[esp32] Centralize FreeRTOS task priorities and reduce MAX_PRIORITIES to 16

esphome/components/api/api_server.cpp

@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ void APIServer::loop() {
 
 #ifdef USE_API_CLIENT_DISCONNECTED_TRIGGER
     // Fire trigger after client is removed so api.connected reflects the true state
-    this->client_disconnected_trigger_.trigger(client_name, client_peername);
+    this->client_disconnected_trigger_->trigger(client_name, client_peername);
 #endif
     // Don't increment client_index since we need to process the swapped element
   }

esphome/components/api/api_server.h

@@ -227,10 +227,12 @@ class APIServer : public Component,
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_API_CLIENT_CONNECTED_TRIGGER
-  Trigger<std::string, std::string> *get_client_connected_trigger() { return &this->client_connected_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<std::string, std::string> *get_client_connected_trigger() const { return this->client_connected_trigger_; }
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_API_CLIENT_DISCONNECTED_TRIGGER
-  Trigger<std::string, std::string> *get_client_disconnected_trigger() { return &this->client_disconnected_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<std::string, std::string> *get_client_disconnected_trigger() const {
+    return this->client_disconnected_trigger_;
+  }
 #endif
 
  protected:
@@ -251,10 +253,10 @@ class APIServer : public Component,
   // Pointers and pointer-like types first (4 bytes each)
   std::unique_ptr<socket::Socket> socket_ = nullptr;
 #ifdef USE_API_CLIENT_CONNECTED_TRIGGER
-  Trigger<std::string, std::string> client_connected_trigger_;
+  Trigger<std::string, std::string> *client_connected_trigger_ = new Trigger<std::string, std::string>();
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_API_CLIENT_DISCONNECTED_TRIGGER
-  Trigger<std::string, std::string> client_disconnected_trigger_;
+  Trigger<std::string, std::string> *client_disconnected_trigger_ = new Trigger<std::string, std::string>();
 #endif
 
   // 4-byte aligned types

esphome/components/api/homeassistant_service.h

@@ -136,10 +136,12 @@ template<typename... Ts> class HomeAssistantServiceCallAction : public Action<Ts
   void set_wants_response() { this->flags_.wants_response = true; }
 
 #ifdef USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
-  Trigger<JsonObjectConst, Ts...> *get_success_trigger_with_response() { return &this->success_trigger_with_response_; }
+  Trigger<JsonObjectConst, Ts...> *get_success_trigger_with_response() const {
+    return this->success_trigger_with_response_;
+  }
 #endif
-  Trigger<Ts...> *get_success_trigger() { return &this->success_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<std::string, Ts...> *get_error_trigger() { return &this->error_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<Ts...> *get_success_trigger() const { return this->success_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<std::string, Ts...> *get_error_trigger() const { return this->error_trigger_; }
 #endif  // USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_ACTION_RESPONSES
 
   void play(const Ts &...x) override {
@@ -185,14 +187,14 @@ template<typename... Ts> class HomeAssistantServiceCallAction : public Action<Ts
               if (response.is_success()) {
 #ifdef USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
                 if (this->flags_.wants_response) {
-                  this->success_trigger_with_response_.trigger(response.get_json(), args...);
+                  this->success_trigger_with_response_->trigger(response.get_json(), args...);
                 } else
 #endif
                 {
-                  this->success_trigger_.trigger(args...);
+                  this->success_trigger_->trigger(args...);
                 }
               } else {
-                this->error_trigger_.trigger(response.get_error_message(), args...);
+                this->error_trigger_->trigger(response.get_error_message(), args...);
               }
             },
             captured_args);
@@ -249,10 +251,10 @@ template<typename... Ts> class HomeAssistantServiceCallAction : public Action<Ts
 #ifdef USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_ACTION_RESPONSES
 #ifdef USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
   TemplatableStringValue<Ts...> response_template_{""};
-  Trigger<JsonObjectConst, Ts...> success_trigger_with_response_;
+  Trigger<JsonObjectConst, Ts...> *success_trigger_with_response_ = new Trigger<JsonObjectConst, Ts...>();
 #endif  // USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
-  Trigger<Ts...> success_trigger_;
-  Trigger<std::string, Ts...> error_trigger_;
+  Trigger<Ts...> *success_trigger_ = new Trigger<Ts...>();
+  Trigger<std::string, Ts...> *error_trigger_ = new Trigger<std::string, Ts...>();
 #endif  // USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_ACTION_RESPONSES
 
   struct Flags {

esphome/components/bang_bang/bang_bang_climate.cpp

@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ namespace bang_bang {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "bang_bang.climate";
 
-BangBangClimate::BangBangClimate() = default;
+BangBangClimate::BangBangClimate()
+    : idle_trigger_(new Trigger<>()), cool_trigger_(new Trigger<>()), heat_trigger_(new Trigger<>()) {}
 
 void BangBangClimate::setup() {
   this->sensor_->add_on_state_callback([this](float state) {
@@ -159,13 +160,13 @@ void BangBangClimate::switch_to_action_(climate::ClimateAction action) {
   switch (action) {
     case climate::CLIMATE_ACTION_OFF:
     case climate::CLIMATE_ACTION_IDLE:
-      trig = &this->idle_trigger_;
+      trig = this->idle_trigger_;
       break;
     case climate::CLIMATE_ACTION_COOLING:
-      trig = &this->cool_trigger_;
+      trig = this->cool_trigger_;
       break;
     case climate::CLIMATE_ACTION_HEATING:
-      trig = &this->heat_trigger_;
+      trig = this->heat_trigger_;
       break;
     default:
       trig = nullptr;
@@ -203,9 +204,9 @@ void BangBangClimate::set_away_config(const BangBangClimateTargetTempConfig &awa
 void BangBangClimate::set_sensor(sensor::Sensor *sensor) { this->sensor_ = sensor; }
 void BangBangClimate::set_humidity_sensor(sensor::Sensor *humidity_sensor) { this->humidity_sensor_ = humidity_sensor; }
 
-Trigger<> *BangBangClimate::get_idle_trigger() { return &this->idle_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *BangBangClimate::get_cool_trigger() { return &this->cool_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *BangBangClimate::get_heat_trigger() { return &this->heat_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *BangBangClimate::get_idle_trigger() const { return this->idle_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *BangBangClimate::get_cool_trigger() const { return this->cool_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *BangBangClimate::get_heat_trigger() const { return this->heat_trigger_; }
 
 void BangBangClimate::set_supports_cool(bool supports_cool) { this->supports_cool_ = supports_cool; }
 void BangBangClimate::set_supports_heat(bool supports_heat) { this->supports_heat_ = supports_heat; }

esphome/components/bang_bang/bang_bang_climate.h

@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ class BangBangClimate : public climate::Climate, public Component {
   void set_normal_config(const BangBangClimateTargetTempConfig &normal_config);
   void set_away_config(const BangBangClimateTargetTempConfig &away_config);
 
-  Trigger<> *get_idle_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_cool_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_heat_trigger();
+  Trigger<> *get_idle_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_cool_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_heat_trigger() const;
 
  protected:
   /// Override control to change settings of the climate device.
@@ -57,13 +57,17 @@ class BangBangClimate : public climate::Climate, public Component {
    *
    * In idle mode, the controller is assumed to have both heating and cooling disabled.
    */
-  Trigger<> idle_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *idle_trigger_{nullptr};
   /** The trigger to call when the controller should switch to cooling mode.
    */
-  Trigger<> cool_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *cool_trigger_{nullptr};
   /** The trigger to call when the controller should switch to heating mode.
+   *
+   * A null value for this attribute means that the controller has no heating action
+   * For example window blinds, where only cooling (blinds closed) and not-cooling
+   * (blinds open) is possible.
    */
-  Trigger<> heat_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *heat_trigger_{nullptr};
   /** A reference to the trigger that was previously active.
    *
    * This is so that the previous trigger can be stopped before enabling a new one.

esphome/components/cc1101/cc1101.cpp

@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ void CC1101Component::call_listeners_(const std::vector<uint8_t> &packet, float
   for (auto &listener : this->listeners_) {
     listener->on_packet(packet, freq_offset, rssi, lqi);
   }
-  this->packet_trigger_.trigger(packet, freq_offset, rssi, lqi);
+  this->packet_trigger_->trigger(packet, freq_offset, rssi, lqi);
 }
 
 void CC1101Component::loop() {

esphome/components/cc1101/cc1101.h

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class CC1101Component : public Component,
   // Packet mode operations
   CC1101Error transmit_packet(const std::vector<uint8_t> &packet);
   void register_listener(CC1101Listener *listener) { this->listeners_.push_back(listener); }
-  Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, float, float, uint8_t> *get_packet_trigger() { return &this->packet_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, float, float, uint8_t> *get_packet_trigger() const { return this->packet_trigger_; }
 
  protected:
   uint16_t chip_id_{0};
@@ -96,7 +96,8 @@ class CC1101Component : public Component,
 
   // Packet handling
   void call_listeners_(const std::vector<uint8_t> &packet, float freq_offset, float rssi, uint8_t lqi);
-  Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, float, float, uint8_t> packet_trigger_;
+  Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, float, float, uint8_t> *packet_trigger_{
+      new Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, float, float, uint8_t>()};
   std::vector<uint8_t> packet_;
   std::vector<CC1101Listener *> listeners_;
 

esphome/components/current_based/current_based_cover.cpp

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ void CurrentBasedCover::loop() {
   if (this->current_operation == COVER_OPERATION_OPENING) {
     if (this->malfunction_detection_ && this->is_closing_()) {  // Malfunction
       this->direction_idle_();
-      this->malfunction_trigger_.trigger();
+      this->malfunction_trigger_->trigger();
       ESP_LOGI(TAG, "'%s' - Malfunction detected during opening. Current flow detected in close circuit",
                this->name_.c_str());
     } else if (this->is_opening_blocked_()) {  // Blocked
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ void CurrentBasedCover::loop() {
   } else if (this->current_operation == COVER_OPERATION_CLOSING) {
     if (this->malfunction_detection_ && this->is_opening_()) {  // Malfunction
       this->direction_idle_();
-      this->malfunction_trigger_.trigger();
+      this->malfunction_trigger_->trigger();
       ESP_LOGI(TAG, "'%s' - Malfunction detected during closing. Current flow detected in open circuit",
                this->name_.c_str());
     } else if (this->is_closing_blocked_()) {  // Blocked
@@ -221,15 +221,15 @@ void CurrentBasedCover::start_direction_(CoverOperation dir) {
   Trigger<> *trig;
   switch (dir) {
     case COVER_OPERATION_IDLE:
-      trig = &this->stop_trigger_;
+      trig = this->stop_trigger_;
       break;
     case COVER_OPERATION_OPENING:
       this->last_operation_ = dir;
-      trig = &this->open_trigger_;
+      trig = this->open_trigger_;
       break;
     case COVER_OPERATION_CLOSING:
       this->last_operation_ = dir;
-      trig = &this->close_trigger_;
+      trig = this->close_trigger_;
       break;
     default:
       return;

esphome/components/current_based/current_based_cover.h

@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ class CurrentBasedCover : public cover::Cover, public Component {
   void dump_config() override;
   float get_setup_priority() const override;
 
-  Trigger<> *get_stop_trigger() { return &this->stop_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_stop_trigger() const { return this->stop_trigger_; }
 
-  Trigger<> *get_open_trigger() { return &this->open_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_open_trigger() const { return this->open_trigger_; }
   void set_open_sensor(sensor::Sensor *open_sensor) { this->open_sensor_ = open_sensor; }
   void set_open_moving_current_threshold(float open_moving_current_threshold) {
     this->open_moving_current_threshold_ = open_moving_current_threshold;
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class CurrentBasedCover : public cover::Cover, public Component {
   }
   void set_open_duration(uint32_t open_duration) { this->open_duration_ = open_duration; }
 
-  Trigger<> *get_close_trigger() { return &this->close_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_close_trigger() const { return this->close_trigger_; }
   void set_close_sensor(sensor::Sensor *close_sensor) { this->close_sensor_ = close_sensor; }
   void set_close_moving_current_threshold(float close_moving_current_threshold) {
     this->close_moving_current_threshold_ = close_moving_current_threshold;
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class CurrentBasedCover : public cover::Cover, public Component {
   void set_malfunction_detection(bool malfunction_detection) { this->malfunction_detection_ = malfunction_detection; }
   void set_start_sensing_delay(uint32_t start_sensing_delay) { this->start_sensing_delay_ = start_sensing_delay; }
 
-  Trigger<> *get_malfunction_trigger() { return &this->malfunction_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_malfunction_trigger() const { return this->malfunction_trigger_; }
 
   cover::CoverTraits get_traits() override;
 
@@ -64,23 +64,23 @@ class CurrentBasedCover : public cover::Cover, public Component {
 
   void recompute_position_();
 
