.cpp

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ void Event::trigger(const std::string &event_type) {
   }
   this->last_event_type_ = found;
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' >> '%s'", this->get_name().c_str(), this->last_event_type_);
-  this->event_callback_.call(StringRef(found));
+  this->event_callback_.call(event_type);
 #if defined(USE_EVENT) && defined(USE_CONTROLLER_REGISTRY)
   ControllerRegistry::notify_event(this);
 #endif
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ void Event::set_event_types(const std::vector<const char *> &event_types) {
   this->last_event_type_ = nullptr;  // Reset when types change
 }
 
-void Event::add_on_event_callback(std::function<void(StringRef event_type)> &&callback) {
+void Event::add_on_event_callback(std::function<void(const std::string &event_type)> &&callback) {
   this->event_callback_.add(std::move(callback));
 }
 

esphome/components/event/event.h

@@ -70,10 +70,10 @@ class Event : public EntityBase, public EntityBase_DeviceClass {
   /// Check if an event has been triggered.
   bool has_event() const { return this->last_event_type_ != nullptr; }
 
-  void add_on_event_callback(std::function<void(StringRef event_type)> &&callback);
+  void add_on_event_callback(std::function<void(const std::string &event_type)> &&callback);
 
  protected:
-  LazyCallbackManager<void(StringRef event_type)> event_callback_;
+  LazyCallbackManager<void(const std::string &event_type)> event_callback_;
   FixedVector<const char *> types_;
 
  private:

esphome/components/ezo/ezo.cpp

@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ void EZOSensor::loop() {
   this->commands_.pop_front();
 }
 
-void EZOSensor::add_command_(const char *command, EzoCommandType command_type, uint16_t delay_ms) {
+void EZOSensor::add_command_(const std::string &command, EzoCommandType command_type, uint16_t delay_ms) {
   std::unique_ptr<EzoCommand> ezo_command(new EzoCommand);
   ezo_command->command = command;
   ezo_command->command_type = command_type;
@@ -169,17 +169,13 @@ void EZOSensor::add_command_(const char *command, EzoCommandType command_type, u
 }
 
 void EZOSensor::set_calibration_point_(EzoCalibrationType type, float value) {
-  // max 21: "Cal,"(4) + type(4) + ","(1) + float(11) + null; use 24 for safety
-  char payload[24];
-  snprintf(payload, sizeof(payload), "Cal,%s,%0.2f", EZO_CALIBRATION_TYPE_STRINGS[type], value);
+  std::string payload = str_sprintf("Cal,%s,%0.2f", EZO_CALIBRATION_TYPE_STRINGS[type], value);
   this->add_command_(payload, EzoCommandType::EZO_CALIBRATION, 900);
 }
 
 void EZOSensor::set_address(uint8_t address) {
   if (address > 0 && address < 128) {
-    // max 8: "I2C,"(4) + uint8(3) + null
-    char payload[8];
-    snprintf(payload, sizeof(payload), "I2C,%u", address);
+    std::string payload = str_sprintf("I2C,%u", address);
     this->new_address_ = address;
     this->add_command_(payload, EzoCommandType::EZO_I2C);
   } else {
@@ -198,9 +194,7 @@ void EZOSensor::get_slope() { this->add_command_("Slope,?", EzoCommandType::EZO_
 void EZOSensor::get_t() { this->add_command_("T,?", EzoCommandType::EZO_T); }
 
 void EZOSensor::set_t(float value) {
-  // max 14 bytes: "T,"(2) + float with "%0.2f" (up to 11 chars) + null(1); use 16 for alignment
-  char payload[16];
-  snprintf(payload, sizeof(payload), "T,%0.2f", value);
+  std::string payload = str_sprintf("T,%0.2f", value);
   this->add_command_(payload, EzoCommandType::EZO_T);
 }
 
@@ -221,9 +215,7 @@ void EZOSensor::set_calibration_point_high(float value) {
 }
 
 void EZOSensor::set_calibration_generic(float value) {
-  // exact 16 bytes: "Cal," (4) + float with "%0.2f" (up to 11 chars, e.g. "-9999999.99") + null (1) = 16
-  char payload[16];
-  snprintf(payload, sizeof(payload), "Cal,%0.2f", value);
+  std::string payload = str_sprintf("Cal,%0.2f", value);
   this->add_command_(payload, EzoCommandType::EZO_CALIBRATION, 900);
 }
 
@@ -231,11 +223,13 @@ void EZOSensor::clear_calibration() { this->add_command_("Cal,clear", EzoCommand
 
 void EZOSensor::get_led_state() { this->add_command_("L,?", EzoCommandType::EZO_LED); }
 
-void EZOSensor::set_led_state(bool on) { this->add_command_(on ? "L,1" : "L,0", EzoCommandType::EZO_LED); }
-
-void EZOSensor::send_custom(const std::string &to_send) {
-  this->add_command_(to_send.c_str(), EzoCommandType::EZO_CUSTOM);
+void EZOSensor::set_led_state(bool on) {
+  std::string to_send = "L,";
+  to_send += on ? "1" : "0";
+  this->add_command_(to_send, EzoCommandType::EZO_LED);
 }
 
+void EZOSensor::send_custom(const std::string &to_send) { this->add_command_(to_send, EzoCommandType::EZO_CUSTOM); }
+
 }  // namespace ezo
 }  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/ezo/ezo.h

@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class EZOSensor : public sensor::Sensor, public PollingComponent, public i2c::I2
   std::deque<std::unique_ptr<EzoCommand>> commands_;
   int new_address_;
 
-  void add_command_(const char *command, EzoCommandType command_type, uint16_t delay_ms = 300);
+  void add_command_(const std::string &command, EzoCommandType command_type, uint16_t delay_ms = 300);
 
   void set_calibration_point_(EzoCalibrationType type, float value);
 

esphome/components/ezo_pmp/ezo_pmp.cpp

@@ -318,93 +318,90 @@ void EzoPMP::send_next_command_() {
   switch (this->next_command_) {
     // Read Commands
     case EZO_PMP_COMMAND_READ_DOSING:  // Page 54
-      command_buffer_length = snprintf((char *) command_buffer, sizeof(command_buffer), "D,?");
+      command_buffer_length = sprintf((char *) command_buffer, "D,?");
       break;
 
     case EZO_PMP_COMMAND_READ_SINGLE_REPORT:  // Single Report (page 53)
-      command_buffer_length = snprintf((char *) command_buffer, sizeof(command_buffer), "R");
+      command_buffer_length = sprintf((char *) command_buffer, "R");
       break;
 
     case EZO_PMP_COMMAND_READ_MAX_FLOW_RATE:
-      command_buffer_length = snprintf((char *) command_buffer, sizeof(command_buffer), "DC,?");
+      command_buffer_length = sprintf((char *) command_buffer, "DC,?");
       break;
 
     case EZO_PMP_COMMAND_READ_PAUSE_STATUS:
-      command_buffer_length = snprintf((char *) command_buffer, sizeof(command_buffer), "P,?");
+      command_buffer_length = sprintf((char *) command_buffer, "P,?");
       break;
 
     case EZO_PMP_COMMAND_READ_TOTAL_VOLUME_DOSED:
-      command_buffer_length = snprintf((char *) command_buffer, sizeof(command_buffer), "TV,?");
+      command_buffer_length = sprintf((char *) command_buffer, "TV,?");
       break;
 
     case EZO_PMP_COMMAND_READ_ABSOLUTE_TOTAL_VOLUME_DOSED:
-      command_buffer_length = snprintf((char *) command_buffer, sizeof(command_buffer), "ATV,?");
+      command_buffer_length = sprintf((char *) command_buffer, "ATV,?");
       break;
 
     case EZO_PMP_COMMAND_READ_CALIBRATION_STATUS:
-      command_buffer_length = snprintf((char *) command_buffer, sizeof(command_buffer), "Cal,?");
+      command_buffer_length = sprintf((char *) command_buffer, "Cal,?");
       break;
 
     case EZO_PMP_COMMAND_READ_PUMP_VOLTAGE:
-      command_buffer_length = snprintf((char *) command_buffer, sizeof(command_buffer), "PV,?");
+      command_buffer_length = sprintf((char *) command_buffer, "PV,?");
       break;
 
       // Non-Read Commands
 
     case EZO_PMP_COMMAND_FIND:  // Find (page 52)
-      command_buffer_length = snprintf((char *) command_buffer, sizeof(command_buffer), "Find");
+      command_buffer_length = sprintf((char *) command_buffer, "Find");
       wait_time_for_command = 60000;  // This command will block all updates for a minute
       break;
 
     case EZO_PMP_COMMAND_DOSE_CONTINUOUSLY:  // Continuous Dispensing (page 54)
-      command_buffer_length = snprintf((char *) command_buffer, sizeof(command_buffer), "D,*");
+      command_buffer_length = sprintf((char *) command_buffer, "D,*");
       break;
 
     case EZO_PMP_COMMAND_CLEAR_TOTAL_VOLUME_DOSED:  // Clear Total Volume Dosed (page 64)
-      command_buffer_length = snprintf((char *) command_buffer, sizeof(command_buffer), "Clear");
+      command_buffer_length = sprintf((char *) command_buffer, "Clear");
       break;
 
     case EZO_PMP_COMMAND_CLEAR_CALIBRATION:  // Clear Calibration (page 65)
-      command_buffer_length = snprintf((char *) command_buffer, sizeof(command_buffer), "Cal,clear");
+      command_buffer_length = sprintf((char *) command_buffer, "Cal,clear");
       break;
 
     case EZO_PMP_COMMAND_PAUSE_DOSING:  // Pause (page 61)
-      command_buffer_length = snprintf((char *) command_buffer, sizeof(command_buffer), "P");
+      command_buffer_length = sprintf((char *) command_buffer, "P");
       break;
 
     case EZO_PMP_COMMAND_STOP_DOSING:  // Stop (page 62)
-      command_buffer_length = snprintf((char *) command_buffer, sizeof(command_buffer), "X");
+      command_buffer_length = sprintf((char *) command_buffer, "X");
       break;
 
       // Non-Read commands with parameters
 
     case EZO_PMP_COMMAND_DOSE_VOLUME:  // Volume Dispensing (page 55)
-      command_buffer_length =
-          snprintf((char *) command_buffer, sizeof(command_buffer), "D,%0.1f", this->next_command_volume_);
+      command_buffer_length = sprintf((char *) command_buffer, "D,%0.1f", this->next_command_volume_);
       break;
 
     case EZO_PMP_COMMAND_DOSE_VOLUME_OVER_TIME:  // Dose over time (page 56)
-      command_buffer_length = snprintf((char *) command_buffer, sizeof(command_buffer), "D,%0.1f,%i",
-                                       this->next_command_volume_, this->next_command_duration_);
+      command_buffer_length =
+          sprintf((char *) command_buffer, "D,%0.1f,%i", this->next_command_volume_, this->next_command_duration_);
       break;
 
     case EZO_PMP_COMMAND_DOSE_WITH_CONSTANT_FLOW_RATE:  // Constant Flow Rate (page 57)
-      command_buffer_length = snprintf((char *) command_buffer, sizeof(command_buffer), "DC,%0.1f,%i",
-                                       this->next_command_volume_, this->next_command_duration_);
+      command_buffer_length =
+          sprintf((char *) command_buffer, "DC,%0.1f,%i", this->next_command_volume_, this->next_command_duration_);
       break;
 
     case EZO_PMP_COMMAND_SET_CALIBRATION_VOLUME:  // Set Calibration Volume (page 65)
-      command_buffer_length =
-          snprintf((char *) command_buffer, sizeof(command_buffer), "Cal,%0.2f", this->next_command_volume_);
+      command_buffer_length = sprintf((char *) command_buffer, "Cal,%0.2f", this->next_command_volume_);
       break;
 
     case EZO_PMP_COMMAND_CHANGE_I2C_ADDRESS:  // Change I2C Address (page 73)
-      command_buffer_length =
-          snprintf((char *) command_buffer, sizeof(command_buffer), "I2C,%i", this->next_command_duration_);
+      command_buffer_length = sprintf((char *) command_buffer, "I2C,%i", this->next_command_duration_);
       break;
 
     case EZO_PMP_COMMAND_EXEC_ARBITRARY_COMMAND_ADDRESS:  // Run an arbitrary command
-      command_buffer_length = snprintf((char *) command_buffer, sizeof(command_buffer), "%s", this->arbitrary_command_);
+      command_buffer_length = sprintf((char *) command_buffer, this->arbitrary_command_, this->next_command_duration_);
       ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Sending arbitrary command: %s", (char *) command_buffer);
       break;
 

esphome/components/fan/__init__.py

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ FanSpeedSetTrigger = fan_ns.class_(
     "FanSpeedSetTrigger", automation.Trigger.template(cg.int_)
 )
 FanPresetSetTrigger = fan_ns.class_(
-    "FanPresetSetTrigger", automation.Trigger.template(cg.StringRef)
+    "FanPresetSetTrigger", automation.Trigger.template(cg.std_string)
 )
 
 FanIsOnCondition = fan_ns.class_("FanIsOnCondition", automation.Condition.template())
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ async def setup_fan_core_(var, config):
         await automation.build_automation(trigger, [(cg.int_, "x")], conf)
     for conf in config.get(CONF_ON_PRESET_SET, []):
         trigger = cg.new_Pvariable(conf[CONF_TRIGGER_ID], var)
-        await automation.build_automation(trigger, [(cg.StringRef, "x")], conf)
+        await automation.build_automation(trigger, [(cg.std_string, "x")], conf)
 
 
 async def register_fan(var, config):

esphome/components/fan/automation.h

@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ class FanSpeedSetTrigger : public Trigger<int> {
   int last_speed_;
 };
 
-class FanPresetSetTrigger : public Trigger<StringRef> {
+class FanPresetSetTrigger : public Trigger<std::string> {
  public:
   FanPresetSetTrigger(Fan *state) {
     state->add_on_state_callback([this, state]() {
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ class FanPresetSetTrigger : public Trigger<StringRef> {
       auto should_trigger = preset_mode != this->last_preset_mode_;
       this->last_preset_mode_ = preset_mode;
       if (should_trigger) {
-        this->trigger(preset_mode);
+        this->trigger(std::string(preset_mode));
       }
     });
     this->last_preset_mode_ = state->get_preset_mode();

esphome/components/gdk101/gdk101.cpp

@@ -163,10 +163,9 @@ bool GDK101Component::read_fw_version_(uint8_t *data) {
       return false;
     }
 
-    // max 8: "255.255" (7 chars) + null
-    char buf[8];
-    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d.%d", data[0], data[1]);
-    this->fw_version_text_sensor_->publish_state(buf);
+    const std::string fw_version_str = str_sprintf("%d.%d", data[0], data[1]);
+
+    this->fw_version_text_sensor_->publish_state(fw_version_str);
   }
 #endif  // USE_TEXT_SENSOR
   return true;

esphome/components/homeassistant/number/homeassistant_number.cpp

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ void HomeassistantNumber::control(float value) {
   entity_value.key = VALUE_KEY;
   // Stack buffer - no heap allocation; %g produces shortest representation
   char value_buf[16];
-  buf_append_printf(value_buf, sizeof(value_buf), 0, "%g", value);
+  snprintf(value_buf, sizeof(value_buf), "%g", value);
   entity_value.value = StringRef(value_buf);
 
   api::global_api_server->send_homeassistant_action(resp);

esphome/components/infrared/infrared.cpp

@@ -18,15 +18,7 @@ InfraredCall &InfraredCall::set_carrier_frequency(uint32_t frequency) {
 
 InfraredCall &InfraredCall::set_raw_timings(const std::vector<int32_t> &timings) {
   this->raw_timings_ = &timings;
-  this->packed_data_ = nullptr;
-  this->base64url_ptr_ = nullptr;
-  return *this;
-}
-
-InfraredCall &InfraredCall::set_raw_timings_base64url(const std::string &base64url) {
-  this->base64url_ptr_ = &base64url;
-  this->raw_timings_ = nullptr;
-  this->packed_data_ = nullptr;
+  this->packed_data_ = nullptr;  // Clear packed if vector is set
   return *this;
 }
 
@@ -34,8 +26,7 @@ InfraredCall &InfraredCall::set_raw_timings_packed(const uint8_t *data, uint16_t
   this->packed_data_ = data;
   this->packed_length_ = length;
   this->packed_count_ = count;
-  this->raw_timings_ = nullptr;
-  this->base64url_ptr_ = nullptr;
+  this->raw_timings_ = nullptr;  // Clear vector if packed is set
   return *this;
 }
 
@@ -101,23 +92,6 @@ void Infrared::control(const InfraredCall &call) {
                                                call.get_packed_count());
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Transmitting packed raw timings: count=%u, repeat=%u", call.get_packed_count(),
              call.get_repeat_count());
-  } else if (call.is_base64url()) {
-    // Decode base64url (URL-safe) into transmit buffer
-    if (!transmit_data->set_data_from_base64url(call.get_base64url_data())) {
-      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid base64url data");
-      return;
-    }
-    // Sanity check: validate timing values are within reasonable bounds
-    constexpr int32_t max_timing_us = 500000;  // 500ms absolute max
-    for (int32_t timing : transmit_data->get_data()) {
-      int32_t abs_timing = timing < 0 ? -timing : timing;
-      if (abs_timing > max_timing_us) {
-        ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid timing value: %d µs (max %d)", timing, max_timing_us);
-        return;
-      }
-    }
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Transmitting base64url raw timings: count=%zu, repeat=%u", transmit_data->get_data().size(),
-             call.get_repeat_count());
   } else {
     // From vector (lambdas/automations)
     transmit_data->set_data(call.get_raw_timings());

esphome/components/infrared/infrared.h

@@ -28,29 +28,12 @@ class InfraredCall {
 
   /// Set the carrier frequency in Hz
   InfraredCall &set_carrier_frequency(uint32_t frequency);
-
-  // ===== Raw Timings Methods =====
-  // All set_raw_timings_* methods store pointers/references to external data.
-  // The referenced data must remain valid until perform() completes.
-  // Safe pattern:   call.set_raw_timings_xxx(data); call.perform();  // synchronous
-  // Unsafe pattern: call.set_raw_timings_xxx(data); defer([call]() { call.perform(); });  // data may be gone!
-
-  /// Set the raw timings from a vector (positive = mark, negative = space)
-  /// @note Lifetime: Stores a pointer to the vector. The vector must outlive perform().
-  /// @note Usage: Primarily for lambdas/automations where the vector is in scope.
+  /// Set the raw timings (positive = mark, negative = space)
+  /// Note: The timings vector must outlive the InfraredCall (zero-copy reference)
   InfraredCall &set_raw_timings(const std::vector<int32_t> &timings);
-
-  /// Set the raw timings from base64url-encoded little-endian int32 data
-  /// @note Lifetime: Stores a pointer to the string. The string must outlive perform().
-  /// @note Usage: For web_server - base64url is fully URL-safe (uses '-' and '_').
-  /// @note Decoding happens at perform() time, directly into the transmit buffer.
-  InfraredCall &set_raw_timings_base64url(const std::string &base64url);
-
-  /// Set the raw timings from packed protobuf sint32 data (zigzag + varint encoded)
-  /// @note Lifetime: Stores a pointer to the buffer. The buffer must outlive perform().
-  /// @note Usage: For API component where data comes directly from the protobuf message.
+  /// Set the raw timings from packed protobuf sint32 data (zero-copy from wire)
+  /// Note: The data must outlive the InfraredCall
   InfraredCall &set_raw_timings_packed(const uint8_t *data, uint16_t length, uint16_t count);
-
   /// Set the number of times to repeat transmission (1 = transmit once, 2 = transmit twice, etc.)
   InfraredCall &set_repeat_count(uint32_t count);
 
@@ -59,18 +42,12 @@ class InfraredCall {
 
   /// Get the carrier frequency
   const optional<uint32_t> &get_carrier_frequency() const { return this->carrier_frequency_; }
-  /// Get the raw timings (only valid if set via set_raw_timings)
+  /// Get the raw timings (only valid if set via set_raw_timings, not packed)
   const std::vector<int32_t> &get_raw_timings() const { return *this->raw_timings_; }
-  /// Check if raw timings have been set (any format)
-  bool has_raw_timings() const {
-    return this->raw_timings_ != nullptr || this->packed_data_ != nullptr || this->base64url_ptr_ != nullptr;
-  }
+  /// Check if raw timings have been set (either vector or packed)
+  bool has_raw_timings() const { return this->raw_timings_ != nullptr || this->packed_data_ != nullptr; }
   /// Check if using packed data format
   bool is_packed() const { return this->packed_data_ != nullptr; }
-  /// Check if using base64url data format
-  bool is_base64url() const { return this->base64url_ptr_ != nullptr; }
-  /// Get the base64url data string
-  const std::string &get_base64url_data() const { return *this->base64url_ptr_; }
   /// Get packed data (only valid if set via set_raw_timings_packed)
   const uint8_t *get_packed_data() const { return this->packed_data_; }
   uint16_t get_packed_length() const { return this->packed_length_; }
@@ -82,11 +59,9 @@ class InfraredCall {
   uint32_t repeat_count_{1};
   Infrared *parent_;
   optional<uint32_t> carrier_frequency_;
-  // Pointer to vector-based timings (caller-owned, must outlive perform())
+  // Vector-based timings (for lambdas/automations)
   const std::vector<int32_t> *raw_timings_{nullptr};
-  // Pointer to base64url-encoded string (caller-owned, must outlive perform())
-  const std::string *base64url_ptr_{nullptr};
-  // Pointer to packed protobuf buffer (caller-owned, must outlive perform())
+  // Packed protobuf timings (for API zero-copy)
   const uint8_t *packed_data_{nullptr};
   uint16_t packed_length_{0};
   uint16_t packed_count_{0};

esphome/components/light/light_json_schema.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #include "light_json_schema.h"
-#include "color_mode.h"
 #include "light_output.h"
 #include "esphome/core/progmem.h"
 