-  Trigger<> stop_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *stop_trigger_{new Trigger<>()};
 
   sensor::Sensor *open_sensor_{nullptr};
-  Trigger<> open_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *open_trigger_{new Trigger<>()};
   float open_moving_current_threshold_;
   float open_obstacle_current_threshold_{FLT_MAX};
   uint32_t open_duration_;
 
   sensor::Sensor *close_sensor_{nullptr};
-  Trigger<> close_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *close_trigger_{new Trigger<>()};
   float close_moving_current_threshold_;
   float close_obstacle_current_threshold_{FLT_MAX};
   uint32_t close_duration_;
 
   uint32_t max_duration_{UINT32_MAX};
   bool malfunction_detection_{true};
-  Trigger<> malfunction_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *malfunction_trigger_{new Trigger<>()};
   uint32_t start_sensing_delay_;
   float obstacle_rollback_;
 

esphome/components/endstop/endstop_cover.cpp

@@ -141,15 +141,15 @@ void EndstopCover::start_direction_(CoverOperation dir) {
   Trigger<> *trig;
   switch (dir) {
     case COVER_OPERATION_IDLE:
-      trig = &this->stop_trigger_;
+      trig = this->stop_trigger_;
       break;
     case COVER_OPERATION_OPENING:
       this->last_operation_ = dir;
-      trig = &this->open_trigger_;
+      trig = this->open_trigger_;
       break;
     case COVER_OPERATION_CLOSING:
       this->last_operation_ = dir;
-      trig = &this->close_trigger_;
+      trig = this->close_trigger_;
       break;
     default:
       return;

esphome/components/endstop/endstop_cover.h

@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ class EndstopCover : public cover::Cover, public Component {
   void dump_config() override;
   float get_setup_priority() const override;
 
-  Trigger<> *get_open_trigger() { return &this->open_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<> *get_close_trigger() { return &this->close_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<> *get_stop_trigger() { return &this->stop_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_open_trigger() const { return this->open_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_close_trigger() const { return this->close_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_stop_trigger() const { return this->stop_trigger_; }
   void set_open_endstop(binary_sensor::BinarySensor *open_endstop) { this->open_endstop_ = open_endstop; }
   void set_close_endstop(binary_sensor::BinarySensor *close_endstop) { this->close_endstop_ = close_endstop; }
   void set_open_duration(uint32_t open_duration) { this->open_duration_ = open_duration; }
@@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ class EndstopCover : public cover::Cover, public Component {
 
   binary_sensor::BinarySensor *open_endstop_;
   binary_sensor::BinarySensor *close_endstop_;
-  Trigger<> open_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *open_trigger_{new Trigger<>()};
   uint32_t open_duration_;
-  Trigger<> close_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *close_trigger_{new Trigger<>()};
   uint32_t close_duration_;
-  Trigger<> stop_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *stop_trigger_{new Trigger<>()};
   uint32_t max_duration_{UINT32_MAX};
 
   Trigger<> *prev_command_trigger_{nullptr};

esphome/components/esp32/__init__.py

@@ -1287,6 +1287,18 @@ async def to_code(config):
     # Increase freertos tick speed from 100Hz to 1kHz so that delay() resolution is 1ms
     add_idf_sdkconfig_option("CONFIG_FREERTOS_HZ", 1000)
 
+    # Reduce FreeRTOS max priorities from 25 to 16 to save RAM
+    # pxReadyTasksLists uses 20 bytes per priority level, so this saves 180 bytes
+    # All ESPHome tasks use relative priorities (configMAX_PRIORITIES - X) to scale automatically
+    # See https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/issues/13041 for context
+    add_idf_sdkconfig_option("CONFIG_FREERTOS_MAX_PRIORITIES", 16)
+
+    # Set LWIP TCP/IP task priority to fit within reduced priority range (0-15)
+    # Default is 18, which would be invalid with MAX_PRIORITIES=16
+    # Priority 8 maintains the original hierarchy: I2S speaker (10) > LWIP (8) > mixer (6)
+    # This ensures audio I/O tasks aren't blocked by network, while network isn't starved by mixing
+    add_idf_sdkconfig_option("CONFIG_LWIP_TCPIP_TASK_PRIO", 8)
+
     # Place non-ISR FreeRTOS functions into flash instead of IRAM
     # This saves up to 8KB of IRAM. ISR-safe functions (FromISR variants) stay in IRAM.
     # In ESP-IDF 6.0 this becomes the default and CONFIG_FREERTOS_PLACE_FUNCTIONS_INTO_FLASH

esphome/components/esp32/core.cpp

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/defines.h"
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
+#include "esphome/core/task_priorities.h"
 #include "preferences.h"
 #include <esp_clk_tree.h>
 #include <esp_cpu.h>
@@ -66,10 +67,14 @@ void loop_task(void *pv_params) {
 extern "C" void app_main() {
   initArduino();
   esp32::setup_preferences();
+  // TASK_PRIORITY_APPLICATION: baseline priority for main loop - all component loops
+  // run here. Higher priority tasks (audio, network) preempt this when needed.
 #if CONFIG_FREERTOS_UNICORE
-  xTaskCreate(loop_task, "loopTask", ESPHOME_LOOP_TASK_STACK_SIZE, nullptr, 1, &loop_task_handle);
+  xTaskCreate(loop_task, "loopTask", ESPHOME_LOOP_TASK_STACK_SIZE, nullptr, TASK_PRIORITY_APPLICATION,
+              &loop_task_handle);
 #else
-  xTaskCreatePinnedToCore(loop_task, "loopTask", ESPHOME_LOOP_TASK_STACK_SIZE, nullptr, 1, &loop_task_handle, 1);
+  xTaskCreatePinnedToCore(loop_task, "loopTask", ESPHOME_LOOP_TASK_STACK_SIZE, nullptr, TASK_PRIORITY_APPLICATION,
+                          &loop_task_handle, 1);
 #endif
 }
 

esphome/components/esp32_camera/esp32_camera.cpp

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/application.h"
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/task_priorities.h"
 
 #include <freertos/task.h>
 
@@ -42,11 +43,13 @@ void ESP32Camera::setup() {
   /* initialize RTOS */
   this->framebuffer_get_queue_ = xQueueCreate(1, sizeof(camera_fb_t *));
   this->framebuffer_return_queue_ = xQueueCreate(1, sizeof(camera_fb_t *));
+  // TASK_PRIORITY_APPLICATION: same as main loop - camera capture is buffered,
+  // not real-time critical like audio
   xTaskCreatePinnedToCore(&ESP32Camera::framebuffer_task,
                           "framebuffer_task",           // name
                           FRAMEBUFFER_TASK_STACK_SIZE,  // stack size
                           this,                         // task pv params
-                          1,                            // priority
+                          TASK_PRIORITY_APPLICATION,    // priority
                           nullptr,                      // handle
                           1                             // core
   );

esphome/components/feedback/feedback_cover.cpp

@@ -335,18 +335,18 @@ void FeedbackCover::start_direction_(CoverOperation dir) {
 
   switch (dir) {
     case COVER_OPERATION_IDLE:
-      trig = &this->stop_trigger_;
+      trig = this->stop_trigger_;
       break;
     case COVER_OPERATION_OPENING:
       this->last_operation_ = dir;
-      trig = &this->open_trigger_;
+      trig = this->open_trigger_;
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
       obstacle = this->open_obstacle_;
 #endif
       break;
     case COVER_OPERATION_CLOSING:
       this->last_operation_ = dir;
-      trig = &this->close_trigger_;
+      trig = this->close_trigger_;
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
       obstacle = this->close_obstacle_;
 #endif

esphome/components/feedback/feedback_cover.h

@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ class FeedbackCover : public cover::Cover, public Component {
   void loop() override;
   void dump_config() override;
 
-  Trigger<> *get_open_trigger() { return &this->open_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<> *get_close_trigger() { return &this->close_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<> *get_stop_trigger() { return &this->stop_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_open_trigger() const { return this->open_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_close_trigger() const { return this->close_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_stop_trigger() const { return this->stop_trigger_; }
 
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
   void set_open_endstop(binary_sensor::BinarySensor *open_endstop);
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ class FeedbackCover : public cover::Cover, public Component {
   binary_sensor::BinarySensor *close_obstacle_{nullptr};
 
 #endif
-  Trigger<> open_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> close_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> stop_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *open_trigger_{new Trigger<>()};
+  Trigger<> *close_trigger_{new Trigger<>()};
+  Trigger<> *stop_trigger_{new Trigger<>()};
 
   uint32_t open_duration_{0};
   uint32_t close_duration_{0};

esphome/components/http_request/http_request.h

@@ -332,13 +332,13 @@ template<typename... Ts> class HttpRequestSendAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   void set_json(std::function<void(Ts..., JsonObject)> json_func) { this->json_func_ = json_func; }
 
 #ifdef USE_HTTP_REQUEST_RESPONSE
-  Trigger<std::shared_ptr<HttpContainer>, std::string &, Ts...> *get_success_trigger_with_response() {
-    return &this->success_trigger_with_response_;
+  Trigger<std::shared_ptr<HttpContainer>, std::string &, Ts...> *get_success_trigger_with_response() const {
+    return this->success_trigger_with_response_;
   }
 #endif
-  Trigger<std::shared_ptr<HttpContainer>, Ts...> *get_success_trigger() { return &this->success_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<std::shared_ptr<HttpContainer>, Ts...> *get_success_trigger() const { return this->success_trigger_; }
 
-  Trigger<Ts...> *get_error_trigger() { return &this->error_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<Ts...> *get_error_trigger() const { return this->error_trigger_; }
 
   void set_max_response_buffer_size(size_t max_response_buffer_size) {
     this->max_response_buffer_size_ = max_response_buffer_size;
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class HttpRequestSendAction : public Action<Ts...> {
     auto captured_args = std::make_tuple(x...);
 
     if (container == nullptr) {
-      std::apply([this](Ts... captured_args_inner) { this->error_trigger_.trigger(captured_args_inner...); },
+      std::apply([this](Ts... captured_args_inner) { this->error_trigger_->trigger(captured_args_inner...); },
                  captured_args);
       return;
     }
@@ -406,14 +406,14 @@ template<typename... Ts> class HttpRequestSendAction : public Action<Ts...> {
       }
       std::apply(
           [this, &container, &response_body](Ts... captured_args_inner) {
-            this->success_trigger_with_response_.trigger(container, response_body, captured_args_inner...);
+            this->success_trigger_with_response_->trigger(container, response_body, captured_args_inner...);
           },
           captured_args);
     } else
 #endif
     {
       std::apply([this, &container](
-                     Ts... captured_args_inner) { this->success_trigger_.trigger(container, captured_args_inner...); },
+                     Ts... captured_args_inner) { this->success_trigger_->trigger(container, captured_args_inner...); },
                  captured_args);
     }
     container->end();
@@ -433,10 +433,12 @@ template<typename... Ts> class HttpRequestSendAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   std::map<const char *, TemplatableValue<std::string, Ts...>> json_{};
   std::function<void(Ts..., JsonObject)> json_func_{nullptr};
 #ifdef USE_HTTP_REQUEST_RESPONSE
-  Trigger<std::shared_ptr<HttpContainer>, std::string &, Ts...> success_trigger_with_response_;
+  Trigger<std::shared_ptr<HttpContainer>, std::string &, Ts...> *success_trigger_with_response_ =
+      new Trigger<std::shared_ptr<HttpContainer>, std::string &, Ts...>();
 #endif
-  Trigger<std::shared_ptr<HttpContainer>, Ts...> success_trigger_;
-  Trigger<Ts...> error_trigger_;
+  Trigger<std::shared_ptr<HttpContainer>, Ts...> *success_trigger_ =
+      new Trigger<std::shared_ptr<HttpContainer>, Ts...>();
+  Trigger<Ts...> *error_trigger_ = new Trigger<Ts...>();
 
   size_t max_response_buffer_size_{SIZE_MAX};
 };

esphome/components/http_request/update/http_request_update.cpp

@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 
 #include "esphome/core/application.h"
 #include "esphome/core/version.h"
+#ifdef USE_ESP32
+#include "esphome/core/task_priorities.h"
+#endif
 
 #include "esphome/components/json/json_util.h"
 #include "esphome/components/network/util.h"
@@ -46,7 +49,9 @@ void HttpRequestUpdate::update() {
     return;
   }
 #ifdef USE_ESP32
-  xTaskCreate(HttpRequestUpdate::update_task, "update_task", 8192, (void *) this, 1, &this->update_task_handle_);
+  // TASK_PRIORITY_APPLICATION: same as main loop - update check is background work
+  xTaskCreate(HttpRequestUpdate::update_task, "update_task", 8192, (void *) this, TASK_PRIORITY_APPLICATION,
+              &this->update_task_handle_);
 #else
   this->update_task(this);
 #endif

esphome/components/i2s_audio/microphone/i2s_audio_microphone.cpp

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/task_priorities.h"
 
 #include "esphome/components/audio/audio.h"
 
@@ -22,7 +23,6 @@ static const UBaseType_t MAX_LISTENERS = 16;
 static const uint32_t READ_DURATION_MS = 16;
 
 static const size_t TASK_STACK_SIZE = 4096;
-static const ssize_t TASK_PRIORITY = 23;
 
 static const char *const TAG = "i2s_audio.microphone";
 
@@ -520,8 +520,10 @@ void I2SAudioMicrophone::loop() {
       }
 
       if (this->task_handle_ == nullptr) {
-        xTaskCreate(I2SAudioMicrophone::mic_task, "mic_task", TASK_STACK_SIZE, (void *) this, TASK_PRIORITY,
-                    &this->task_handle_);
+        // TASK_PRIORITY_AUDIO_CAPTURE: highest application priority - real-time audio
+        // input cannot tolerate delays without dropping samples
+        xTaskCreate(I2SAudioMicrophone::mic_task, "mic_task", TASK_STACK_SIZE, (void *) this,
+                    TASK_PRIORITY_AUDIO_CAPTURE, &this->task_handle_);
 
         if (this->task_handle_ == nullptr) {
           ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Task failed to start, retrying in 1 second");

esphome/components/i2s_audio/speaker/i2s_audio_speaker.cpp

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/application.h"
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/task_priorities.h"
 