@@ -9,32 +8,29 @@ namespace esphome::light {
 
 // See https://www.home-assistant.io/integrations/light.mqtt/#json-schema for documentation on the schema
 
-// Get JSON string for color mode.
-// ColorMode enum values are sparse bitmasks (0, 1, 3, 7, 11, 19, 35, 39, 47, 51) which would
-// generate a large jump table. Converting to bit index (0-9) allows a compact switch.
-static ProgmemStr get_color_mode_json_str(ColorMode mode) {
-  switch (ColorModeBitPolicy::to_bit(mode)) {
-    case 1:
-      return ESPHOME_F("onoff");
-    case 2:
-      return ESPHOME_F("brightness");
-    case 3:
-      return ESPHOME_F("white");
-    case 4:
-      return ESPHOME_F("color_temp");
-    case 5:
-      return ESPHOME_F("cwww");
-    case 6:
-      return ESPHOME_F("rgb");
-    case 7:
-      return ESPHOME_F("rgbw");
-    case 8:
-      return ESPHOME_F("rgbct");
-    case 9:
-      return ESPHOME_F("rgbww");
-    default:
-      return nullptr;
+// Get JSON string for color mode using linear search (avoids large switch jump table)
+static const char *get_color_mode_json_str(ColorMode mode) {
+  // Parallel arrays: mode values and their corresponding strings
+  // Uses less RAM than a switch jump table on sparse enum values
+  static constexpr ColorMode MODES[] = {
+      ColorMode::ON_OFF,
+      ColorMode::BRIGHTNESS,
+      ColorMode::WHITE,
+      ColorMode::COLOR_TEMPERATURE,
+      ColorMode::COLD_WARM_WHITE,
+      ColorMode::RGB,
+      ColorMode::RGB_WHITE,
+      ColorMode::RGB_COLOR_TEMPERATURE,
+      ColorMode::RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE,
+  };
+  static constexpr const char *STRINGS[] = {
+      "onoff", "brightness", "white", "color_temp", "cwww", "rgb", "rgbw", "rgbct", "rgbww",
+  };
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(MODES) / sizeof(MODES[0]); i++) {
+    if (MODES[i] == mode)
+      return STRINGS[i];
   }
+  return nullptr;
 }
 
 void LightJSONSchema::dump_json(LightState &state, JsonObject root) {
@@ -48,7 +44,7 @@ void LightJSONSchema::dump_json(LightState &state, JsonObject root) {
   auto values = state.remote_values;
 
   const auto color_mode = values.get_color_mode();
-  const auto *mode_str = get_color_mode_json_str(color_mode);
+  const char *mode_str = get_color_mode_json_str(color_mode);
   if (mode_str != nullptr) {
     root[ESPHOME_F("color_mode")] = mode_str;
   }

esphome/components/lightwaverf/lightwaverf.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
 #ifdef USE_ESP8266
@@ -45,16 +44,13 @@ void LightWaveRF::send_rx(const std::vector<uint8_t> &msg, uint8_t repeats, bool
 }
 
 void LightWaveRF::print_msg_(uint8_t *msg, uint8_t len) {
-#if ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL >= ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG
-  char buffer[65];  // max 10 entries * 6 chars + null
+  char buffer[65];
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, " Received code (len:%i): ", len);
 
-  size_t pos = 0;
   for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-    pos = buf_append_printf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), pos, "0x%02x, ", msg[i]);
+    sprintf(&buffer[i * 6], "0x%02x, ", msg[i]);
   }
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "[%s]", buffer);
-#endif
 }
 
 void LightWaveRF::dump_config() {

esphome/components/lock/lock.cpp

@@ -28,14 +28,16 @@ const LogString *lock_state_to_string(LockState state) {
 Lock::Lock() : state(LOCK_STATE_NONE) {}
 LockCall Lock::make_call() { return LockCall(this); }
 
-void Lock::set_state_(LockState state) {
+void Lock::lock() {
   auto call = this->make_call();
-  call.set_state(state);
+  call.set_state(LOCK_STATE_LOCKED);
+  this->control(call);
+}
+void Lock::unlock() {
+  auto call = this->make_call();
+  call.set_state(LOCK_STATE_UNLOCKED);
   this->control(call);
 }
-
-void Lock::lock() { this->set_state_(LOCK_STATE_LOCKED); }
-void Lock::unlock() { this->set_state_(LOCK_STATE_UNLOCKED); }
 void Lock::open() {
   if (traits.get_supports_open()) {
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' Opening.", this->get_name().c_str());

esphome/components/lock/lock.h

@@ -156,9 +156,6 @@ class Lock : public EntityBase {
  protected:
   friend LockCall;
 
-  /// Helper for lock/unlock convenience methods
-  void set_state_(LockState state);
-
   /** Perform the open latch action with hardware. This method is optional to implement
    * when creating a new lock.
    *

esphome/components/lvgl/lv_validation.py

@@ -413,7 +413,6 @@ class TextValidator(LValidator):
                 str_args = [str(x) for x in value[CONF_ARGS]]
                 arg_expr = cg.RawExpression(",".join(str_args))
                 format_str = cpp_string_escape(format_str)
-                # str_sprintf justified: user-defined format, can't optimize without permanent RAM cost
                 sprintf_str = f"str_sprintf({format_str}, {arg_expr}).c_str()"
                 if nanval := value.get(CONF_IF_NAN):
                     nanval = cpp_string_escape(nanval)

esphome/components/lvgl/lvgl_esphome.cpp

@@ -65,10 +65,7 @@ std::string lv_event_code_name_for(uint8_t event_code) {
   if (event_code < sizeof(EVENT_NAMES) / sizeof(EVENT_NAMES[0])) {
     return EVENT_NAMES[event_code];
   }
-  // max 4 bytes: "%u" with uint8_t (max 255, 3 digits) + null
-  char buf[4];
-  snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%u", event_code);
-  return buf;
+  return str_sprintf("%2d", event_code);
 }
 
 static void rounder_cb(lv_disp_drv_t *disp_drv, lv_area_t *area) {

esphome/components/mapping/mapping.h

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
-#include <cinttypes>
 #include <map>
 #include <string>
 
@@ -44,17 +43,8 @@ template<typename K, typename V> class Mapping {
       esph_log_e(TAG, "Key '%p' not found in mapping", key);
     } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<K, std::string>) {
       esph_log_e(TAG, "Key '%s' not found in mapping", key.c_str());
-    } else if constexpr (std::is_integral_v<K>) {
-      char buf[24];  // enough for 64-bit integer
-      if constexpr (std::is_unsigned_v<K>) {
-        buf_append_printf(buf, sizeof(buf), 0, "%" PRIu64, static_cast<uint64_t>(key));
-      } else {
-        buf_append_printf(buf, sizeof(buf), 0, "%" PRId64, static_cast<int64_t>(key));
-      }
-      esph_log_e(TAG, "Key '%s' not found in mapping", buf);
     } else {
-      // All supported key types are handled above - this should never be reached
-      static_assert(sizeof(K) == 0, "Unsupported key type for Mapping error logging");
+      esph_log_e(TAG, "Key '%s' not found in mapping", to_string(key).c_str());
     }
     return {};
   }

esphome/components/max6956/max6956.cpp

@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ void MAX6956GPIOPin::pin_mode(gpio::Flags flags) { this->parent_->pin_mode(this-
 bool MAX6956GPIOPin::digital_read() { return this->parent_->digital_read(this->pin_) != this->inverted_; }
 void MAX6956GPIOPin::digital_write(bool value) { this->parent_->digital_write(this->pin_, value != this->inverted_); }
 size_t MAX6956GPIOPin::dump_summary(char *buffer, size_t len) const {
-  return buf_append_printf(buffer, len, 0, "%u via Max6956", this->pin_);
+  return snprintf(buffer, len, "%u via Max6956", this->pin_);
 }
 
 }  // namespace max6956

esphome/components/mcp23016/mcp23016.cpp

@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ void MCP23016GPIOPin::pin_mode(gpio::Flags flags) { this->parent_->pin_mode(this
 bool MCP23016GPIOPin::digital_read() { return this->parent_->digital_read(this->pin_) != this->inverted_; }
 void MCP23016GPIOPin::digital_write(bool value) { this->parent_->digital_write(this->pin_, value != this->inverted_); }
 size_t MCP23016GPIOPin::dump_summary(char *buffer, size_t len) const {
-  return buf_append_printf(buffer, len, 0, "%u via MCP23016", this->pin_);
+  return snprintf(buffer, len, "%u via MCP23016", this->pin_);
 }
 
 }  // namespace mcp23016

esphome/components/mcp23xxx_base/mcp23xxx_base.cpp

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ template<uint8_t N> void MCP23XXXGPIOPin<N>::digital_write(bool value) {
   this->parent_->digital_write(this->pin_, value != this->inverted_);
 }
 template<uint8_t N> size_t MCP23XXXGPIOPin<N>::dump_summary(char *buffer, size_t len) const {
-  return buf_append_printf(buffer, len, 0, "%u via MCP23XXX", this->pin_);
+  return snprintf(buffer, len, "%u via MCP23XXX", this->pin_);
 }
 
 template class MCP23XXXGPIOPin<8>;