 #include "esp_timer.h"
 
@@ -24,7 +25,6 @@ static const uint32_t DMA_BUFFER_DURATION_MS = 15;
 static const size_t DMA_BUFFERS_COUNT = 4;
 
 static const size_t TASK_STACK_SIZE = 4096;
-static const ssize_t TASK_PRIORITY = 19;
 
 static const size_t I2S_EVENT_QUEUE_COUNT = DMA_BUFFERS_COUNT + 1;
 
@@ -151,8 +151,10 @@ void I2SAudioSpeaker::loop() {
       }
 
       if (this->speaker_task_handle_ == nullptr) {
-        xTaskCreate(I2SAudioSpeaker::speaker_task, "speaker_task", TASK_STACK_SIZE, (void *) this, TASK_PRIORITY,
-                    &this->speaker_task_handle_);
+        // TASK_PRIORITY_AUDIO_OUTPUT: high priority for real-time audio output,
+        // below capture (TASK_PRIORITY_AUDIO_CAPTURE) but above network tasks
+        xTaskCreate(I2SAudioSpeaker::speaker_task, "speaker_task", TASK_STACK_SIZE, (void *) this,
+                    TASK_PRIORITY_AUDIO_OUTPUT, &this->speaker_task_handle_);
 
         if (this->speaker_task_handle_ == nullptr) {
           ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Task failed to start, retrying in 1 second");

esphome/components/light/base_light_effects.h

@@ -138,20 +138,20 @@ class LambdaLightEffect : public LightEffect {
 class AutomationLightEffect : public LightEffect {
  public:
   AutomationLightEffect(const char *name) : LightEffect(name) {}
-  void stop() override { this->trig_.stop_action(); }
+  void stop() override { this->trig_->stop_action(); }
   void apply() override {
-    if (!this->trig_.is_action_running()) {
-      this->trig_.trigger();
+    if (!this->trig_->is_action_running()) {
+      this->trig_->trigger();
     }
   }
-  Trigger<> *get_trig() { return &this->trig_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_trig() const { return trig_; }
 
   /// Get the current effect index for use in automations.
   /// Useful for automations that need to know which effect is running.
   uint32_t get_current_index() const { return this->get_index(); }
 
  protected:
-  Trigger<> trig_;
+  Trigger<> *trig_{new Trigger<>};
 };
 
 struct StrobeLightEffectColor {

esphome/components/logger/logger.cpp

@@ -128,7 +128,22 @@ void HOT Logger::log_vprintf_(uint8_t level, const char *tag, int line, const ch
 // Note: USE_STORE_LOG_STR_IN_FLASH is only defined for ESP8266.
 //
 // This function handles format strings stored in flash memory (PROGMEM) to save RAM.
-// Uses vsnprintf_P to read the format string directly from flash without copying to RAM.
+// The buffer is used in a special way to avoid allocating extra memory:
+//
+// Memory layout during execution:
+// Step 1: Copy format string from flash to buffer
+//         tx_buffer_: [format_string][null][.....................]
+//         tx_buffer_at_: ------------------^
+//         msg_start: saved here -----------^
+//
+// Step 2: format_log_to_buffer_with_terminator_ reads format string from beginning
+//         and writes formatted output starting at msg_start position
+//         tx_buffer_: [format_string][null][formatted_message][null]
+//         tx_buffer_at_: -------------------------------------^
+//
+// Step 3: Output the formatted message (starting at msg_start)
+//         write_msg_ and callbacks receive: this->tx_buffer_ + msg_start
+//         which points to: [formatted_message][null]
 //
 void Logger::log_vprintf_(uint8_t level, const char *tag, int line, const __FlashStringHelper *format,
                           va_list args) {  // NOLINT
@@ -138,28 +153,35 @@ void Logger::log_vprintf_(uint8_t level, const char *tag, int line, const __Flas
   RecursionGuard guard(global_recursion_guard_);
   this->tx_buffer_at_ = 0;
 
-  // Write header, format body directly from flash, and write footer
-  this->write_header_to_buffer_(level, tag, line, nullptr, this->tx_buffer_, &this->tx_buffer_at_,
-                                this->tx_buffer_size_);
-  this->format_body_to_buffer_P_(this->tx_buffer_, &this->tx_buffer_at_, this->tx_buffer_size_,
-                                 reinterpret_cast<PGM_P>(format), args);
-  this->write_footer_to_buffer_(this->tx_buffer_, &this->tx_buffer_at_, this->tx_buffer_size_);
-
-  // Ensure null termination
-  if (this->tx_buffer_at_ >= this->tx_buffer_size_) {
-    this->tx_buffer_[this->tx_buffer_size_ - 1] = '\0';
-  } else {
-    this->tx_buffer_[this->tx_buffer_at_] = '\0';
+  // Copy format string from progmem
+  auto *format_pgm_p = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(format);
+  char ch = '.';
+  while (this->tx_buffer_at_ < this->tx_buffer_size_ && ch != '\0') {
+    this->tx_buffer_[this->tx_buffer_at_++] = ch = (char) progmem_read_byte(format_pgm_p++);
   }
 
+  // Buffer full from copying format - RAII guard handles cleanup on return
+  if (this->tx_buffer_at_ >= this->tx_buffer_size_) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Save the offset before calling format_log_to_buffer_with_terminator_
+  // since it will increment tx_buffer_at_ to the end of the formatted string
+  uint16_t msg_start = this->tx_buffer_at_;
+  this->format_log_to_buffer_with_terminator_(level, tag, line, this->tx_buffer_, args, this->tx_buffer_,
+                                              &this->tx_buffer_at_, this->tx_buffer_size_);
+
+  uint16_t msg_length =
+      this->tx_buffer_at_ - msg_start;  // Don't subtract 1 - tx_buffer_at_ is already at the null terminator position
+
   // Listeners get message first (before console write)
 #ifdef USE_LOG_LISTENERS
   for (auto *listener : this->log_listeners_)
-    listener->on_log(level, tag, this->tx_buffer_, this->tx_buffer_at_);
+    listener->on_log(level, tag, this->tx_buffer_ + msg_start, msg_length);
 #endif
 
-  // Write to console
-  this->write_tx_buffer_to_console_();
+  // Write to console starting at the msg_start
+  this->write_tx_buffer_to_console_(msg_start, &msg_length);
 }
 #endif  // USE_STORE_LOG_STR_IN_FLASH
 

esphome/components/logger/logger.h

@@ -622,29 +622,6 @@ class Logger : public Component {
     }
   }
 
-#ifdef USE_STORE_LOG_STR_IN_FLASH
-  // ESP8266 variant that reads format string directly from flash using vsnprintf_P
-  inline void HOT format_body_to_buffer_P_(char *buffer, uint16_t *buffer_at, uint16_t buffer_size, PGM_P format,
-                                           va_list args) {
-    if (*buffer_at >= buffer_size)
-      return;
-    const uint16_t remaining = buffer_size - *buffer_at;
-
-    const int ret = vsnprintf_P(buffer + *buffer_at, remaining, format, args);
-
-    if (ret < 0) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    uint16_t formatted_len = (ret >= remaining) ? (remaining - 1) : ret;
-    *buffer_at += formatted_len;
-
-    while (*buffer_at > 0 && buffer[*buffer_at - 1] == '\n') {
-      (*buffer_at)--;
-    }
-  }
-#endif
-
   inline void HOT write_footer_to_buffer_(char *buffer, uint16_t *buffer_at, uint16_t buffer_size) {
     static constexpr uint16_t RESET_COLOR_LEN = sizeof(ESPHOME_LOG_RESET_COLOR) - 1;
     this->write_body_to_buffer_(ESPHOME_LOG_RESET_COLOR, RESET_COLOR_LEN, buffer, buffer_at, buffer_size);

esphome/components/micro_wake_word/micro_wake_word.cpp

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/task_priorities.h"
 
 #include "esphome/components/audio/audio_transfer_buffer.h"
 
@@ -25,7 +26,6 @@ static const size_t DATA_TIMEOUT_MS = 50;
 static const uint32_t RING_BUFFER_DURATION_MS = 120;
 
 static const uint32_t INFERENCE_TASK_STACK_SIZE = 3072;
-static const UBaseType_t INFERENCE_TASK_PRIORITY = 3;
 
 enum EventGroupBits : uint32_t {
   COMMAND_STOP = (1 << 0),  // Signals the inference task should stop
@@ -305,8 +305,10 @@ void MicroWakeWord::loop() {
           return;
         }
 
+        // TASK_PRIORITY_INFERENCE: above main loop (TASK_PRIORITY_APPLICATION) but below
+        // protocol tasks (TASK_PRIORITY_PROTOCOL) - ML inference is background work
         xTaskCreate(MicroWakeWord::inference_task, "mww", INFERENCE_TASK_STACK_SIZE, (void *) this,
-                    INFERENCE_TASK_PRIORITY, &this->inference_task_handle_);
+                    TASK_PRIORITY_INFERENCE, &this->inference_task_handle_);
 
         if (this->inference_task_handle_ == nullptr) {
           FrontendFreeStateContents(&this->frontend_state_);  // Deallocate frontend state
@@ -325,7 +327,7 @@ void MicroWakeWord::loop() {
           ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Detected '%s' with sliding average probability is %.2f and max probability is %.2f",
                    detection_event.wake_word->c_str(), (detection_event.average_probability / uint8_to_float_divisor),
                    (detection_event.max_probability / uint8_to_float_divisor));
-          this->wake_word_detected_trigger_.trigger(*detection_event.wake_word);
+          this->wake_word_detected_trigger_->trigger(*detection_event.wake_word);
           if (this->stop_after_detection_) {
             this->stop();
           }

esphome/components/micro_wake_word/micro_wake_word.h

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class MicroWakeWord : public Component
 
   void set_stop_after_detection(bool stop_after_detection) { this->stop_after_detection_ = stop_after_detection; }
 
-  Trigger<std::string> *get_wake_word_detected_trigger() { return &this->wake_word_detected_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<std::string> *get_wake_word_detected_trigger() const { return this->wake_word_detected_trigger_; }
 
   void add_wake_word_model(WakeWordModel *model);
 
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class MicroWakeWord : public Component
 
  protected:
   microphone::MicrophoneSource *microphone_source_{nullptr};
-  Trigger<std::string> wake_word_detected_trigger_;
+  Trigger<std::string> *wake_word_detected_trigger_ = new Trigger<std::string>();
   State state_{State::STOPPED};
 
   std::weak_ptr<RingBuffer> ring_buffer_;

esphome/components/mixer/speaker/automation.h

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "esphome/core/automation.h"
 #include "mixer_speaker.h"
 
 #ifdef USE_ESP32

esphome/components/mixer/speaker/mixer_speaker.cpp

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/task_priorities.h"
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cstring>
@@ -12,8 +13,6 @@
 namespace esphome {
 namespace mixer_speaker {
 
-static const UBaseType_t MIXER_TASK_PRIORITY = 10;
-
 static const uint32_t TRANSFER_BUFFER_DURATION_MS = 50;
 static const uint32_t TASK_DELAY_MS = 25;
 
@@ -385,8 +384,10 @@ esp_err_t MixerSpeaker::start_task_() {
   }
 
   if (this->task_handle_ == nullptr) {
+    // TASK_PRIORITY_AUDIO_MIXER: below I2S tasks (TASK_PRIORITY_AUDIO_OUTPUT) but
+    // above protocol tasks - mixing is buffered but feeds real-time output
     this->task_handle_ = xTaskCreateStatic(audio_mixer_task, "mixer", TASK_STACK_SIZE, (void *) this,
-                                           MIXER_TASK_PRIORITY, this->task_stack_buffer_, &this->task_stack_);
+                                           TASK_PRIORITY_AUDIO_MIXER, this->task_stack_buffer_, &this->task_stack_);
   }
 
   if (this->task_handle_ == nullptr) {

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_backend_esp32.cpp

@@ -61,7 +61,10 @@ bool MQTTBackendESP32::initialize_() {
     // Create the task only after MQTT client is initialized successfully
     // Use larger stack size when TLS is enabled
     size_t stack_size = this->ca_certificate_.has_value() ? TASK_STACK_SIZE_TLS : TASK_STACK_SIZE;
-    xTaskCreate(esphome_mqtt_task, "esphome_mqtt", stack_size, (void *) this, TASK_PRIORITY, &this->task_handle_);
+    // TASK_PRIORITY_PROTOCOL: above main loop (TASK_PRIORITY_APPLICATION) but below
+    // audio tasks - MQTT needs responsive scheduling for message handling
+    xTaskCreate(esphome_mqtt_task, "esphome_mqtt", stack_size, (void *) this, TASK_PRIORITY_PROTOCOL,
+                &this->task_handle_);
     if (this->task_handle_ == nullptr) {
       ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to create MQTT task");
       // Clean up MQTT client since we can't start the async task