esphome/components/mipi_dsi/models/guition.py

@@ -101,225 +101,4 @@ DriverChip(
         (0xFF, 0x77, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00),
     ]
 )
-
-# jc8012P4A1 Driver Configuration (jd9365)
-# Using parameters from esp_lcd_jd9365.h and the working full init sequence
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# * Resolution: 800x1280
-# * PCLK Frequency: 60 MHz
-# * DSI Lane Bit Rate: 1 Gbps (using 2-Lane DSI configuration)
-# * Horizontal Timing (hsync_pulse_width=20, hsync_back_porch=20, hsync_front_porch=40)
-# * Vertical Timing (vsync_pulse_width=4, vsync_back_porch=8, vsync_front_porch=20)
-# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-DriverChip(
-    "JC8012P4A1",
-    width=800,
-    height=1280,
-    hsync_back_porch=20,
-    hsync_pulse_width=20,
-    hsync_front_porch=40,
-    vsync_back_porch=8,
-    vsync_pulse_width=4,
-    vsync_front_porch=20,
-    pclk_frequency="60MHz",
-    lane_bit_rate="1Gbps",
-    swap_xy=cv.UNDEFINED,
-    color_order="RGB",
-    reset_pin=27,
-    initsequence=[
-        (0xE0, 0x00),
-        (0xE1, 0x93),
-        (0xE2, 0x65),
-        (0xE3, 0xF8),
-        (0x80, 0x01),
-        (0xE0, 0x01),
-        (0x00, 0x00),
-        (0x01, 0x39),
-        (0x03, 0x10),
-        (0x04, 0x41),
-        (0x0C, 0x74),
-        (0x17, 0x00),
-        (0x18, 0xD7),
-        (0x19, 0x00),
-        (0x1A, 0x00),
-        (0x1B, 0xD7),
-        (0x1C, 0x00),
-        (0x24, 0xFE),
-        (0x35, 0x26),
-        (0x37, 0x69),
-        (0x38, 0x05),
-        (0x39, 0x06),
-        (0x3A, 0x08),
-        (0x3C, 0x78),
-        (0x3D, 0xFF),
-        (0x3E, 0xFF),
-        (0x3F, 0xFF),
-        (0x40, 0x06),
-        (0x41, 0xA0),
-        (0x43, 0x14),
-        (0x44, 0x0B),
-        (0x45, 0x30),
-        (0x4B, 0x04),
-        (0x55, 0x02),
-        (0x57, 0x89),
-        (0x59, 0x0A),
-        (0x5A, 0x28),
-        (0x5B, 0x15),
-        (0x5D, 0x50),
-        (0x5E, 0x37),
-        (0x5F, 0x29),
-        (0x60, 0x1E),
-        (0x61, 0x1D),
-        (0x62, 0x12),
-        (0x63, 0x1A),
-        (0x64, 0x08),
-        (0x65, 0x25),
-        (0x66, 0x26),
-        (0x67, 0x28),
-        (0x68, 0x49),
-        (0x69, 0x3A),
-        (0x6A, 0x43),
-        (0x6B, 0x3A),
-        (0x6C, 0x3B),
-        (0x6D, 0x32),
-        (0x6E, 0x1F),
-        (0x6F, 0x0E),
-        (0x70, 0x50),
-        (0x71, 0x37),
-        (0x72, 0x29),
-        (0x73, 0x1E),
-        (0x74, 0x1D),
-        (0x75, 0x12),
-        (0x76, 0x1A),
-        (0x77, 0x08),
-        (0x78, 0x25),
-        (0x79, 0x26),
-        (0x7A, 0x28),
-        (0x7B, 0x49),
-        (0x7C, 0x3A),
-        (0x7D, 0x43),
-        (0x7E, 0x3A),
-        (0x7F, 0x3B),
-        (0x80, 0x32),
-        (0x81, 0x1F),
-        (0x82, 0x0E),
-        (0xE0, 0x02),
-        (0x00, 0x1F),
-        (0x01, 0x1F),
-        (0x02, 0x52),
-        (0x03, 0x51),
-        (0x04, 0x50),
-        (0x05, 0x4B),
-        (0x06, 0x4A),
-        (0x07, 0x49),
-        (0x08, 0x48),
-        (0x09, 0x47),
-        (0x0A, 0x46),
-        (0x0B, 0x45),
-        (0x0C, 0x44),
-        (0x0D, 0x40),
-        (0x0E, 0x41),
-        (0x0F, 0x1F),
-        (0x10, 0x1F),
-        (0x11, 0x1F),
-        (0x12, 0x1F),
-        (0x13, 0x1F),
-        (0x14, 0x1F),
-        (0x15, 0x1F),
-        (0x16, 0x1F),
-        (0x17, 0x1F),
-        (0x18, 0x52),
-        (0x19, 0x51),
-        (0x1A, 0x50),
-        (0x1B, 0x4B),
-        (0x1C, 0x4A),
-        (0x1D, 0x49),
-        (0x1E, 0x48),
-        (0x1F, 0x47),
-        (0x20, 0x46),
-        (0x21, 0x45),
-        (0x22, 0x44),
-        (0x23, 0x40),
-        (0x24, 0x41),
-        (0x25, 0x1F),
-        (0x26, 0x1F),
-        (0x27, 0x1F),
-        (0x28, 0x1F),
-        (0x29, 0x1F),
-        (0x2A, 0x1F),
-        (0x2B, 0x1F),
-        (0x2C, 0x1F),
-        (0x2D, 0x1F),
-        (0x2E, 0x52),
-        (0x2F, 0x40),
-        (0x30, 0x41),
-        (0x31, 0x48),
-        (0x32, 0x49),
-        (0x33, 0x4A),
-        (0x34, 0x4B),
-        (0x35, 0x44),
-        (0x36, 0x45),
-        (0x37, 0x46),
-        (0x38, 0x47),
-        (0x39, 0x51),
-        (0x3A, 0x50),
-        (0x3B, 0x1F),
-        (0x3C, 0x1F),
-        (0x3D, 0x1F),
-        (0x3E, 0x1F),
-        (0x3F, 0x1F),
-        (0x40, 0x1F),
-        (0x41, 0x1F),
-        (0x42, 0x1F),
-        (0x43, 0x1F),
-        (0x44, 0x52),
-        (0x45, 0x40),
-        (0x46, 0x41),
-        (0x47, 0x48),
-        (0x48, 0x49),
-        (0x49, 0x4A),
-        (0x4A, 0x4B),
-        (0x4B, 0x44),
-        (0x4C, 0x45),
-        (0x4D, 0x46),
-        (0x4E, 0x47),
-        (0x4F, 0x51),
-        (0x50, 0x50),
-        (0x51, 0x1F),
-        (0x52, 0x1F),
-        (0x53, 0x1F),
-        (0x54, 0x1F),
-        (0x55, 0x1F),
-        (0x56, 0x1F),
-        (0x57, 0x1F),
-        (0x58, 0x40),
-        (0x59, 0x00),
-        (0x5A, 0x00),
-        (0x5B, 0x10),
-        (0x5C, 0x05),
-        (0x5D, 0x50),
-        (0x5E, 0x01),
-        (0x5F, 0x02),
-        (0x60, 0x50),
-        (0x61, 0x06),
-        (0x62, 0x04),
-        (0x63, 0x03),
-        (0x64, 0x64),
-        (0x65, 0x65),
-        (0x66, 0x0B),
-        (0x67, 0x73),
-        (0x68, 0x07),
-        (0x69, 0x06),
-        (0x6A, 0x64),
-        (0x6B, 0x08),
-        (0x6C, 0x00),
-        (0x6D, 0x32),
-        (0x6E, 0x08),
-        (0xE0, 0x04),
-        (0x2C, 0x6B),
-        (0x35, 0x08),
-        (0x37, 0x00),
-        (0xE0, 0x00),
-    ]
-)
 # fmt: on

esphome/components/mipi_spi/mipi_spi.h

@@ -224,9 +224,12 @@ class MipiSpi : public display::Display,
                     this->madctl_ & MADCTL_BGR ? "BGR" : "RGB", DISPLAYPIXEL * 8, IS_BIG_ENDIAN ? "Big" : "Little");
     if (this->brightness_.has_value())
       esph_log_config(TAG, "  Brightness: %u", this->brightness_.value());
-    log_pin(TAG, "  CS Pin: ", this->cs_);
-    log_pin(TAG, "  Reset Pin: ", this->reset_pin_);
-    log_pin(TAG, "  DC Pin: ", this->dc_pin_);
+    if (this->cs_ != nullptr)
+      esph_log_config(TAG, "  CS Pin: %s", this->cs_->dump_summary().c_str());
+    if (this->reset_pin_ != nullptr)
+      esph_log_config(TAG, "  Reset Pin: %s", this->reset_pin_->dump_summary().c_str());
+    if (this->dc_pin_ != nullptr)
+      esph_log_config(TAG, "  DC Pin: %s", this->dc_pin_->dump_summary().c_str());
     esph_log_config(TAG,
                     "  SPI Mode: %d\n"
                     "  SPI Data rate: %dMHz\n"

esphome/components/mipi_spi/models/adafruit.py

@@ -26,3 +26,5 @@ ST7789V.extend(
     reset_pin=40,
     invert_colors=True,
 )
+
+models = {}

esphome/components/mipi_spi/models/amoled.py

@@ -105,3 +105,6 @@ CO5300 = DriverChip(
         (WCE, 0x00),
     ),
 )
+
+
+models = {}

esphome/components/mipi_spi/models/cyd.py

@@ -1,45 +1,10 @@
-from .ili import ILI9341, ILI9342, ST7789V
+from .ili import ILI9341
 
 ILI9341.extend(
-    # ESP32-2432S028 CYD board with Micro USB, has ILI9341 controller
     "ESP32-2432S028",
     data_rate="40MHz",
-    cs_pin={"number": 15, "ignore_strapping_warning": True},
-    dc_pin={"number": 2, "ignore_strapping_warning": True},
+    cs_pin=15,
+    dc_pin=2,
 )
 
-ST7789V.extend(
-    # ESP32-2432S028 CYD board with USB C + Micro USB, has ST7789V controller
-    "ESP32-2432S028-7789",
-    data_rate="40MHz",
-    cs_pin={"number": 15, "ignore_strapping_warning": True},
-    dc_pin={"number": 2, "ignore_strapping_warning": True},
-)
-
-# fmt: off
-
-ILI9342.extend(
-    # ESP32-2432S028 CYD board with USB C + Micro USB, has ILI9342 controller
-    "ESP32-2432S028-9342",
-    data_rate="40MHz",
-    cs_pin={"number": 15, "ignore_strapping_warning": True},
-    dc_pin={"number": 2, "ignore_strapping_warning": True},
-    initsequence=(
-        (0xCB, 0x39, 0x2C, 0x00, 0x34, 0x02),  # Power Control A
-        (0xCF, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x30),  # Power Control B
-        (0xE8, 0x85, 0x00, 0x78),  # Driver timing control A
-        (0xEA, 0x00, 0x00),  # Driver timing control B
-        (0xED, 0x64, 0x03, 0x12, 0x81),  # Power on sequence control
-        (0xF7, 0x20),  # Pump ratio control
-        (0xC0, 0x23),  # Power Control 1
-        (0xC1, 0x10),  # Power Control 2
-        (0xC5, 0x3E, 0x28),  # VCOM Control 1
-        (0xC7, 0x86),  # VCOM Control 2
-        (0xB1, 0x00, 0x1B),  # Frame Rate Control
-        (0xB6, 0x0A, 0xA2, 0x27, 0x00),  # Display Function Control
-        (0xF2, 0x00),  # Enable 3G
-        (0x26, 0x01),  # Gamma Set
-        (0xE0, 0x00, 0x0C, 0x11, 0x04, 0x11, 0x08, 0x37, 0x89, 0x4C, 0x06, 0x0C, 0x0A, 0x2E, 0x34, 0x0F),  # Positive Gamma Correction
-        (0xE1, 0x00, 0x0B, 0x11, 0x05, 0x13, 0x09, 0x33, 0x67, 0x48, 0x07, 0x0E, 0x0B, 0x23, 0x33, 0x0F),  # Negative Gamma Correction
-    )
-)
+models = {}

esphome/components/mipi_spi/models/ili.py

@@ -148,34 +148,6 @@ ILI9341 = DriverChip(
         ),
     ),
 )
-
-# fmt: off
-
-ILI9342 = DriverChip(
-    "ILI9342",
-    width=320,
-    height=240,
-    mirror_x=True,
-    initsequence=(
-        (0xCB, 0x39, 0x2C, 0x00, 0x34, 0x02),  # Power Control A
-        (0xCF, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x30),  # Power Control B
-        (0xE8, 0x85, 0x00, 0x78),  # Driver timing control A
-        (0xEA, 0x00, 0x00),  # Driver timing control B
-        (0xED, 0x64, 0x03, 0x12, 0x81),  # Power on sequence control
-        (0xF7, 0x20),  # Pump ratio control
-        (0xC0, 0x23),  # Power Control 1
-        (0xC1, 0x10),  # Power Control 2
-        (0xC5, 0x3E, 0x28),  # VCOM Control 1
-        (0xC7, 0x86),  # VCOM Control 2
-        (0xB1, 0x00, 0x1B),  # Frame Rate Control
-        (0xB6, 0x0A, 0xA2, 0x27, 0x00),  # Display Function Control
-        (0xF2, 0x00),  # Enable 3G
-        (0x26, 0x01),  # Gamma Set
-        (0xE0, 0x0F, 0x1F, 0x1C, 0x0C, 0x0F, 0x08, 0x48, 0x98, 0x37, 0x0A, 0x13, 0x04, 0x11, 0x0D, 0x00),  # Positive Gamma
-        (0xE1, 0x0F, 0x32, 0x2E, 0x0B, 0x0D, 0x05, 0x47, 0x75, 0x37, 0x06, 0x10, 0x03, 0x24, 0x20, 0x00),  # Negative Gamma
-    ),
-)
-
 # M5Stack Core2 uses ILI9341 chip - mirror_x disabled for correct orientation
 ILI9341.extend(
     "M5CORE2",
@@ -786,3 +758,5 @@ ST7796.extend(
     dc_pin=0,
     invert_colors=True,
 )
+
+models = {}

esphome/components/mipi_spi/models/jc.py

@@ -588,3 +588,5 @@ DriverChip(
         (0x29, 0x00),
     ),
 )
+
+models = {}

esphome/components/mipi_spi/models/lanbon.py

@@ -11,3 +11,5 @@ ST7789V.extend(
     dc_pin=21,
     reset_pin=18,
 )
+
+models = {}

esphome/components/mipi_spi/models/lilygo.py

@@ -56,3 +56,5 @@ ST7796.extend(
     backlight_pin=48,
     invert_colors=True,
 )
+
+models = {}

esphome/components/modbus_controller/modbus_controller.h

@@ -271,31 +271,24 @@ class ServerRegister {
 
   // Formats a raw value into a string representation based on the value type for debugging
   std::string format_value(int64_t value) const {
-    // max 44: float with %.1f can be up to 42 chars (3.4e38 → 39 integer digits + sign + decimal + 1 digit)
-    // plus null terminator = 43, rounded to 44 for 4-byte alignment
-    char buf[44];
     switch (this->value_type) {
       case SensorValueType::U_WORD:
       case SensorValueType::U_DWORD:
       case SensorValueType::U_DWORD_R:
       case SensorValueType::U_QWORD:
       case SensorValueType::U_QWORD_R:
-        buf_append_printf(buf, sizeof(buf), 0, "%" PRIu64, static_cast<uint64_t>(value));
-        return buf;
+        return std::to_string(static_cast<uint64_t>(value));
       case SensorValueType::S_WORD:
       case SensorValueType::S_DWORD:
       case SensorValueType::S_DWORD_R:
       case SensorValueType::S_QWORD:
       case SensorValueType::S_QWORD_R:
-        buf_append_printf(buf, sizeof(buf), 0, "%" PRId64, value);
-        return buf;
+        return std::to_string(value);
       case SensorValueType::FP32_R:
       case SensorValueType::FP32:
-        buf_append_printf(buf, sizeof(buf), 0, "%.1f", bit_cast<float>(static_cast<uint32_t>(value)));
-        return buf;
+        return str_sprintf("%.1f", bit_cast<float>(static_cast<uint32_t>(value)));
       default:
-        buf_append_printf(buf, sizeof(buf), 0, "%" PRId64, value);
-        return buf;
+        return std::to_string(value);
     }
   }
 

esphome/components/modbus_controller/text_sensor/modbus_textsensor.cpp

@@ -16,20 +16,12 @@ void ModbusTextSensor::parse_and_publish(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data) {
   while ((items_left > 0) && index < data.size()) {
     uint8_t b = data[index];
     switch (this->encode_) {
-      case RawEncoding::HEXBYTES: {
-        // max 3: 2 hex digits + null
-        char hex_buf[3];
-        snprintf(hex_buf, sizeof(hex_buf), "%02x", b);
-        output_str += hex_buf;
+      case RawEncoding::HEXBYTES:
+        output_str += str_snprintf("%02x", 2, b);
         break;
-      }
-      case RawEncoding::COMMA: {
-        // max 5: optional ','(1) + uint8(3) + null, for both ",%d" and "%d"
-        char dec_buf[5];
-        snprintf(dec_buf, sizeof(dec_buf), index != this->offset ? ",%d" : "%d", b);
-        output_str += dec_buf;
+      case RawEncoding::COMMA:
+        output_str += str_sprintf(index != this->offset ? ",%d" : "%d", b);
         break;
-      }
       case RawEncoding::ANSI:
         if (b < 0x20)
           break;

esphome/components/mpr121/mpr121.cpp

@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ void MPR121GPIOPin::digital_write(bool value) {
 }
 
 size_t MPR121GPIOPin::dump_summary(char *buffer, size_t len) const {
-  return buf_append_printf(buffer, len, 0, "ELE%u on MPR121", this->pin_);
+  return snprintf(buffer, len, "ELE%u on MPR121", this->pin_);
 }
 
 }  // namespace mpr121

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_client.cpp

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include "esphome/components/network/util.h"
 #include "esphome/core/application.h"
-#include "esphome/core/entity_base.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 #include "esphome/core/version.h"
@@ -67,13 +66,10 @@ void MQTTClientComponent::setup() {
         "esphome/discover", [this](const std::string &topic, const std::string &payload) { this->send_device_info_(); },
         2);
 
-    // Format topic on stack - subscribe() copies it
-    // "esphome/ping/" (13) + name (ESPHOME_DEVICE_NAME_MAX_LEN) + null (1)
-    constexpr size_t ping_topic_buffer_size = 13 + ESPHOME_DEVICE_NAME_MAX_LEN + 1;
-    char ping_topic[ping_topic_buffer_size];
-    buf_append_printf(ping_topic, sizeof(ping_topic), 0, "esphome/ping/%s", App.get_name().c_str());
+    std::string topic = "esphome/ping/";
+    topic.append(App.get_name());
     this->subscribe(
-        ping_topic, [this](const std::string &topic, const std::string &payload) { this->send_device_info_(); }, 2);
+        topic, [this](const std::string &topic, const std::string &payload) { this->send_device_info_(); }, 2);
   }
 
   if (this->enable_on_boot_) {
@@ -85,11 +81,8 @@ void MQTTClientComponent::send_device_info_() {
   if (!this->is_connected() or !this->is_discovery_ip_enabled()) {
     return;
   }
-  // Format topic on stack to avoid heap allocation
-  // "esphome/discover/" (17) + name (ESPHOME_DEVICE_NAME_MAX_LEN) + null (1)
-  constexpr size_t topic_buffer_size = 17 + ESPHOME_DEVICE_NAME_MAX_LEN + 1;
-  char topic[topic_buffer_size];
-  buf_append_printf(topic, sizeof(topic), 0, "esphome/discover/%s", App.get_name().c_str());
+  std::string topic = "esphome/discover/";
+  topic.append(App.get_name());
 
   // NOLINTBEGIN(clang-analyzer-cplusplus.NewDeleteLeaks) false positive with ArduinoJson
   this->publish_json(
@@ -403,12 +396,6 @@ void MQTTClientComponent::loop() {
 
         this->last_connected_ = now;
         this->resubscribe_subscriptions_();
-
-        // Process pending resends for all MQTT components centrally
-        // This is more efficient than each component polling in its own loop
-        for (MQTTComponent *component : this->children_) {
-          component->process_resend();
-        }
       }
       break;
   }
@@ -513,49 +500,39 @@ bool MQTTClientComponent::publish(const std::string &topic, const std::string &p
 
 bool MQTTClientComponent::publish(const std::string &topic, const char *payload, size_t payload_length, uint8_t qos,
                                   bool retain) {
-  return this->publish(topic.c_str(), payload, payload_length, qos, retain);
+  return publish({.topic = topic, .payload = std::string(payload, payload_length), .qos = qos, .retain = retain});
 }
 
 bool MQTTClientComponent::publish(const MQTTMessage &message) {
-  return this->publish(message.topic.c_str(), message.payload.c_str(), message.payload.length(), message.qos,
-                       message.retain);
-}
-bool MQTTClientComponent::publish_json(const std::string &topic, const json::json_build_t &f, uint8_t qos,
-                                       bool retain) {
-  return this->publish_json(topic.c_str(), f, qos, retain);
-}
-
-bool MQTTClientComponent::publish(const char *topic, const char *payload, size_t payload_length, uint8_t qos,
-                                  bool retain) {
   if (!this->is_connected()) {
+    // critical components will re-transmit their messages
     return false;
   }
-  size_t topic_len = strlen(topic);
-  bool logging_topic = (topic_len == this->log_message_.topic.size()) &&
-                       (memcmp(this->log_message_.topic.c_str(), topic, topic_len) == 0);
-  bool ret = this->mqtt_backend_.publish(topic, payload, payload_length, qos, retain);
+  bool logging_topic = this->log_message_.topic == message.topic;
+  bool ret = this->mqtt_backend_.publish(message);
   delay(0);
   if (!ret && !logging_topic && this->is_connected()) {
     delay(0);
-    ret = this->mqtt_backend_.publish(topic, payload, payload_length, qos, retain);
+    ret = this->mqtt_backend_.publish(message);
     delay(0);
   }
 
   if (!logging_topic) {
     if (ret) {
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Publish(topic='%s' retain=%d qos=%d)", topic, retain, qos);
-      ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Publish payload (len=%u): '%.*s'", payload_length, static_cast<int>(payload_length), payload);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Publish(topic='%s' payload='%s' retain=%d qos=%d)", message.topic.c_str(), message.payload.c_str(),
+               message.retain, message.qos);
     } else {
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Publish failed for topic='%s' (len=%u). Will retry", topic, payload_length);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Publish failed for topic='%s' (len=%u). Will retry", message.topic.c_str(),
+               message.payload.length());
       this->status_momentary_warning("publish", 1000);
     }
   }
   return ret != 0;
 }
-
-bool MQTTClientComponent::publish_json(const char *topic, const json::json_build_t &f, uint8_t qos, bool retain) {
+bool MQTTClientComponent::publish_json(const std::string &topic, const json::json_build_t &f, uint8_t qos,
+                                       bool retain) {
   std::string message = json::build_json(f);
-  return this->publish(topic, message.c_str(), message.length(), qos, retain);
+  return this->publish(topic, message, qos, retain);
 }
 
 void MQTTClientComponent::enable() {
@@ -633,10 +610,18 @@ static bool topic_match(const char *message, const char *subscription) {
 }
 
 void MQTTClientComponent::on_message(const std::string &topic, const std::string &payload) {
-  for (auto &subscription : this->subscriptions_) {
-    if (topic_match(topic.c_str(), subscription.topic.c_str()))
-      subscription.callback(topic, payload);
-  }
+#ifdef USE_ESP8266
+  // on ESP8266, this is called in lwIP/AsyncTCP task; some components do not like running
+  // from a different task.
+  this->defer([this, topic, payload]() {
+#endif
+    for (auto &subscription : this->subscriptions_) {
+      if (topic_match(topic.c_str(), subscription.topic.c_str()))
+        subscription.callback(topic, payload);
+    }
+#ifdef USE_ESP8266
+  });
+#endif
 }
 