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_backend_esp32.h

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/lock_free_queue.h"
 #include "esphome/core/event_pool.h"
+#include "esphome/core/task_priorities.h"
 
 namespace esphome::mqtt {
 
@@ -117,8 +118,7 @@ class MQTTBackendESP32 final : public MQTTBackend {
   static const size_t MQTT_BUFFER_SIZE = 4096;
   static const size_t TASK_STACK_SIZE = 3072;
   static const size_t TASK_STACK_SIZE_TLS = 4096;  // Larger stack for TLS operations
-  static const ssize_t TASK_PRIORITY = 5;
-  static const uint8_t MQTT_QUEUE_LENGTH = 30;  // 30*12 bytes = 360
+  static const uint8_t MQTT_QUEUE_LENGTH = 30;     // 30*12 bytes = 360
 
   void set_keep_alive(uint16_t keep_alive) final { this->keep_alive_ = keep_alive; }
   void set_client_id(const char *client_id) final { this->client_id_ = client_id; }

esphome/components/openthread/openthread_esp.cpp

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include "esp_task_wdt.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/task_priorities.h"
 
 #include "esp_err.h"
 #include "esp_event.h"
@@ -39,12 +40,14 @@ void OpenThreadComponent::setup() {
   ESP_ERROR_CHECK(esp_netif_init());
   ESP_ERROR_CHECK(esp_vfs_eventfd_register(&eventfd_config));
 
+  // TASK_PRIORITY_PROTOCOL: same as USB host/MQTT - network protocol tasks need
+  // responsive scheduling but below audio tasks
   xTaskCreate(
       [](void *arg) {
         static_cast<OpenThreadComponent *>(arg)->ot_main();
         vTaskDelete(nullptr);
       },
-      "ot_main", 10240, this, 5, nullptr);
+      "ot_main", 10240, this, TASK_PRIORITY_PROTOCOL, nullptr);
 }
 
 static esp_netif_t *init_openthread_netif(const esp_openthread_platform_config_t *config) {

esphome/components/remote_transmitter/remote_transmitter.cpp

@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ void RemoteTransmitterComponent::send_internal(uint32_t send_times, uint32_t sen
   uint32_t on_time, off_time;
   this->calculate_on_off_time_(this->temp_.get_carrier_frequency(), &on_time, &off_time);
   this->target_time_ = 0;
-  this->transmit_trigger_.trigger();
+  this->transmit_trigger_->trigger();
   for (uint32_t i = 0; i < send_times; i++) {
     InterruptLock lock;
     for (int32_t item : this->temp_.get_data()) {
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ void RemoteTransmitterComponent::send_internal(uint32_t send_times, uint32_t sen
     if (i + 1 < send_times)
       this->target_time_ += send_wait;
   }
-  this->complete_trigger_.trigger();
+  this->complete_trigger_->trigger();
 }
 
 }  // namespace remote_transmitter

esphome/components/remote_transmitter/remote_transmitter.h

@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ class RemoteTransmitterComponent : public remote_base::RemoteTransmitterBase,
   void set_non_blocking(bool non_blocking) { this->non_blocking_ = non_blocking; }
 #endif
 
-  Trigger<> *get_transmit_trigger() { return &this->transmit_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<> *get_complete_trigger() { return &this->complete_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_transmit_trigger() const { return this->transmit_trigger_; };
+  Trigger<> *get_complete_trigger() const { return this->complete_trigger_; };
 
  protected:
   void send_internal(uint32_t send_times, uint32_t send_wait) override;
@@ -96,8 +96,8 @@ class RemoteTransmitterComponent : public remote_base::RemoteTransmitterBase,
 #endif
   uint8_t carrier_duty_percent_;
 
-  Trigger<> transmit_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> complete_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *transmit_trigger_{new Trigger<>()};
+  Trigger<> *complete_trigger_{new Trigger<>()};
 };
 
 }  // namespace remote_transmitter

esphome/components/remote_transmitter/remote_transmitter_esp32.cpp

@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ void RemoteTransmitterComponent::wait_for_rmt_() {
     this->status_set_warning();
   }
 
-  this->complete_trigger_.trigger();
+  this->complete_trigger_->trigger();
 }
 
 #if ESP_IDF_VERSION >= ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(5, 5, 1)
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ void RemoteTransmitterComponent::send_internal(uint32_t send_times, uint32_t sen
     return;
   }
 
-  this->transmit_trigger_.trigger();
+  this->transmit_trigger_->trigger();
 
   rmt_transmit_config_t config;
   memset(&config, 0, sizeof(config));
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ void RemoteTransmitterComponent::send_internal(uint32_t send_times, uint32_t sen
     ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Empty data");
     return;
   }
-  this->transmit_trigger_.trigger();
+  this->transmit_trigger_->trigger();
   for (uint32_t i = 0; i < send_times; i++) {
     rmt_transmit_config_t config;
     memset(&config, 0, sizeof(config));
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ void RemoteTransmitterComponent::send_internal(uint32_t send_times, uint32_t sen
     if (i + 1 < send_times)
       delayMicroseconds(send_wait);
   }
-  this->complete_trigger_.trigger();
+  this->complete_trigger_->trigger();
 }
 #endif
 

esphome/components/resampler/speaker/resampler_speaker.cpp

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/task_priorities.h"
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cstring>
@@ -13,8 +14,6 @@
 namespace esphome {
 namespace resampler {
 
-static const UBaseType_t RESAMPLER_TASK_PRIORITY = 1;
-
 static const uint32_t TRANSFER_BUFFER_DURATION_MS = 50;
 
 static const uint32_t TASK_DELAY_MS = 20;
@@ -185,8 +184,10 @@ esp_err_t ResamplerSpeaker::start_task_() {
   }
 
   if (this->task_handle_ == nullptr) {
+    // TASK_PRIORITY_APPLICATION: same as main loop - resampling is buffered audio
+    // processing, not real-time I/O
     this->task_handle_ = xTaskCreateStatic(resample_task, "sample", TASK_STACK_SIZE, (void *) this,
-                                           RESAMPLER_TASK_PRIORITY, this->task_stack_buffer_, &this->task_stack_);
+                                           TASK_PRIORITY_APPLICATION, this->task_stack_buffer_, &this->task_stack_);
   }
 
   if (this->task_handle_ == nullptr) {

esphome/components/speaker/media_player/speaker_media_player.cpp

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #ifdef USE_ESP32
 
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/task_priorities.h"
 
 #include "esphome/components/audio/audio.h"
 #ifdef USE_OTA
@@ -45,9 +46,6 @@ namespace speaker {
 
 static const uint32_t MEDIA_CONTROLS_QUEUE_LENGTH = 20;
 
-static const UBaseType_t MEDIA_PIPELINE_TASK_PRIORITY = 1;
-static const UBaseType_t ANNOUNCEMENT_PIPELINE_TASK_PRIORITY = 1;
-
 static const char *const TAG = "speaker_media_player";
 
 void SpeakerMediaPlayer::setup() {
@@ -70,9 +68,10 @@ void SpeakerMediaPlayer::setup() {
   ota::get_global_ota_callback()->add_global_state_listener(this);
 #endif
 
-  this->announcement_pipeline_ =
-      make_unique<AudioPipeline>(this->announcement_speaker_, this->buffer_size_, this->task_stack_in_psram_, "ann",
-                                 ANNOUNCEMENT_PIPELINE_TASK_PRIORITY);
+  // TASK_PRIORITY_APPLICATION: same as main loop - media pipelines handle buffered
+  // audio streaming, not real-time I/O, so they don't need elevated priority
+  this->announcement_pipeline_ = make_unique<AudioPipeline>(
+      this->announcement_speaker_, this->buffer_size_, this->task_stack_in_psram_, "ann", TASK_PRIORITY_APPLICATION);
 
   if (this->announcement_pipeline_ == nullptr) {
     ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to create announcement pipeline");
@@ -81,7 +80,7 @@ void SpeakerMediaPlayer::setup() {
 
   if (!this->single_pipeline_()) {
     this->media_pipeline_ = make_unique<AudioPipeline>(this->media_speaker_, this->buffer_size_,
-                                                       this->task_stack_in_psram_, "med", MEDIA_PIPELINE_TASK_PRIORITY);
+                                                       this->task_stack_in_psram_, "med", TASK_PRIORITY_APPLICATION);
 
     if (this->media_pipeline_ == nullptr) {
       ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to create media pipeline");
@@ -519,9 +518,9 @@ void SpeakerMediaPlayer::set_mute_state_(bool mute_state) {
 
   if (old_mute_state != mute_state) {
     if (mute_state) {
-      this->defer([this]() { this->mute_trigger_.trigger(); });
+      this->defer([this]() { this->mute_trigger_->trigger(); });
     } else {
-      this->defer([this]() { this->unmute_trigger_.trigger(); });
+      this->defer([this]() { this->unmute_trigger_->trigger(); });
     }
   }
 }
@@ -550,7 +549,7 @@ void SpeakerMediaPlayer::set_volume_(float volume, bool publish) {
     this->set_mute_state_(false);
   }
 
-  this->defer([this, volume]() { this->volume_trigger_.trigger(volume); });
+  this->defer([this, volume]() { this->volume_trigger_->trigger(volume); });
 }
 
 }  // namespace speaker

esphome/components/speaker/media_player/speaker_media_player.h

@@ -84,9 +84,9 @@ class SpeakerMediaPlayer : public Component,
     this->media_format_ = media_format;
   }
 
-  Trigger<> *get_mute_trigger() { return &this->mute_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<> *get_unmute_trigger() { return &this->unmute_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<float> *get_volume_trigger() { return &this->volume_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_mute_trigger() const { return this->mute_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_unmute_trigger() const { return this->unmute_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<float> *get_volume_trigger() const { return this->volume_trigger_; }
 
   void play_file(audio::AudioFile *media_file, bool announcement, bool enqueue);
 
@@ -154,9 +154,9 @@ class SpeakerMediaPlayer : public Component,
   // Used to save volume/mute state for restoration on reboot
   ESPPreferenceObject pref_;
 
-  Trigger<> mute_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> unmute_trigger_;
-  Trigger<float> volume_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *mute_trigger_ = new Trigger<>();
+  Trigger<> *unmute_trigger_ = new Trigger<>();
+  Trigger<float> *volume_trigger_ = new Trigger<float>();
 };
 
 }  // namespace speaker

esphome/components/sprinkler/sprinkler.cpp

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ void SprinklerControllerNumber::setup() {
 }
 
 void SprinklerControllerNumber::control(float value) {
-  this->set_trigger_.trigger(value);
+  this->set_trigger_->trigger(value);
 
   this->publish_state(value);
 
@@ -39,7 +39,8 @@ void SprinklerControllerNumber::control(float value) {
 
 void SprinklerControllerNumber::dump_config() { LOG_NUMBER("", "Sprinkler Controller Number", this); }
 
-SprinklerControllerSwitch::SprinklerControllerSwitch() = default;
+SprinklerControllerSwitch::SprinklerControllerSwitch()
+    : turn_on_trigger_(new Trigger<>()), turn_off_trigger_(new Trigger<>()) {}
 
 void SprinklerControllerSwitch::loop() {
   // Loop is only enabled when f_ has a value (see setup())
@@ -55,11 +56,11 @@ void SprinklerControllerSwitch::write_state(bool state) {
   }
 
   if (state) {
-    this->prev_trigger_ = &this->turn_on_trigger_;
-    this->turn_on_trigger_.trigger();
+    this->prev_trigger_ = this->turn_on_trigger_;
+    this->turn_on_trigger_->trigger();
   } else {
-    this->prev_trigger_ = &this->turn_off_trigger_;
-    this->turn_off_trigger_.trigger();
+    this->prev_trigger_ = this->turn_off_trigger_;
+    this->turn_off_trigger_->trigger();
   }
 
   this->publish_state(state);
@@ -68,6 +69,9 @@ void SprinklerControllerSwitch::write_state(bool state) {
 void SprinklerControllerSwitch::set_state_lambda(std::function<optional<bool>()> &&f) { this->f_ = f; }
 float SprinklerControllerSwitch::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::HARDWARE; }
 
+Trigger<> *SprinklerControllerSwitch::get_turn_on_trigger() const { return this->turn_on_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *SprinklerControllerSwitch::get_turn_off_trigger() const { return this->turn_off_trigger_; }
+
 void SprinklerControllerSwitch::setup() {
   this->state = this->get_initial_state_with_restore_mode().value_or(false);
   // Disable loop if no state lambda is set - nothing to poll

esphome/components/sprinkler/sprinkler.h

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class SprinklerControllerNumber : public number::Number, public Component {
   void dump_config() override;
   float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::PROCESSOR; }
 
-  Trigger<float> *get_set_trigger() { return &this->set_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<float> *get_set_trigger() const { return set_trigger_; }
   void set_initial_value(float initial_value) { initial_value_ = initial_value; }
   void set_restore_value(bool restore_value) { this->restore_value_ = restore_value; }
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class SprinklerControllerNumber : public number::Number, public Component {
   void control(float value) override;
   float initial_value_{NAN};
   bool restore_value_{true};
-  Trigger<float> set_trigger_;
+  Trigger<float> *set_trigger_ = new Trigger<float>();
 