 // Setters
@@ -650,8 +635,7 @@ void MQTTClientComponent::set_log_message_template(MQTTMessage &&message) { this
 const MQTTDiscoveryInfo &MQTTClientComponent::get_discovery_info() const { return this->discovery_info_; }
 void MQTTClientComponent::set_topic_prefix(const std::string &topic_prefix, const std::string &check_topic_prefix) {
   if (App.is_name_add_mac_suffix_enabled() && (topic_prefix == check_topic_prefix)) {
-    char buf[ESPHOME_DEVICE_NAME_MAX_LEN + 1];
-    this->topic_prefix_ = str_sanitize_to(buf, App.get_name().c_str());
+    this->topic_prefix_ = str_sanitize(App.get_name());
   } else {
     this->topic_prefix_ = topic_prefix;
   }

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_client.h

@@ -229,9 +229,6 @@ class MQTTClientComponent : public Component
   bool publish(const std::string &topic, const char *payload, size_t payload_length, uint8_t qos = 0,
                bool retain = false);
 
-  /// Publish directly without creating MQTTMessage (avoids heap allocation for topic)
-  bool publish(const char *topic, const char *payload, size_t payload_length, uint8_t qos = 0, bool retain = false);
-
   /** Construct and send a JSON MQTT message.
    *
    * @param topic The topic.
@@ -240,9 +237,6 @@ class MQTTClientComponent : public Component
    */
   bool publish_json(const std::string &topic, const json::json_build_t &f, uint8_t qos = 0, bool retain = false);
 
-  /// Publish JSON directly without heap allocation for topic
-  bool publish_json(const char *topic, const json::json_build_t &f, uint8_t qos = 0, bool retain = false);
-
   /// Setup the MQTT client, registering a bunch of callbacks and attempting to connect.
   void setup() override;
   void dump_config() override;

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_component.cpp

@@ -48,8 +48,7 @@ void MQTTComponent::set_subscribe_qos(uint8_t qos) { this->subscribe_qos_ = qos;
 void MQTTComponent::set_retain(bool retain) { this->retain_ = retain; }
 
 std::string MQTTComponent::get_discovery_topic_(const MQTTDiscoveryInfo &discovery_info) const {
-  char sanitized_name[ESPHOME_DEVICE_NAME_MAX_LEN + 1];
-  str_sanitize_to(sanitized_name, App.get_name().c_str());
+  std::string sanitized_name = str_sanitize(App.get_name());
   const char *comp_type = this->component_type();
   char object_id_buf[OBJECT_ID_MAX_LEN];
   StringRef object_id = this->get_default_object_id_to_(object_id_buf);
@@ -61,7 +60,7 @@ std::string MQTTComponent::get_discovery_topic_(const MQTTDiscoveryInfo &discove
   p = append_char(p, '/');
   p = append_str(p, comp_type, strlen(comp_type));
   p = append_char(p, '/');
-  p = append_str(p, sanitized_name, strlen(sanitized_name));
+  p = append_str(p, sanitized_name.data(), sanitized_name.size());
   p = append_char(p, '/');
   p = append_str(p, object_id.c_str(), object_id.size());
   p = append_str(p, "/config", 7);
@@ -190,7 +189,8 @@ bool MQTTComponent::send_discovery_() {
         StringRef object_id = this->get_default_object_id_to_(object_id_buf);
         if (discovery_info.unique_id_generator == MQTT_MAC_ADDRESS_UNIQUE_ID_GENERATOR) {
           char friendly_name_hash[9];
-          snprintf(friendly_name_hash, sizeof(friendly_name_hash), "%08" PRIx32, fnv1_hash(this->friendly_name_()));
+          sprintf(friendly_name_hash, "%08" PRIx32, fnv1_hash(this->friendly_name_()));
+          friendly_name_hash[8] = 0;  // ensure the hash-string ends with null
           // Format: mac-component_type-hash (e.g. "aabbccddeeff-sensor-12345678")
           // MAC (12) + "-" (1) + domain (max 20) + "-" (1) + hash (8) + null (1) = 43
           char unique_id[MAC_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE + ESPHOME_DOMAIN_MAX_LEN + 11];
@@ -308,12 +308,16 @@ void MQTTComponent::call_setup() {
   }
 }
 
-void MQTTComponent::process_resend() {
-  // Called by MQTTClientComponent when connected to process pending resends
-  // Note: is_internal() check not needed - internal components are never registered
-  if (!this->resend_state_)
+void MQTTComponent::call_loop() {
+  if (this->is_internal())
     return;
 
+  this->loop();
+
+  if (!this->resend_state_ || !this->is_connected_()) {
+    return;
+  }
+
   this->resend_state_ = false;
   if (this->is_discovery_enabled()) {
     if (!this->send_discovery_()) {

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_component.h

@@ -81,6 +81,8 @@ class MQTTComponent : public Component {
   /// Override setup_ so that we can call send_discovery() when needed.
   void call_setup() override;
 
+  void call_loop() override;
+
   void call_dump_config() override;
 
   /// Send discovery info the Home Assistant, override this.
@@ -131,9 +133,6 @@ class MQTTComponent : public Component {
   /// Internal method for the MQTT client base to schedule a resend of the state on reconnect.
   void schedule_resend_state();
 
-  /// Process pending resend if needed (called by MQTTClientComponent)
-  void process_resend();
-
   /** Send a MQTT message.
    *
    * @param topic The topic.

esphome/components/network/ip_address.h

@@ -60,8 +60,6 @@ struct IPAddress {
   }
   IPAddress(const std::string &in_address) { inet_aton(in_address.c_str(), &ip_addr_); }
   IPAddress(const ip_addr_t *other_ip) { ip_addr_ = *other_ip; }
-  // Remove before 2026.8.0
-  ESPDEPRECATED("Use str_to() instead. Removed in 2026.8.0", "2026.2.0")
   std::string str() const {
     char buf[IP_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE];
     this->str_to(buf);
@@ -149,8 +147,6 @@ struct IPAddress {
   bool is_ip4() const { return IP_IS_V4(&ip_addr_); }
   bool is_ip6() const { return IP_IS_V6(&ip_addr_); }
   bool is_multicast() const { return ip_addr_ismulticast(&ip_addr_); }
-  // Remove before 2026.8.0
-  ESPDEPRECATED("Use str_to() instead. Removed in 2026.8.0", "2026.2.0")
   std::string str() const {
     char buf[IP_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE];
     this->str_to(buf);

esphome/components/nextion/nextion.cpp

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #include "nextion.h"
 #include <cinttypes>
 #include "esphome/core/application.h"
-#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 #include "esphome/core/util.h"
 
@@ -1284,9 +1283,8 @@ void Nextion::check_pending_waveform_() {
   size_t buffer_to_send = component->get_wave_buffer_size() < 255 ? component->get_wave_buffer_size()
                                                                   : 255;  // ADDT command can only send 255
 
-  char command[24];  // "addt " + uint8 + "," + uint8 + "," + uint8 + null = max 17 chars
-  buf_append_printf(command, sizeof(command), 0, "addt %u,%u,%zu", component->get_component_id(),
-                    component->get_wave_channel_id(), buffer_to_send);
+  std::string command = "addt " + to_string(component->get_component_id()) + "," +
+                        to_string(component->get_wave_channel_id()) + "," + to_string(buffer_to_send);
   if (!this->send_command_(command)) {
     delete nb;  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory)
     this->waveform_queue_.pop_front();

esphome/components/nextion/nextion_upload_arduino.cpp

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ int Nextion::upload_by_chunks_(HTTPClient &http_client, uint32_t &range_start) {
   }
 
   char range_header[32];
-  buf_append_printf(range_header, sizeof(range_header), 0, "bytes=%" PRIu32 "-%" PRIu32, range_start, range_end);
+  sprintf(range_header, "bytes=%" PRIu32 "-%" PRIu32, range_start, range_end);
   ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Range: %s", range_header);
   http_client.addHeader("Range", range_header);
   int code = http_client.GET();

esphome/components/nextion/nextion_upload_esp32.cpp

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ int Nextion::upload_by_chunks_(esp_http_client_handle_t http_client, uint32_t &r
   }
 
   char range_header[32];
-  buf_append_printf(range_header, sizeof(range_header), 0, "bytes=%" PRIu32 "-%" PRIu32, range_start, range_end);
+  sprintf(range_header, "bytes=%" PRIu32 "-%" PRIu32, range_start, range_end);
   ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Range: %s", range_header);
   esp_http_client_set_header(http_client, "Range", range_header);
   ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Open HTTP");

esphome/components/opentherm/opentherm.cpp

@@ -561,9 +561,8 @@ const char *OpenTherm::message_id_to_str(MessageId id) {
 }
 
 void OpenTherm::debug_data(OpenthermData &data) {
-  char type_buf[9], id_buf[9], hb_buf[9], lb_buf[9];
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "%s %s %s %s", format_bin_to(type_buf, data.type), format_bin_to(id_buf, data.id),
-           format_bin_to(hb_buf, data.valueHB), format_bin_to(lb_buf, data.valueLB));
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "%s %s %s %s", format_bin(data.type).c_str(), format_bin(data.id).c_str(),
+           format_bin(data.valueHB).c_str(), format_bin(data.valueLB).c_str());
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "type: %s; id: %u; HB: %u; LB: %u; uint_16: %u; float: %f",
            this->message_type_to_str((MessageType) data.type), data.id, data.valueHB, data.valueLB, data.u16(),
            data.f88());

esphome/components/pca6416a/pca6416a.cpp

@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ void PCA6416AGPIOPin::pin_mode(gpio::Flags flags) { this->parent_->pin_mode(this
 bool PCA6416AGPIOPin::digital_read() { return this->parent_->digital_read(this->pin_) != this->inverted_; }
 void PCA6416AGPIOPin::digital_write(bool value) { this->parent_->digital_write(this->pin_, value != this->inverted_); }
 size_t PCA6416AGPIOPin::dump_summary(char *buffer, size_t len) const {
-  return buf_append_printf(buffer, len, 0, "%u via PCA6416A", this->pin_);
+  return snprintf(buffer, len, "%u via PCA6416A", this->pin_);
 }
 
 }  // namespace pca6416a

esphome/components/pca9554/pca9554.cpp

@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ void PCA9554GPIOPin::pin_mode(gpio::Flags flags) { this->parent_->pin_mode(this-
 bool PCA9554GPIOPin::digital_read() { return this->parent_->digital_read(this->pin_) != this->inverted_; }
 void PCA9554GPIOPin::digital_write(bool value) { this->parent_->digital_write(this->pin_, value != this->inverted_); }
 size_t PCA9554GPIOPin::dump_summary(char *buffer, size_t len) const {
-  return buf_append_printf(buffer, len, 0, "%u via PCA9554", this->pin_);
+  return snprintf(buffer, len, "%u via PCA9554", this->pin_);
 }
 
 }  // namespace pca9554

esphome/components/pcf8574/pcf8574.cpp

@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ void PCF8574GPIOPin::pin_mode(gpio::Flags flags) { this->parent_->pin_mode(this-
 bool PCF8574GPIOPin::digital_read() { return this->parent_->digital_read(this->pin_) != this->inverted_; }
 void PCF8574GPIOPin::digital_write(bool value) { this->parent_->digital_write(this->pin_, value != this->inverted_); }
 size_t PCF8574GPIOPin::dump_summary(char *buffer, size_t len) const {
-  return buf_append_printf(buffer, len, 0, "%u via PCF8574", this->pin_);
+  return snprintf(buffer, len, "%u via PCF8574", this->pin_);
 }
 
 }  // namespace pcf8574

esphome/components/pi4ioe5v6408/pi4ioe5v6408.cpp

@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ void PI4IOE5V6408GPIOPin::digital_write(bool value) {
   this->parent_->digital_write(this->pin_, value != this->inverted_);
 }
 size_t PI4IOE5V6408GPIOPin::dump_summary(char *buffer, size_t len) const {
-  return buf_append_printf(buffer, len, 0, "%u via PI4IOE5V6408", this->pin_);
+  return snprintf(buffer, len, "%u via PI4IOE5V6408", this->pin_);
 }
 
 }  // namespace pi4ioe5v6408

esphome/components/pipsolar/output/pipsolar_output.cpp

@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ namespace pipsolar {
 static const char *const TAG = "pipsolar.output";
 
 void PipsolarOutput::write_state(float state) {
-  char tmp[16];
-  snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), this->set_command_, state);
+  char tmp[10];
+  sprintf(tmp, this->set_command_.c_str(), state);
 
   if (std::find(this->possible_values_.begin(), this->possible_values_.end(), state) != this->possible_values_.end()) {
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Will write: %s out of value %f / %02.0f", tmp, state, state);

esphome/components/pipsolar/output/pipsolar_output.h

@@ -15,15 +15,13 @@ class PipsolarOutput : public output::FloatOutput {
  public:
   PipsolarOutput() {}
   void set_parent(Pipsolar *parent) { this->parent_ = parent; }
-  void set_set_command(const char *command) { this->set_command_ = command; }
-  /// Prevent accidental use of std::string which would dangle
-  void set_set_command(const std::string &command) = delete;
+  void set_set_command(const std::string &command) { this->set_command_ = command; };
   void set_possible_values(std::vector<float> possible_values) { this->possible_values_ = std::move(possible_values); }
-  void set_value(float value) { this->write_state(value); }
+  void set_value(float value) { this->write_state(value); };
 
  protected:
   void write_state(float state) override;
-  const char *set_command_{nullptr};
+  std::string set_command_;
   Pipsolar *parent_;
   std::vector<float> possible_values_;
 };

esphome/components/pipsolar/switch/pipsolar_switch.cpp

@@ -9,9 +9,14 @@ static const char *const TAG = "pipsolar.switch";
 
 void PipsolarSwitch::dump_config() { LOG_SWITCH("", "Pipsolar Switch", this); }
 void PipsolarSwitch::write_state(bool state) {
-  const char *command = state ? this->on_command_ : this->off_command_;
-  if (command != nullptr) {
-    this->parent_->queue_command(command);
+  if (state) {
+    if (!this->on_command_.empty()) {
+      this->parent_->queue_command(this->on_command_);
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (!this->off_command_.empty()) {
+      this->parent_->queue_command(this->off_command_);
+    }
   }
 }
 

esphome/components/pipsolar/switch/pipsolar_switch.h

@@ -9,18 +9,15 @@ namespace pipsolar {
 class Pipsolar;
 class PipsolarSwitch : public switch_::Switch, public Component {
  public:
-  void set_parent(Pipsolar *parent) { this->parent_ = parent; }
-  void set_on_command(const char *command) { this->on_command_ = command; }
-  void set_off_command(const char *command) { this->off_command_ = command; }
-  /// Prevent accidental use of std::string which would dangle
-  void set_on_command(const std::string &command) = delete;
-  void set_off_command(const std::string &command) = delete;
+  void set_parent(Pipsolar *parent) { this->parent_ = parent; };
+  void set_on_command(const std::string &command) { this->on_command_ = command; };
+  void set_off_command(const std::string &command) { this->off_command_ = command; };
   void dump_config() override;
 
  protected:
   void write_state(bool state) override;
-  const char *on_command_{nullptr};
-  const char *off_command_{nullptr};
+  std::string on_command_;
+  std::string off_command_;
   Pipsolar *parent_;
 };
 

esphome/components/rc522_spi/rc522_spi.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #include "rc522_spi.h"
-#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
 // Based on:
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ void RC522Spi::pcd_read_register(PcdRegister reg,  ///< The register to read fro
     index++;
 
 #ifdef ESPHOME_LOG_HAS_VERY_VERBOSE
-    buf_append_printf(cstrb, sizeof(cstrb), 0, " %x", values[0]);
+    sprintf(cstrb, " %x", values[0]);
     buf.append(cstrb);
 #endif
   }
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ void RC522Spi::pcd_read_register(PcdRegister reg,  ///< The register to read fro
     values[index] = transfer_byte(address);  // Read value and tell that we want to read the same address again.
 
 #ifdef ESPHOME_LOG_HAS_VERY_VERBOSE
-    buf_append_printf(cstrb, sizeof(cstrb), 0, " %x", values[index]);
+    sprintf(cstrb, " %x", values[index]);
     buf.append(cstrb);
 #endif
 
@@ -89,7 +88,7 @@ void RC522Spi::pcd_read_register(PcdRegister reg,  ///< The register to read fro
 
 #ifdef ESPHOME_LOG_HAS_VERY_VERBOSE
   buf = buf + " ";
-  buf_append_printf(cstrb, sizeof(cstrb), 0, "%x", values[index]);
+  sprintf(cstrb, "%x", values[index]);
   buf.append(cstrb);
 
   ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "read_register_array_(%x, %d, , %d) -> %s", reg, count, rx_align, buf.c_str());
@@ -128,7 +127,7 @@ void RC522Spi::pcd_write_register(PcdRegister reg,  ///< The register to write t
     transfer_byte(values[index]);
 
 #ifdef ESPHOME_LOG_HAS_VERY_VERBOSE
-    buf_append_printf(cstrb, sizeof(cstrb), 0, " %x", values[index]);
+    sprintf(cstrb, " %x", values[index]);
     buf.append(cstrb);
 #endif
   }

esphome/components/remote_base/aeha_protocol.cpp

@@ -85,8 +85,8 @@ optional<AEHAData> AEHAProtocol::decode(RemoteReceiveData src) {
 std::string AEHAProtocol::format_data_(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data) {
   std::string out;
   for (uint8_t byte : data) {
-    char buf[8];  // "0x%02X," = 5 chars + null + margin
-    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "0x%02X,", byte);
+    char buf[6];
+    sprintf(buf, "0x%02X,", byte);
     out += buf;
   }
   out.pop_back();

esphome/components/remote_base/raw_protocol.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #include "raw_protocol.h"
-#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
@@ -9,30 +8,36 @@ static const char *const TAG = "remote.raw";
 
 bool RawDumper::dump(RemoteReceiveData src) {
   char buffer[256];
-  size_t pos = buf_append_printf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0, "Received Raw: ");
+  uint32_t buffer_offset = 0;
+  buffer_offset += sprintf(buffer, "Received Raw: ");
 
   for (int32_t i = 0; i < src.size() - 1; i++) {
     const int32_t value = src[i];
-    size_t prev_pos = pos;
+    const uint32_t remaining_length = sizeof(buffer) - buffer_offset;
+    int written;
 
     if (i + 1 < src.size() - 1) {
-      pos = buf_append_printf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), pos, "%" PRId32 ", ", value);
+      written = snprintf(buffer + buffer_offset, remaining_length, "%" PRId32 ", ", value);
     } else {
-      pos = buf_append_printf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), pos, "%" PRId32, value);
+      written = snprintf(buffer + buffer_offset, remaining_length, "%" PRId32, value);
     }
 
-    if (pos >= sizeof(buffer) - 1) {
-      // buffer full, flush and continue
-      buffer[prev_pos] = '\0';
+    if (written < 0 || written >= int(remaining_length)) {
+      // write failed, flush...
+      buffer[buffer_offset] = '\0';
       ESP_LOGI(TAG, "%s", buffer);
+      buffer_offset = 0;
+      written = sprintf(buffer, "  ");
       if (i + 1 < src.size() - 1) {
-        pos = buf_append_printf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0, "  %" PRId32 ", ", value);
+        written += sprintf(buffer + written, "%" PRId32 ", ", value);
       } else {
-        pos = buf_append_printf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0, "  %" PRId32, value);
+        written += sprintf(buffer + written, "%" PRId32, value);
       }
     }
+
+    buffer_offset += written;
   }
-  if (pos != 0) {
+  if (buffer_offset != 0) {
     ESP_LOGI(TAG, "%s", buffer);
   }
   return true;

esphome/components/remote_base/remote_base.cpp

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 #include "remote_base.h"
-#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
+#include <cinttypes>
+
 namespace esphome {
 namespace remote_base {
 
@@ -158,41 +159,42 @@ void RemoteTransmitData::set_data_from_packed_sint32(const uint8_t *data, size_t
   }
 }
 