   ESPPreferenceObject pref_;
 };
@@ -97,8 +97,8 @@ class SprinklerControllerSwitch : public switch_::Switch, public Component {
   void dump_config() override;
 
   void set_state_lambda(std::function<optional<bool>()> &&f);
-  Trigger<> *get_turn_on_trigger() { return &this->turn_on_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<> *get_turn_off_trigger() { return &this->turn_off_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_turn_on_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_turn_off_trigger() const;
   void loop() override;
 
   float get_setup_priority() const override;
@@ -107,8 +107,8 @@ class SprinklerControllerSwitch : public switch_::Switch, public Component {
   void write_state(bool state) override;
 
   optional<std::function<optional<bool>()>> f_;
-  Trigger<> turn_on_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> turn_off_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *turn_on_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *turn_off_trigger_;
   Trigger<> *prev_trigger_{nullptr};
 };
 

esphome/components/sx126x/sx126x.cpp

@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ void SX126x::call_listeners_(const std::vector<uint8_t> &packet, float rssi, flo
   for (auto &listener : this->listeners_) {
     listener->on_packet(packet, rssi, snr);
   }
-  this->packet_trigger_.trigger(packet, rssi, snr);
+  this->packet_trigger_->trigger(packet, rssi, snr);
 }
 
 void SX126x::loop() {

esphome/components/sx126x/sx126x.h

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class SX126x : public Component,
   void configure();
   SX126xError transmit_packet(const std::vector<uint8_t> &packet);
   void register_listener(SX126xListener *listener) { this->listeners_.push_back(listener); }
-  Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, float, float> *get_packet_trigger() { return &this->packet_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, float, float> *get_packet_trigger() const { return this->packet_trigger_; };
 
  protected:
   void configure_fsk_ook_();
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class SX126x : public Component,
   void read_register_(uint16_t reg, uint8_t *data, uint8_t size);
   void call_listeners_(const std::vector<uint8_t> &packet, float rssi, float snr);
   void wait_busy_();
-  Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, float, float> packet_trigger_;
+  Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, float, float> *packet_trigger_{new Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, float, float>()};
   std::vector<SX126xListener *> listeners_;
   std::vector<uint8_t> packet_;
   std::vector<uint8_t> sync_value_;

esphome/components/sx127x/sx127x.cpp

@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ void SX127x::call_listeners_(const std::vector<uint8_t> &packet, float rssi, flo
   for (auto &listener : this->listeners_) {
     listener->on_packet(packet, rssi, snr);
   }
-  this->packet_trigger_.trigger(packet, rssi, snr);
+  this->packet_trigger_->trigger(packet, rssi, snr);
 }
 
 void SX127x::loop() {

esphome/components/sx127x/sx127x.h

@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class SX127x : public Component,
   void configure();
   SX127xError transmit_packet(const std::vector<uint8_t> &packet);
   void register_listener(SX127xListener *listener) { this->listeners_.push_back(listener); }
-  Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, float, float> *get_packet_trigger() { return &this->packet_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, float, float> *get_packet_trigger() const { return this->packet_trigger_; };
 
  protected:
   void configure_fsk_ook_();
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class SX127x : public Component,
   void write_register_(uint8_t reg, uint8_t value);
   void call_listeners_(const std::vector<uint8_t> &packet, float rssi, float snr);
   uint8_t read_register_(uint8_t reg);
-  Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, float, float> packet_trigger_;
+  Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, float, float> *packet_trigger_{new Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, float, float>()};
   std::vector<SX127xListener *> listeners_;
   std::vector<uint8_t> packet_;
   std::vector<uint8_t> sync_value_;

esphome/components/template/cover/template_cover.cpp

@@ -7,7 +7,13 @@ using namespace esphome::cover;
 
 static const char *const TAG = "template.cover";
 
-TemplateCover::TemplateCover() = default;
+TemplateCover::TemplateCover()
+    : open_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      close_trigger_(new Trigger<>),
+      stop_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      toggle_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      position_trigger_(new Trigger<float>()),
+      tilt_trigger_(new Trigger<float>()) {}
 void TemplateCover::setup() {
   switch (this->restore_mode_) {
     case COVER_NO_RESTORE:
@@ -56,22 +62,22 @@ void TemplateCover::loop() {
 void TemplateCover::set_optimistic(bool optimistic) { this->optimistic_ = optimistic; }
 void TemplateCover::set_assumed_state(bool assumed_state) { this->assumed_state_ = assumed_state; }
 float TemplateCover::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::HARDWARE; }
-Trigger<> *TemplateCover::get_open_trigger() { return &this->open_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *TemplateCover::get_close_trigger() { return &this->close_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *TemplateCover::get_stop_trigger() { return &this->stop_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *TemplateCover::get_toggle_trigger() { return &this->toggle_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *TemplateCover::get_open_trigger() const { return this->open_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *TemplateCover::get_close_trigger() const { return this->close_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *TemplateCover::get_stop_trigger() const { return this->stop_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *TemplateCover::get_toggle_trigger() const { return this->toggle_trigger_; }
 void TemplateCover::dump_config() { LOG_COVER("", "Template Cover", this); }
 void TemplateCover::control(const CoverCall &call) {
   if (call.get_stop()) {
     this->stop_prev_trigger_();
-    this->stop_trigger_.trigger();
-    this->prev_command_trigger_ = &this->stop_trigger_;
+    this->stop_trigger_->trigger();
+    this->prev_command_trigger_ = this->stop_trigger_;
     this->publish_state();
   }
   if (call.get_toggle().has_value()) {
     this->stop_prev_trigger_();
-    this->toggle_trigger_.trigger();
-    this->prev_command_trigger_ = &this->toggle_trigger_;
+    this->toggle_trigger_->trigger();
+    this->prev_command_trigger_ = this->toggle_trigger_;
     this->publish_state();
   }
   if (call.get_position().has_value()) {
@@ -79,13 +85,13 @@ void TemplateCover::control(const CoverCall &call) {
     this->stop_prev_trigger_();
 
     if (pos == COVER_OPEN) {
-      this->open_trigger_.trigger();
-      this->prev_command_trigger_ = &this->open_trigger_;
+      this->open_trigger_->trigger();
+      this->prev_command_trigger_ = this->open_trigger_;
     } else if (pos == COVER_CLOSED) {
-      this->close_trigger_.trigger();
-      this->prev_command_trigger_ = &this->close_trigger_;
+      this->close_trigger_->trigger();
+      this->prev_command_trigger_ = this->close_trigger_;
     } else {
-      this->position_trigger_.trigger(pos);
+      this->position_trigger_->trigger(pos);
     }
 
     if (this->optimistic_) {
@@ -95,7 +101,7 @@ void TemplateCover::control(const CoverCall &call) {
 
   if (call.get_tilt().has_value()) {
     auto tilt = *call.get_tilt();
-    this->tilt_trigger_.trigger(tilt);
+    this->tilt_trigger_->trigger(tilt);
 
     if (this->optimistic_) {
       this->tilt = tilt;
@@ -113,8 +119,8 @@ CoverTraits TemplateCover::get_traits() {
   traits.set_supports_tilt(this->has_tilt_);
   return traits;
 }
-Trigger<float> *TemplateCover::get_position_trigger() { return &this->position_trigger_; }
-Trigger<float> *TemplateCover::get_tilt_trigger() { return &this->tilt_trigger_; }
+Trigger<float> *TemplateCover::get_position_trigger() const { return this->position_trigger_; }
+Trigger<float> *TemplateCover::get_tilt_trigger() const { return this->tilt_trigger_; }
 void TemplateCover::set_has_stop(bool has_stop) { this->has_stop_ = has_stop; }
 void TemplateCover::set_has_toggle(bool has_toggle) { this->has_toggle_ = has_toggle; }
 void TemplateCover::set_has_position(bool has_position) { this->has_position_ = has_position; }

esphome/components/template/cover/template_cover.h

@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ class TemplateCover final : public cover::Cover, public Component {
 
   template<typename F> void set_state_lambda(F &&f) { this->state_f_.set(std::forward<F>(f)); }
   template<typename F> void set_tilt_lambda(F &&f) { this->tilt_f_.set(std::forward<F>(f)); }
-  Trigger<> *get_open_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_close_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_stop_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_toggle_trigger();
-  Trigger<float> *get_position_trigger();
-  Trigger<float> *get_tilt_trigger();
+  Trigger<> *get_open_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_close_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_stop_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_toggle_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<float> *get_position_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<float> *get_tilt_trigger() const;
   void set_optimistic(bool optimistic);
   void set_assumed_state(bool assumed_state);
   void set_has_stop(bool has_stop);
@@ -49,16 +49,16 @@ class TemplateCover final : public cover::Cover, public Component {
   TemplateLambda<float> tilt_f_;
   bool assumed_state_{false};
   bool optimistic_{false};
-  Trigger<> open_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> close_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *open_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *close_trigger_;
   bool has_stop_{false};
   bool has_toggle_{false};
-  Trigger<> stop_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> toggle_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *stop_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *toggle_trigger_;
   Trigger<> *prev_command_trigger_{nullptr};
-  Trigger<float> position_trigger_;
+  Trigger<float> *position_trigger_;
   bool has_position_{false};
-  Trigger<float> tilt_trigger_;
+  Trigger<float> *tilt_trigger_;
   bool has_tilt_{false};
 };
 

esphome/components/template/datetime/template_date.cpp

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ void TemplateDate::control(const datetime::DateCall &call) {
   if (has_day)
     value.day_of_month = *call.get_day();
 
-  this->set_trigger_.trigger(value);
+  this->set_trigger_->trigger(value);
 
   if (this->optimistic_) {
     if (has_year)

esphome/components/template/datetime/template_date.h

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class TemplateDate final : public datetime::DateEntity, public PollingComponent
   void dump_config() override;
   float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::HARDWARE; }
 
-  Trigger<ESPTime> *get_set_trigger() { return &this->set_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<ESPTime> *get_set_trigger() const { return this->set_trigger_; }
   void set_optimistic(bool optimistic) { this->optimistic_ = optimistic; }
 
   void set_initial_value(ESPTime initial_value) { this->initial_value_ = initial_value; }
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class TemplateDate final : public datetime::DateEntity, public PollingComponent
   bool optimistic_{false};
   ESPTime initial_value_{};
   bool restore_value_{false};
-  Trigger<ESPTime> set_trigger_;
+  Trigger<ESPTime> *set_trigger_ = new Trigger<ESPTime>();
   TemplateLambda<ESPTime> f_;
 
   ESPPreferenceObject pref_;

esphome/components/template/datetime/template_datetime.cpp

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ void TemplateDateTime::control(const datetime::DateTimeCall &call) {
   if (has_second)
     value.second = *call.get_second();
 
-  this->set_trigger_.trigger(value);
+  this->set_trigger_->trigger(value);
 
   if (this->optimistic_) {
     if (has_year)

esphome/components/template/datetime/template_datetime.h

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class TemplateDateTime final : public datetime::DateTimeEntity, public PollingCo
   void dump_config() override;
   float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::HARDWARE; }
 
-  Trigger<ESPTime> *get_set_trigger() { return &this->set_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<ESPTime> *get_set_trigger() const { return this->set_trigger_; }
   void set_optimistic(bool optimistic) { this->optimistic_ = optimistic; }
 
   void set_initial_value(ESPTime initial_value) { this->initial_value_ = initial_value; }
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class TemplateDateTime final : public datetime::DateTimeEntity, public PollingCo
   bool optimistic_{false};
   ESPTime initial_value_{};
   bool restore_value_{false};
-  Trigger<ESPTime> set_trigger_;
+  Trigger<ESPTime> *set_trigger_ = new Trigger<ESPTime>();
   TemplateLambda<ESPTime> f_;
 
   ESPPreferenceObject pref_;

esphome/components/template/datetime/template_time.cpp

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ void TemplateTime::control(const datetime::TimeCall &call) {
   if (has_second)
     value.second = *call.get_second();
 
-  this->set_trigger_.trigger(value);
+  this->set_trigger_->trigger(value);
 
   if (this->optimistic_) {
     if (has_hour)

esphome/components/template/datetime/template_time.h

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class TemplateTime final : public datetime::TimeEntity, public PollingComponent
   void dump_config() override;
   float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::HARDWARE; }
 
-  Trigger<ESPTime> *get_set_trigger() { return &this->set_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<ESPTime> *get_set_trigger() const { return this->set_trigger_; }
   void set_optimistic(bool optimistic) { this->optimistic_ = optimistic; }
 
   void set_initial_value(ESPTime initial_value) { this->initial_value_ = initial_value; }
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class TemplateTime final : public datetime::TimeEntity, public PollingComponent
   bool optimistic_{false};
   ESPTime initial_value_{};
   bool restore_value_{false};
-  Trigger<ESPTime> set_trigger_;
+  Trigger<ESPTime> *set_trigger_ = new Trigger<ESPTime>();
   TemplateLambda<ESPTime> f_;
 
   ESPPreferenceObject pref_;

esphome/components/template/lock/template_lock.cpp

@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ using namespace esphome::lock;
 
 static const char *const TAG = "template.lock";
 
-TemplateLock::TemplateLock() = default;
+TemplateLock::TemplateLock()
+    : lock_trigger_(new Trigger<>()), unlock_trigger_(new Trigger<>()), open_trigger_(new Trigger<>()) {}
 
 void TemplateLock::setup() {
   if (!this->f_.has_value())
@@ -27,11 +28,11 @@ void TemplateLock::control(const lock::LockCall &call) {
 
   auto state = *call.get_state();
   if (state == LOCK_STATE_LOCKED) {
-    this->prev_trigger_ = &this->lock_trigger_;
-    this->lock_trigger_.trigger();
+    this->prev_trigger_ = this->lock_trigger_;
+    this->lock_trigger_->trigger();
   } else if (state == LOCK_STATE_UNLOCKED) {
-    this->prev_trigger_ = &this->unlock_trigger_;
-    this->unlock_trigger_.trigger();
+    this->prev_trigger_ = this->unlock_trigger_;
+    this->unlock_trigger_->trigger();
   }
 
   if (this->optimistic_)
@@ -41,11 +42,14 @@ void TemplateLock::open_latch() {
   if (this->prev_trigger_ != nullptr) {
     this->prev_trigger_->stop_action();
   }
-  this->prev_trigger_ = &this->open_trigger_;
-  this->open_trigger_.trigger();
+  this->prev_trigger_ = this->open_trigger_;
+  this->open_trigger_->trigger();
 }
 void TemplateLock::set_optimistic(bool optimistic) { this->optimistic_ = optimistic; }
 float TemplateLock::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::HARDWARE; }
+Trigger<> *TemplateLock::get_lock_trigger() const { return this->lock_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *TemplateLock::get_unlock_trigger() const { return this->unlock_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *TemplateLock::get_open_trigger() const { return this->open_trigger_; }
 void TemplateLock::dump_config() {
   LOG_LOCK("", "Template Lock", this);
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Optimistic: %s", YESNO(this->optimistic_));

esphome/components/template/lock/template_lock.h

@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ class TemplateLock final : public lock::Lock, public Component {
   void dump_config() override;
 
   template<typename F> void set_state_lambda(F &&f) { this->f_.set(std::forward<F>(f)); }
-  Trigger<> *get_lock_trigger() { return &this->lock_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<> *get_unlock_trigger() { return &this->unlock_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<> *get_open_trigger() { return &this->open_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_lock_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_unlock_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_open_trigger() const;
   void set_optimistic(bool optimistic);
   void loop() override;
 
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ class TemplateLock final : public lock::Lock, public Component {
 
   TemplateLambda<lock::LockState> f_;
   bool optimistic_{false};
-  Trigger<> lock_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> unlock_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> open_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *lock_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *unlock_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *open_trigger_;
   Trigger<> *prev_trigger_{nullptr};
 };
 

esphome/components/template/number/template_number.cpp

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ void TemplateNumber::update() {
 }
 
 void TemplateNumber::control(float value) {
-  this->set_trigger_.trigger(value);
+  this->set_trigger_->trigger(value);
 
   if (this->optimistic_)
     this->publish_state(value);

esphome/components/template/number/template_number.h

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class TemplateNumber final : public number::Number, public PollingComponent {
   void dump_config() override;
   float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::HARDWARE; }
 
-  Trigger<float> *get_set_trigger() { return &this->set_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<float> *get_set_trigger() const { return set_trigger_; }
   void set_optimistic(bool optimistic) { optimistic_ = optimistic; }
   void set_initial_value(float initial_value) { initial_value_ = initial_value; }
   void set_restore_value(bool restore_value) { this->restore_value_ = restore_value; }
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class TemplateNumber final : public number::Number, public PollingComponent {
   bool optimistic_{false};
   float initial_value_{NAN};
   bool restore_value_{false};
-  Trigger<float> set_trigger_;
+  Trigger<float> *set_trigger_ = new Trigger<float>();
   TemplateLambda<float> f_;
 
   ESPPreferenceObject pref_;

esphome/components/template/output/template_output.h

@@ -8,22 +8,22 @@ namespace esphome::template_ {
 
 class TemplateBinaryOutput final : public output::BinaryOutput {
  public:
-  Trigger<bool> *get_trigger() { return &this->trigger_; }
+  Trigger<bool> *get_trigger() const { return trigger_; }
 
  protected:
-  void write_state(bool state) override { this->trigger_.trigger(state); }
+  void write_state(bool state) override { this->trigger_->trigger(state); }
 
-  Trigger<bool> trigger_;
+  Trigger<bool> *trigger_ = new Trigger<bool>();
 };
 
 class TemplateFloatOutput final : public output::FloatOutput {
  public:
-  Trigger<float> *get_trigger() { return &this->trigger_; }
+  Trigger<float> *get_trigger() const { return trigger_; }
 
  protected:
-  void write_state(float state) override { this->trigger_.trigger(state); }
+  void write_state(float state) override { this->trigger_->trigger(state); }
 
-  Trigger<float> trigger_;
+  Trigger<float> *trigger_ = new Trigger<float>();
 };
 
 }  // namespace esphome::template_

esphome/components/template/switch/template_switch.cpp

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ namespace esphome::template_ {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "template.switch";
 
-TemplateSwitch::TemplateSwitch() = default;
+TemplateSwitch::TemplateSwitch() : turn_on_trigger_(new Trigger<>()), turn_off_trigger_(new Trigger<>()) {}
 
 void TemplateSwitch::loop() {
   auto s = this->f_();
@@ -19,11 +19,11 @@ void TemplateSwitch::write_state(bool state) {
   }
 
   if (state) {
-    this->prev_trigger_ = &this->turn_on_trigger_;
-    this->turn_on_trigger_.trigger();
+    this->prev_trigger_ = this->turn_on_trigger_;
+    this->turn_on_trigger_->trigger();
   } else {
-    this->prev_trigger_ = &this->turn_off_trigger_;
-    this->turn_off_trigger_.trigger();
+    this->prev_trigger_ = this->turn_off_trigger_;
+    this->turn_off_trigger_->trigger();
   }
 
   if (this->optimistic_)
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ void TemplateSwitch::write_state(bool state) {
 void TemplateSwitch::set_optimistic(bool optimistic) { this->optimistic_ = optimistic; }
 bool TemplateSwitch::assumed_state() { return this->assumed_state_; }
 float TemplateSwitch::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::HARDWARE - 2.0f; }
-Trigger<> *TemplateSwitch::get_turn_on_trigger() { return &this->turn_on_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *TemplateSwitch::get_turn_off_trigger() { return &this->turn_off_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *TemplateSwitch::get_turn_on_trigger() const { return this->turn_on_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *TemplateSwitch::get_turn_off_trigger() const { return this->turn_off_trigger_; }
 void TemplateSwitch::setup() {
   if (!this->f_.has_value())
     this->disable_loop();

esphome/components/template/switch/template_switch.h

@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ class TemplateSwitch final : public switch_::Switch, public Component {
   void dump_config() override;
 
   template<typename F> void set_state_lambda(F &&f) { this->f_.set(std::forward<F>(f)); }
-  Trigger<> *get_turn_on_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_turn_off_trigger();
+  Trigger<> *get_turn_on_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_turn_off_trigger() const;
   void set_optimistic(bool optimistic);
   void set_assumed_state(bool assumed_state);
   void loop() override;
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ class TemplateSwitch final : public switch_::Switch, public Component {
   TemplateLambda<bool> f_;
   bool optimistic_{false};
   bool assumed_state_{false};
-  Trigger<> turn_on_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> turn_off_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> *prev_trigger_{nullptr};  // Points to one of the above
+  Trigger<> *turn_on_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *turn_off_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *prev_trigger_{nullptr};
 };
 
 }  // namespace esphome::template_

esphome/components/template/text/template_text.cpp

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ void TemplateText::update() {
 }
 
 void TemplateText::control(const std::string &value) {
-  this->set_trigger_.trigger(value);
+  this->set_trigger_->trigger(value);
 
   if (this->optimistic_)
     this->publish_state(value);

esphome/components/template/text/template_text.h

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class TemplateText final : public text::Text, public PollingComponent {
   void dump_config() override;
   float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::HARDWARE; }
 
-  Trigger<std::string> *get_set_trigger() { return &this->set_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<std::string> *get_set_trigger() const { return this->set_trigger_; }
   void set_optimistic(bool optimistic) { this->optimistic_ = optimistic; }
   void set_initial_value(const char *initial_value) { this->initial_value_ = initial_value; }
   /// Prevent accidental use of std::string which would dangle
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class TemplateText final : public text::Text, public PollingComponent {
   void control(const std::string &value) override;
   bool optimistic_ = false;
   const char *initial_value_{nullptr};
-  Trigger<std::string> set_trigger_;
+  Trigger<std::string> *set_trigger_ = new Trigger<std::string>();
   TemplateLambda<std::string> f_{};
 
   TemplateTextSaverBase *pref_ = nullptr;

esphome/components/template/valve/template_valve.cpp

@@ -7,7 +7,12 @@ using namespace esphome::valve;
 
 static const char *const TAG = "template.valve";
 
-TemplateValve::TemplateValve() = default;
+TemplateValve::TemplateValve()
+    : open_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      close_trigger_(new Trigger<>),
+      stop_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      toggle_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      position_trigger_(new Trigger<float>()) {}
 
 void TemplateValve::setup() {
   switch (this->restore_mode_) {
@@ -51,10 +56,10 @@ void TemplateValve::set_optimistic(bool optimistic) { this->optimistic_ = optimi
 void TemplateValve::set_assumed_state(bool assumed_state) { this->assumed_state_ = assumed_state; }
 float TemplateValve::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::HARDWARE; }
 
-Trigger<> *TemplateValve::get_open_trigger() { return &this->open_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *TemplateValve::get_close_trigger() { return &this->close_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *TemplateValve::get_stop_trigger() { return &this->stop_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *TemplateValve::get_toggle_trigger() { return &this->toggle_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *TemplateValve::get_open_trigger() const { return this->open_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *TemplateValve::get_close_trigger() const { return this->close_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *TemplateValve::get_stop_trigger() const { return this->stop_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *TemplateValve::get_toggle_trigger() const { return this->toggle_trigger_; }
 
 void TemplateValve::dump_config() {
   LOG_VALVE("", "Template Valve", this);
@@ -67,14 +72,14 @@ void TemplateValve::dump_config() {
 void TemplateValve::control(const ValveCall &call) {
   if (call.get_stop()) {
     this->stop_prev_trigger_();
-    this->stop_trigger_.trigger();
-    this->prev_command_trigger_ = &this->stop_trigger_;
+    this->stop_trigger_->trigger();
+    this->prev_command_trigger_ = this->stop_trigger_;
     this->publish_state();
   }
   if (call.get_toggle().has_value()) {
     this->stop_prev_trigger_();
-    this->toggle_trigger_.trigger();
-    this->prev_command_trigger_ = &this->toggle_trigger_;
+    this->toggle_trigger_->trigger();
+    this->prev_command_trigger_ = this->toggle_trigger_;
     this->publish_state();
   }
   if (call.get_position().has_value()) {
@@ -82,13 +87,13 @@ void TemplateValve::control(const ValveCall &call) {
     this->stop_prev_trigger_();
 
     if (pos == VALVE_OPEN) {
-      this->open_trigger_.trigger();
-      this->prev_command_trigger_ = &this->open_trigger_;
+      this->open_trigger_->trigger();
+      this->prev_command_trigger_ = this->open_trigger_;
     } else if (pos == VALVE_CLOSED) {
-      this->close_trigger_.trigger();
-      this->prev_command_trigger_ = &this->close_trigger_;
+      this->close_trigger_->trigger();
+      this->prev_command_trigger_ = this->close_trigger_;
     } else {
-      this->position_trigger_.trigger(pos);
+      this->position_trigger_->trigger(pos);
     }
 
     if (this->optimistic_) {
@@ -108,7 +113,7 @@ ValveTraits TemplateValve::get_traits() {
   return traits;
 }
 
-Trigger<float> *TemplateValve::get_position_trigger() { return &this->position_trigger_; }
+Trigger<float> *TemplateValve::get_position_trigger() const { return this->position_trigger_; }
 
 void TemplateValve::set_has_stop(bool has_stop) { this->has_stop_ = has_stop; }
 void TemplateValve::set_has_toggle(bool has_toggle) { this->has_toggle_ = has_toggle; }

esphome/components/template/valve/template_valve.h

@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ class TemplateValve final : public valve::Valve, public Component {
   TemplateValve();
 
   template<typename F> void set_state_lambda(F &&f) { this->state_f_.set(std::forward<F>(f)); }
-  Trigger<> *get_open_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_close_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_stop_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_toggle_trigger();
-  Trigger<float> *get_position_trigger();
+  Trigger<> *get_open_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_close_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_stop_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_toggle_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<float> *get_position_trigger() const;
   void set_optimistic(bool optimistic);
   void set_assumed_state(bool assumed_state);
   void set_has_stop(bool has_stop);
@@ -45,14 +45,14 @@ class TemplateValve final : public valve::Valve, public Component {
   TemplateLambda<float> state_f_;
   bool assumed_state_{false};
   bool optimistic_{false};
-  Trigger<> open_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> close_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *open_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *close_trigger_;
   bool has_stop_{false};
   bool has_toggle_{false};
-  Trigger<> stop_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> toggle_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *stop_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *toggle_trigger_;
   Trigger<> *prev_command_trigger_{nullptr};
-  Trigger<float> position_trigger_;
+  Trigger<float> *position_trigger_;
   bool has_position_{false};
 };
 

esphome/components/template/water_heater/template_water_heater.cpp

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ namespace esphome::template_ {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "template.water_heater";
 