-bool RemoteTransmitData::set_data_from_base64url(const std::string &base64url) {
-  return base64_decode_int32_vector(base64url, this->data_);
-}
-
 /* RemoteTransmitterBase */
 
 void RemoteTransmitterBase::send_(uint32_t send_times, uint32_t send_wait) {
 #ifdef ESPHOME_LOG_HAS_VERY_VERBOSE
   const auto &vec = this->temp_.get_data();
   char buffer[256];
-  size_t pos = buf_append_printf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0,
-                                 "Sending times=%" PRIu32 " wait=%" PRIu32 "ms: ", send_times, send_wait);
+  uint32_t buffer_offset = 0;
+  buffer_offset += sprintf(buffer, "Sending times=%" PRIu32 " wait=%" PRIu32 "ms: ", send_times, send_wait);
 
   for (size_t i = 0; i < vec.size(); i++) {
     const int32_t value = vec[i];
-    size_t prev_pos = pos;
+    const uint32_t remaining_length = sizeof(buffer) - buffer_offset;
+    int written;
 
     if (i + 1 < vec.size()) {
-      pos = buf_append_printf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), pos, "%" PRId32 ", ", value);
+      written = snprintf(buffer + buffer_offset, remaining_length, "%" PRId32 ", ", value);
     } else {
-      pos = buf_append_printf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), pos, "%" PRId32, value);
+      written = snprintf(buffer + buffer_offset, remaining_length, "%" PRId32, value);
     }
 
-    if (pos >= sizeof(buffer) - 1) {
-      // buffer full, flush and continue
-      buffer[prev_pos] = '\0';
+    if (written < 0 || written >= int(remaining_length)) {
+      // write failed, flush...
+      buffer[buffer_offset] = '\0';
       ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "%s", buffer);
+      buffer_offset = 0;
+      written = sprintf(buffer, "  ");
       if (i + 1 < vec.size()) {
-        pos = buf_append_printf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0, "  %" PRId32 ", ", value);
+        written += sprintf(buffer + written, "%" PRId32 ", ", value);
       } else {
-        pos = buf_append_printf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0, "  %" PRId32, value);
+        written += sprintf(buffer + written, "%" PRId32, value);
       }
     }
+
+    buffer_offset += written;
   }
-  if (pos != 0) {
+  if (buffer_offset != 0) {
     ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "%s", buffer);
   }
 #endif

esphome/components/remote_base/remote_base.h

@@ -36,11 +36,6 @@ class RemoteTransmitData {
   /// @param len Length of the buffer in bytes
   /// @param count Number of values (for reserve optimization)
   void set_data_from_packed_sint32(const uint8_t *data, size_t len, size_t count);
-  /// Set data from base64url-encoded little-endian int32 values
-  /// Base64url is URL-safe: uses '-' instead of '+', '_' instead of '/'
-  /// @param base64url Base64url-encoded string of little-endian int32 values
-  /// @return true if successful, false if decode failed or invalid size
-  bool set_data_from_base64url(const std::string &base64url);
   void reset() {
     this->data_.clear();
     this->carrier_frequency_ = 0;

esphome/components/rf_bridge/rf_bridge.cpp

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #include "rf_bridge.h"
-#include "esphome/core/application.h"
-#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 #include <cinttypes>
 #include <cstring>
 
@@ -73,9 +72,9 @@ bool RFBridgeComponent::parse_bridge_byte_(uint8_t byte) {
 
       data.length = raw[2];
       data.protocol = raw[3];
-      char next_byte[3];  // 2 hex chars + null
+      char next_byte[3];
       for (uint8_t i = 0; i < data.length - 1; i++) {
-        buf_append_printf(next_byte, sizeof(next_byte), 0, "%02X", raw[4 + i]);
+        sprintf(next_byte, "%02X", raw[4 + i]);
         data.code += next_byte;
       }
 
@@ -91,10 +90,10 @@ bool RFBridgeComponent::parse_bridge_byte_(uint8_t byte) {
 
       uint8_t buckets = raw[2] << 1;
       std::string str;
-      char next_byte[3];  // 2 hex chars + null
+      char next_byte[3];
 
       for (uint32_t i = 0; i <= at; i++) {
-        buf_append_printf(next_byte, sizeof(next_byte), 0, "%02X", raw[i]);
+        sprintf(next_byte, "%02X", raw[i]);
         str += next_byte;
         if ((i > 3) && buckets) {
           buckets--;

esphome/components/select/__init__.py

@@ -8,20 +8,17 @@ from esphome.const import (
     CONF_ICON,
     CONF_ID,
     CONF_INDEX,
-    CONF_LAMBDA,
     CONF_MODE,
     CONF_MQTT_ID,
     CONF_ON_VALUE,
     CONF_OPERATION,
     CONF_OPTION,
-    CONF_OPTIONS,
     CONF_TRIGGER_ID,
     CONF_WEB_SERVER,
 )
-from esphome.core import CORE, ID, CoroPriority, coroutine_with_priority
+from esphome.core import CORE, CoroPriority, coroutine_with_priority
 from esphome.core.entity_helpers import entity_duplicate_validator, setup_entity
-from esphome.cpp_generator import MockObjClass, TemplateArguments
-from esphome.cpp_types import global_ns
+from esphome.cpp_generator import MockObjClass
 
 CODEOWNERS = ["@esphome/core"]
 IS_PLATFORM_COMPONENT = True
@@ -33,7 +30,7 @@ SelectPtr = Select.operator("ptr")
 # Triggers
 SelectStateTrigger = select_ns.class_(
     "SelectStateTrigger",
-    automation.Trigger.template(cg.StringRef, cg.size_t),
+    automation.Trigger.template(cg.std_string, cg.size_t),
 )
 
 # Actions
@@ -41,9 +38,6 @@ SelectSetAction = select_ns.class_("SelectSetAction", automation.Action)
 SelectSetIndexAction = select_ns.class_("SelectSetIndexAction", automation.Action)
 SelectOperationAction = select_ns.class_("SelectOperationAction", automation.Action)
 
-# Conditions
-SelectIsCondition = select_ns.class_("SelectIsCondition", automation.Condition)
-
 # Enums
 SelectOperation = select_ns.enum("SelectOperation")
 SELECT_OPERATION_OPTIONS = {
@@ -100,7 +94,7 @@ async def setup_select_core_(var, config, *, options: list[str]):
     for conf in config.get(CONF_ON_VALUE, []):
         trigger = cg.new_Pvariable(conf[CONF_TRIGGER_ID], var)
         await automation.build_automation(
-            trigger, [(cg.StringRef, "x"), (cg.size_t, "i")], conf
+            trigger, [(cg.std_string, "x"), (cg.size_t, "i")], conf
         )
 
     if (mqtt_id := config.get(CONF_MQTT_ID)) is not None:
@@ -171,41 +165,6 @@ async def select_set_index_to_code(config, action_id, template_arg, args):
     return var
 
 
-@automation.register_condition(
-    "select.is",
-    SelectIsCondition,
-    OPERATION_BASE_SCHEMA.extend(
-        {
-            cv.Optional(CONF_OPTIONS): cv.All(
-                cv.ensure_list(cv.string_strict), cv.Length(min=1)
-            ),
-            cv.Optional(CONF_LAMBDA): cv.returning_lambda,
-        }
-    ).add_extra(cv.has_exactly_one_key(CONF_OPTIONS, CONF_LAMBDA)),
-)
-async def select_is_to_code(config, condition_id, template_arg, args):
-    paren = await cg.get_variable(config[CONF_ID])
-    if options := config.get(CONF_OPTIONS):
-        # List of constant options
-        # Create a constexpr and pass that with a template length
-        arr_id = ID(
-            f"{condition_id}_data",
-            is_declaration=True,
-            type=global_ns.namespace("constexpr char * const"),
-        )
-        arg = cg.static_const_array(arr_id, cg.ArrayInitializer(*options))
-        template_arg = TemplateArguments(len(options), *template_arg)
-    else:
-        # Lambda
-        arg = await cg.process_lambda(
-            config[CONF_LAMBDA],
-            [(global_ns.namespace("StringRef &").operator("const"), "current")] + args,
-            return_type=cg.bool_,
-        )
-        template_arg = TemplateArguments(0, *template_arg)
-    return cg.new_Pvariable(condition_id, template_arg, paren, arg)
-
-
 @automation.register_action(
     "select.operation",
     SelectOperationAction,

esphome/components/select/automation.h

@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@
 
 namespace esphome::select {
 
-class SelectStateTrigger : public Trigger<StringRef, size_t> {
+class SelectStateTrigger : public Trigger<std::string, size_t> {
  public:
   explicit SelectStateTrigger(Select *parent) : parent_(parent) {
     parent->add_on_state_callback(
-        [this](size_t index) { this->trigger(StringRef(this->parent_->option_at(index)), index); });
+        [this](size_t index) { this->trigger(std::string(this->parent_->option_at(index)), index); });
   }
 
  protected:
@@ -66,34 +66,4 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SelectOperationAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   Select *select_;
 };
 
-template<size_t N, typename... Ts> class SelectIsCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
- public:
-  SelectIsCondition(Select *parent, const char *const *option_list) : parent_(parent), option_list_(option_list) {}
-
-  bool check(const Ts &...x) override {
-    auto current = this->parent_->current_option();
-    for (size_t i = 0; i != N; i++) {
-      if (current == this->option_list_[i]) {
-        return true;
-      }
-    }
-    return false;
-  }
-
- protected:
-  Select *parent_;
-  const char *const *option_list_;
-};
-
-template<typename... Ts> class SelectIsCondition<0, Ts...> : public Condition<Ts...> {
- public:
-  SelectIsCondition(Select *parent, std::function<bool(const StringRef &, const Ts &...)> &&f)
-      : parent_(parent), f_(f) {}
-
-  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->f_(this->parent_->current_option(), x...); }
-
- protected:
-  Select *parent_;
-  std::function<bool(const StringRef &, const Ts &...)> f_;
-};
 }  // namespace esphome::select

esphome/components/shtcx/shtcx.cpp

@@ -13,14 +13,14 @@ static const uint16_t SHTCX_COMMAND_READ_ID_REGISTER = 0xEFC8;
 static const uint16_t SHTCX_COMMAND_SOFT_RESET = 0x805D;
 static const uint16_t SHTCX_COMMAND_POLLING_H = 0x7866;
 
-static const LogString *shtcx_type_to_string(SHTCXType type) {
+inline const char *to_string(SHTCXType type) {
   switch (type) {
     case SHTCX_TYPE_SHTC3:
-      return LOG_STR("SHTC3");
+      return "SHTC3";
     case SHTCX_TYPE_SHTC1:
-      return LOG_STR("SHTC1");
+      return "SHTC1";
     default:
-      return LOG_STR("UNKNOWN");
+      return "UNKNOWN";
   }
 }
 
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ void SHTCXComponent::dump_config() {
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
                 "SHTCx:\n"
                 "  Model: %s (%04x)",
-                LOG_STR_ARG(shtcx_type_to_string(this->type_)), this->sensor_id_);
+                to_string(this->type_), this->sensor_id_);
   LOG_I2C_DEVICE(this);
   if (this->is_failed()) {
     ESP_LOGE(TAG, ESP_LOG_MSG_COMM_FAIL);