-TemplateWaterHeater::TemplateWaterHeater() = default;
+TemplateWaterHeater::TemplateWaterHeater() : set_trigger_(new Trigger<>()) {}
 
 void TemplateWaterHeater::setup() {
   if (this->restore_mode_ == TemplateWaterHeaterRestoreMode::WATER_HEATER_RESTORE ||
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ void TemplateWaterHeater::control(const water_heater::WaterHeaterCall &call) {
     }
   }
 
-  this->set_trigger_.trigger();
+  this->set_trigger_->trigger();
 
   if (this->optimistic_) {
     this->publish_state();

esphome/components/template/water_heater/template_water_heater.h

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class TemplateWaterHeater : public Component, public water_heater::WaterHeater {
     this->supported_modes_ = modes;
   }
 
-  Trigger<> *get_set_trigger() { return &this->set_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_set_trigger() const { return this->set_trigger_; }
 
   void setup() override;
   void loop() override;
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class TemplateWaterHeater : public Component, public water_heater::WaterHeater {
   water_heater::WaterHeaterTraits traits() override;
 
   // Ordered to minimize padding on 32-bit: 4-byte members first, then smaller
-  Trigger<> set_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *set_trigger_;
   TemplateLambda<float> current_temperature_f_;
   TemplateLambda<water_heater::WaterHeaterMode> mode_f_;
   TemplateWaterHeaterRestoreMode restore_mode_{WATER_HEATER_NO_RESTORE};

esphome/components/thermostat/thermostat_climate.cpp

@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ void ThermostatClimate::switch_to_action_(climate::ClimateAction action, bool pu
   }
 
   bool action_ready = false;
-  Trigger<> *trig = &this->idle_action_trigger_, *trig_fan = nullptr;
+  Trigger<> *trig = this->idle_action_trigger_, *trig_fan = nullptr;
   switch (action) {
     case climate::CLIMATE_ACTION_OFF:
     case climate::CLIMATE_ACTION_IDLE:
@@ -529,10 +529,10 @@ void ThermostatClimate::switch_to_action_(climate::ClimateAction action, bool pu
         this->start_timer_(thermostat::THERMOSTAT_TIMER_COOLING_MAX_RUN_TIME);
         if (this->supports_fan_with_cooling_) {
           this->start_timer_(thermostat::THERMOSTAT_TIMER_FANNING_ON);
-          trig_fan = &this->fan_only_action_trigger_;
+          trig_fan = this->fan_only_action_trigger_;
         }
         this->cooling_max_runtime_exceeded_ = false;
-        trig = &this->cool_action_trigger_;
+        trig = this->cool_action_trigger_;
         ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Switching to COOLING action");
         action_ready = true;
       }
@@ -543,10 +543,10 @@ void ThermostatClimate::switch_to_action_(climate::ClimateAction action, bool pu
         this->start_timer_(thermostat::THERMOSTAT_TIMER_HEATING_MAX_RUN_TIME);
         if (this->supports_fan_with_heating_) {
           this->start_timer_(thermostat::THERMOSTAT_TIMER_FANNING_ON);
-          trig_fan = &this->fan_only_action_trigger_;
+          trig_fan = this->fan_only_action_trigger_;
         }
         this->heating_max_runtime_exceeded_ = false;
-        trig = &this->heat_action_trigger_;
+        trig = this->heat_action_trigger_;
         ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Switching to HEATING action");
         action_ready = true;
       }
@@ -558,7 +558,7 @@ void ThermostatClimate::switch_to_action_(climate::ClimateAction action, bool pu
         } else {
           this->start_timer_(thermostat::THERMOSTAT_TIMER_FANNING_ON);
         }
-        trig = &this->fan_only_action_trigger_;
+        trig = this->fan_only_action_trigger_;
         ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Switching to FAN_ONLY action");
         action_ready = true;
       }
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ void ThermostatClimate::switch_to_action_(climate::ClimateAction action, bool pu
       if (this->drying_action_ready_()) {
         this->start_timer_(thermostat::THERMOSTAT_TIMER_COOLING_ON);
         this->start_timer_(thermostat::THERMOSTAT_TIMER_FANNING_ON);
-        trig = &this->dry_action_trigger_;
+        trig = this->dry_action_trigger_;
         ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Switching to DRYING action");
         action_ready = true;
       }
@@ -586,7 +586,9 @@ void ThermostatClimate::switch_to_action_(climate::ClimateAction action, bool pu
     }
     this->action = action;
     this->prev_action_trigger_ = trig;
-    trig->trigger();
+    if (trig != nullptr) {
+      trig->trigger();
+    }
     // if enabled, call the fan_only action with cooling/heating actions
     if (trig_fan != nullptr) {
       ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Calling FAN_ONLY action with HEATING/COOLING action");
@@ -632,14 +634,14 @@ void ThermostatClimate::trigger_supplemental_action_() {
       if (!this->timer_active_(thermostat::THERMOSTAT_TIMER_COOLING_MAX_RUN_TIME)) {
         this->start_timer_(thermostat::THERMOSTAT_TIMER_COOLING_MAX_RUN_TIME);
       }
-      trig = &this->supplemental_cool_action_trigger_;
+      trig = this->supplemental_cool_action_trigger_;
       ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Calling supplemental COOLING action");
       break;
     case climate::CLIMATE_ACTION_HEATING:
       if (!this->timer_active_(thermostat::THERMOSTAT_TIMER_HEATING_MAX_RUN_TIME)) {
         this->start_timer_(thermostat::THERMOSTAT_TIMER_HEATING_MAX_RUN_TIME);
       }
-      trig = &this->supplemental_heat_action_trigger_;
+      trig = this->supplemental_heat_action_trigger_;
       ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Calling supplemental HEATING action");
       break;
     default:
@@ -658,24 +660,24 @@ void ThermostatClimate::switch_to_humidity_control_action_(HumidificationAction
     return;
   }
 
-  Trigger<> *trig = &this->humidity_control_off_action_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *trig = this->humidity_control_off_action_trigger_;
   switch (action) {
     case THERMOSTAT_HUMIDITY_CONTROL_ACTION_OFF:
-      // trig = &this->humidity_control_off_action_trigger_;
+      // trig = this->humidity_control_off_action_trigger_;
       ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Switching to HUMIDIFICATION_OFF action");
       break;
     case THERMOSTAT_HUMIDITY_CONTROL_ACTION_DEHUMIDIFY:
-      trig = &this->humidity_control_dehumidify_action_trigger_;
+      trig = this->humidity_control_dehumidify_action_trigger_;
       ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Switching to DEHUMIDIFY action");
       break;
     case THERMOSTAT_HUMIDITY_CONTROL_ACTION_HUMIDIFY:
-      trig = &this->humidity_control_humidify_action_trigger_;
+      trig = this->humidity_control_humidify_action_trigger_;
       ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Switching to HUMIDIFY action");
       break;
     case THERMOSTAT_HUMIDITY_CONTROL_ACTION_NONE:
     default:
       action = THERMOSTAT_HUMIDITY_CONTROL_ACTION_OFF;
-      // trig = &this->humidity_control_off_action_trigger_;
+      // trig = this->humidity_control_off_action_trigger_;
   }
 
   if (this->prev_humidity_control_trigger_ != nullptr) {
@@ -684,7 +686,9 @@ void ThermostatClimate::switch_to_humidity_control_action_(HumidificationAction
   }
   this->humidification_action = action;
   this->prev_humidity_control_trigger_ = trig;
-  trig->trigger();
+  if (trig != nullptr) {
+    trig->trigger();
+  }
 }
 
 void ThermostatClimate::switch_to_fan_mode_(climate::ClimateFanMode fan_mode, bool publish_state) {
@@ -699,60 +703,62 @@ void ThermostatClimate::switch_to_fan_mode_(climate::ClimateFanMode fan_mode, bo
     this->publish_state();
 
   if (this->fan_mode_ready_()) {
-    Trigger<> *trig = &this->fan_mode_auto_trigger_;
+    Trigger<> *trig = this->fan_mode_auto_trigger_;
     switch (fan_mode) {
       case climate::CLIMATE_FAN_ON:
-        trig = &this->fan_mode_on_trigger_;
+        trig = this->fan_mode_on_trigger_;
         ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Switching to FAN_ON mode");
         break;
       case climate::CLIMATE_FAN_OFF:
-        trig = &this->fan_mode_off_trigger_;
+        trig = this->fan_mode_off_trigger_;
         ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Switching to FAN_OFF mode");
         break;
       case climate::CLIMATE_FAN_AUTO:
-        // trig = &this->fan_mode_auto_trigger_;
+        // trig = this->fan_mode_auto_trigger_;
         ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Switching to FAN_AUTO mode");
         break;
       case climate::CLIMATE_FAN_LOW:
-        trig = &this->fan_mode_low_trigger_;
+        trig = this->fan_mode_low_trigger_;
         ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Switching to FAN_LOW mode");
         break;
       case climate::CLIMATE_FAN_MEDIUM:
-        trig = &this->fan_mode_medium_trigger_;
+        trig = this->fan_mode_medium_trigger_;
         ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Switching to FAN_MEDIUM mode");
         break;
       case climate::CLIMATE_FAN_HIGH:
-        trig = &this->fan_mode_high_trigger_;
+        trig = this->fan_mode_high_trigger_;
         ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Switching to FAN_HIGH mode");
         break;
       case climate::CLIMATE_FAN_MIDDLE:
-        trig = &this->fan_mode_middle_trigger_;
+        trig = this->fan_mode_middle_trigger_;
         ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Switching to FAN_MIDDLE mode");
         break;
       case climate::CLIMATE_FAN_FOCUS:
-        trig = &this->fan_mode_focus_trigger_;
+        trig = this->fan_mode_focus_trigger_;
         ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Switching to FAN_FOCUS mode");
         break;
       case climate::CLIMATE_FAN_DIFFUSE:
-        trig = &this->fan_mode_diffuse_trigger_;
+        trig = this->fan_mode_diffuse_trigger_;
         ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Switching to FAN_DIFFUSE mode");
         break;
       case climate::CLIMATE_FAN_QUIET:
-        trig = &this->fan_mode_quiet_trigger_;
+        trig = this->fan_mode_quiet_trigger_;
         ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Switching to FAN_QUIET mode");
         break;
       default:
         // we cannot report an invalid mode back to HA (even if it asked for one)
         //  and must assume some valid value
         fan_mode = climate::CLIMATE_FAN_AUTO;
-        // trig = &this->fan_mode_auto_trigger_;
+        // trig = this->fan_mode_auto_trigger_;
     }
     if (this->prev_fan_mode_trigger_ != nullptr) {
       this->prev_fan_mode_trigger_->stop_action();
       this->prev_fan_mode_trigger_ = nullptr;
     }
     this->start_timer_(thermostat::THERMOSTAT_TIMER_FAN_MODE);
-    trig->trigger();
+    if (trig != nullptr) {
+      trig->trigger();
+    }
     this->prev_fan_mode_ = fan_mode;
     this->prev_fan_mode_trigger_ = trig;
   }
@@ -769,25 +775,25 @@ void ThermostatClimate::switch_to_mode_(climate::ClimateMode mode, bool publish_
     this->prev_mode_trigger_->stop_action();
     this->prev_mode_trigger_ = nullptr;
   }
-  Trigger<> *trig = &this->off_mode_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *trig = this->off_mode_trigger_;
   switch (mode) {
     case climate::CLIMATE_MODE_AUTO:
-      trig = &this->auto_mode_trigger_;
+      trig = this->auto_mode_trigger_;
       break;
     case climate::CLIMATE_MODE_HEAT_COOL:
-      trig = &this->heat_cool_mode_trigger_;
+      trig = this->heat_cool_mode_trigger_;
       break;
     case climate::CLIMATE_MODE_COOL:
-      trig = &this->cool_mode_trigger_;
+      trig = this->cool_mode_trigger_;
       break;
     case climate::CLIMATE_MODE_HEAT:
-      trig = &this->heat_mode_trigger_;
+      trig = this->heat_mode_trigger_;
       break;
     case climate::CLIMATE_MODE_FAN_ONLY:
-      trig = &this->fan_only_mode_trigger_;
+      trig = this->fan_only_mode_trigger_;
       break;
     case climate::CLIMATE_MODE_DRY:
-      trig = &this->dry_mode_trigger_;
+      trig = this->dry_mode_trigger_;
       break;
     case climate::CLIMATE_MODE_OFF:
     default:
@@ -796,7 +802,9 @@ void ThermostatClimate::switch_to_mode_(climate::ClimateMode mode, bool publish_
       mode = climate::CLIMATE_MODE_OFF;
       // trig = this->off_mode_trigger_;
   }
-  trig->trigger();
+  if (trig != nullptr) {
+    trig->trigger();
+  }
   this->mode = mode;
   this->prev_mode_ = mode;
   this->prev_mode_trigger_ = trig;
@@ -816,27 +824,29 @@ void ThermostatClimate::switch_to_swing_mode_(climate::ClimateSwingMode swing_mo
     this->prev_swing_mode_trigger_->stop_action();
     this->prev_swing_mode_trigger_ = nullptr;
   }
-  Trigger<> *trig = &this->swing_mode_off_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *trig = this->swing_mode_off_trigger_;
   switch (swing_mode) {
     case climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH:
-      trig = &this->swing_mode_both_trigger_;
+      trig = this->swing_mode_both_trigger_;
       break;
     case climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL:
-      trig = &this->swing_mode_horizontal_trigger_;
+      trig = this->swing_mode_horizontal_trigger_;
       break;
     case climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF:
-      // trig = &this->swing_mode_off_trigger_;
+      // trig = this->swing_mode_off_trigger_;
       break;
     case climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL:
-      trig = &this->swing_mode_vertical_trigger_;
+      trig = this->swing_mode_vertical_trigger_;
       break;
     default:
       // we cannot report an invalid mode back to HA (even if it asked for one)
       //  and must assume some valid value
       swing_mode = climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF;
-      // trig = &this->swing_mode_off_trigger_;
+      // trig = this->swing_mode_off_trigger_;
+  }
+  if (trig != nullptr) {
+    trig->trigger();
   }
-  trig->trigger();
   this->swing_mode = swing_mode;
   this->prev_swing_mode_ = swing_mode;
   this->prev_swing_mode_trigger_ = trig;
@@ -1014,8 +1024,10 @@ void ThermostatClimate::check_humidity_change_trigger_() {
     this->prev_target_humidity_ = this->target_humidity;
   }
   // trigger the action
-  Trigger<> *trig = &this->humidity_change_trigger_;
-  trig->trigger();
+  Trigger<> *trig = this->humidity_change_trigger_;
+  if (trig != nullptr) {
+    trig->trigger();
+  }
 }
 
 void ThermostatClimate::check_temperature_change_trigger_() {
@@ -1038,8 +1050,10 @@ void ThermostatClimate::check_temperature_change_trigger_() {
     }
   }
   // trigger the action
-  Trigger<> *trig = &this->temperature_change_trigger_;
-  trig->trigger();
+  Trigger<> *trig = this->temperature_change_trigger_;
+  if (trig != nullptr) {
+    trig->trigger();
+  }
 }
 
 bool ThermostatClimate::cooling_required_() {
@@ -1188,10 +1202,12 @@ void ThermostatClimate::change_preset_(climate::ClimatePreset preset) {
   if (config != nullptr) {
     ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Preset %s requested", LOG_STR_ARG(climate::climate_preset_to_string(preset)));
     if (this->change_preset_internal_(*config) || (!this->preset.has_value()) || this->preset.value() != preset) {
-      // Fire preset changed trigger
-      Trigger<> *trig = &this->preset_change_trigger_;
+      // Fire any preset changed trigger if defined
+      Trigger<> *trig = this->preset_change_trigger_;
       this->set_preset_(preset);
-      trig->trigger();
+      if (trig != nullptr) {
+        trig->trigger();
+      }
 
       this->refresh();
       ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Preset %s applied", LOG_STR_ARG(climate::climate_preset_to_string(preset)));
@@ -1218,11 +1234,13 @@ void ThermostatClimate::change_custom_preset_(const char *custom_preset, size_t
     ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Custom preset %s requested", custom_preset);
     if (this->change_preset_internal_(*config) || !this->has_custom_preset() ||
         this->get_custom_preset() != custom_preset) {
-      // Fire preset changed trigger
-      Trigger<> *trig = &this->preset_change_trigger_;
+      // Fire any preset changed trigger if defined
+      Trigger<> *trig = this->preset_change_trigger_;
       // Use the base class method which handles pointer lookup and preset reset internally
       this->set_custom_preset_(custom_preset);
-      trig->trigger();
+      if (trig != nullptr) {
+        trig->trigger();
+      }
 
       this->refresh();
       ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Custom preset %s applied", custom_preset);
@@ -1287,7 +1305,41 @@ void ThermostatClimate::set_custom_preset_config(std::initializer_list<CustomPre
   this->custom_preset_config_ = presets;
 }
 
-ThermostatClimate::ThermostatClimate() = default;
+ThermostatClimate::ThermostatClimate()
+    : cool_action_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      supplemental_cool_action_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      cool_mode_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      dry_action_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      dry_mode_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      heat_action_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      supplemental_heat_action_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      heat_mode_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      heat_cool_mode_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      auto_mode_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      idle_action_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      off_mode_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      fan_only_action_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      fan_only_mode_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      fan_mode_on_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      fan_mode_off_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      fan_mode_auto_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      fan_mode_low_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      fan_mode_medium_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      fan_mode_high_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      fan_mode_middle_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      fan_mode_focus_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      fan_mode_diffuse_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      fan_mode_quiet_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      swing_mode_both_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      swing_mode_off_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      swing_mode_horizontal_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      swing_mode_vertical_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      humidity_change_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      temperature_change_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      preset_change_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      humidity_control_dehumidify_action_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      humidity_control_humidify_action_trigger_(new Trigger<>()),
+      humidity_control_off_action_trigger_(new Trigger<>()) {}
 
 void ThermostatClimate::set_default_preset(const char *custom_preset) {
   // Find the preset in custom_preset_config_ and store pointer from there
@@ -1461,49 +1513,49 @@ void ThermostatClimate::set_supports_humidification(bool supports_humidification
   }
 }
 
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_cool_action_trigger() { return &this->cool_action_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_supplemental_cool_action_trigger() {
-  return &this->supplemental_cool_action_trigger_;
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_cool_action_trigger() const { return this->cool_action_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_supplemental_cool_action_trigger() const {
+  return this->supplemental_cool_action_trigger_;
 }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_dry_action_trigger() { return &this->dry_action_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_fan_only_action_trigger() { return &this->fan_only_action_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_heat_action_trigger() { return &this->heat_action_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_supplemental_heat_action_trigger() {
-  return &this->supplemental_heat_action_trigger_;
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_dry_action_trigger() const { return this->dry_action_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_fan_only_action_trigger() const { return this->fan_only_action_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_heat_action_trigger() const { return this->heat_action_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_supplemental_heat_action_trigger() const {
+  return this->supplemental_heat_action_trigger_;
 }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_idle_action_trigger() { return &this->idle_action_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_auto_mode_trigger() { return &this->auto_mode_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_cool_mode_trigger() { return &this->cool_mode_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_dry_mode_trigger() { return &this->dry_mode_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_fan_only_mode_trigger() { return &this->fan_only_mode_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_heat_mode_trigger() { return &this->heat_mode_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_heat_cool_mode_trigger() { return &this->heat_cool_mode_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_off_mode_trigger() { return &this->off_mode_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_fan_mode_on_trigger() { return &this->fan_mode_on_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_fan_mode_off_trigger() { return &this->fan_mode_off_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_fan_mode_auto_trigger() { return &this->fan_mode_auto_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_fan_mode_low_trigger() { return &this->fan_mode_low_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_fan_mode_medium_trigger() { return &this->fan_mode_medium_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_fan_mode_high_trigger() { return &this->fan_mode_high_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_fan_mode_middle_trigger() { return &this->fan_mode_middle_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_fan_mode_focus_trigger() { return &this->fan_mode_focus_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_fan_mode_diffuse_trigger() { return &this->fan_mode_diffuse_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_fan_mode_quiet_trigger() { return &this->fan_mode_quiet_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_swing_mode_both_trigger() { return &this->swing_mode_both_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_swing_mode_off_trigger() { return &this->swing_mode_off_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_swing_mode_horizontal_trigger() { return &this->swing_mode_horizontal_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_swing_mode_vertical_trigger() { return &this->swing_mode_vertical_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_humidity_change_trigger() { return &this->humidity_change_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_temperature_change_trigger() { return &this->temperature_change_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_preset_change_trigger() { return &this->preset_change_trigger_; }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_humidity_control_dehumidify_action_trigger() {
-  return &this->humidity_control_dehumidify_action_trigger_;
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_idle_action_trigger() const { return this->idle_action_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_auto_mode_trigger() const { return this->auto_mode_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_cool_mode_trigger() const { return this->cool_mode_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_dry_mode_trigger() const { return this->dry_mode_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_fan_only_mode_trigger() const { return this->fan_only_mode_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_heat_mode_trigger() const { return this->heat_mode_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_heat_cool_mode_trigger() const { return this->heat_cool_mode_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_off_mode_trigger() const { return this->off_mode_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_fan_mode_on_trigger() const { return this->fan_mode_on_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_fan_mode_off_trigger() const { return this->fan_mode_off_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_fan_mode_auto_trigger() const { return this->fan_mode_auto_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_fan_mode_low_trigger() const { return this->fan_mode_low_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_fan_mode_medium_trigger() const { return this->fan_mode_medium_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_fan_mode_high_trigger() const { return this->fan_mode_high_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_fan_mode_middle_trigger() const { return this->fan_mode_middle_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_fan_mode_focus_trigger() const { return this->fan_mode_focus_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_fan_mode_diffuse_trigger() const { return this->fan_mode_diffuse_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_fan_mode_quiet_trigger() const { return this->fan_mode_quiet_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_swing_mode_both_trigger() const { return this->swing_mode_both_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_swing_mode_off_trigger() const { return this->swing_mode_off_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_swing_mode_horizontal_trigger() const { return this->swing_mode_horizontal_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_swing_mode_vertical_trigger() const { return this->swing_mode_vertical_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_humidity_change_trigger() const { return this->humidity_change_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_temperature_change_trigger() const { return this->temperature_change_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_preset_change_trigger() const { return this->preset_change_trigger_; }
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_humidity_control_dehumidify_action_trigger() const {
+  return this->humidity_control_dehumidify_action_trigger_;
 }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_humidity_control_humidify_action_trigger() {
-  return &this->humidity_control_humidify_action_trigger_;
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_humidity_control_humidify_action_trigger() const {
+  return this->humidity_control_humidify_action_trigger_;
 }
-Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_humidity_control_off_action_trigger() {
-  return &this->humidity_control_off_action_trigger_;
+Trigger<> *ThermostatClimate::get_humidity_control_off_action_trigger() const {
+  return this->humidity_control_off_action_trigger_;
 }
 
 void ThermostatClimate::dump_config() {

esphome/components/thermostat/thermostat_climate.h

@@ -146,40 +146,40 @@ class ThermostatClimate : public climate::Climate, public Component {
   void set_preset_config(std::initializer_list<PresetEntry> presets);
   void set_custom_preset_config(std::initializer_list<CustomPresetEntry> presets);
 
-  Trigger<> *get_cool_action_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_supplemental_cool_action_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_dry_action_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_fan_only_action_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_heat_action_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_supplemental_heat_action_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_idle_action_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_auto_mode_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_cool_mode_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_dry_mode_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_fan_only_mode_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_heat_mode_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_heat_cool_mode_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_off_mode_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_fan_mode_on_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_fan_mode_off_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_fan_mode_auto_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_fan_mode_low_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_fan_mode_medium_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_fan_mode_high_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_fan_mode_middle_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_fan_mode_focus_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_fan_mode_diffuse_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_fan_mode_quiet_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_swing_mode_both_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_swing_mode_horizontal_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_swing_mode_off_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_swing_mode_vertical_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_humidity_change_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_temperature_change_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_preset_change_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_humidity_control_dehumidify_action_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_humidity_control_humidify_action_trigger();
-  Trigger<> *get_humidity_control_off_action_trigger();
+  Trigger<> *get_cool_action_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_supplemental_cool_action_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_dry_action_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_fan_only_action_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_heat_action_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_supplemental_heat_action_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_idle_action_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_auto_mode_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_cool_mode_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_dry_mode_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_fan_only_mode_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_heat_mode_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_heat_cool_mode_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_off_mode_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_fan_mode_on_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_fan_mode_off_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_fan_mode_auto_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_fan_mode_low_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_fan_mode_medium_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_fan_mode_high_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_fan_mode_middle_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_fan_mode_focus_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_fan_mode_diffuse_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_fan_mode_quiet_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_swing_mode_both_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_swing_mode_horizontal_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_swing_mode_off_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_swing_mode_vertical_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_humidity_change_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_temperature_change_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_preset_change_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_humidity_control_dehumidify_action_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_humidity_control_humidify_action_trigger() const;
+  Trigger<> *get_humidity_control_off_action_trigger() const;
   /// Get current hysteresis values
   float cool_deadband();
   float cool_overrun();
@@ -417,65 +417,115 @@ class ThermostatClimate : public climate::Climate, public Component {
   /// The sensor used for getting the current humidity
   sensor::Sensor *humidity_sensor_{nullptr};
 
-  /// Trigger for cooling action/mode
-  Trigger<> cool_action_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> supplemental_cool_action_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> cool_mode_trigger_;
+  /// The trigger to call when the controller should switch to cooling action/mode.
+  ///
+  /// A null value for this attribute means that the controller has no cooling action
+  /// For example electric heat, where only heating (power on) and not-heating
+  /// (power off) is possible.
+  Trigger<> *cool_action_trigger_{nullptr};
+  Trigger<> *supplemental_cool_action_trigger_{nullptr};
+  Trigger<> *cool_mode_trigger_{nullptr};
 
-  /// Trigger for dry (dehumidification) mode
-  Trigger<> dry_action_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> dry_mode_trigger_;
+  /// The trigger to call when the controller should switch to dry (dehumidification) mode.
+  ///
+  /// In dry mode, the controller is assumed to have both heating and cooling disabled,
+  /// although the system may use its cooling mechanism to achieve drying.
+  Trigger<> *dry_action_trigger_{nullptr};
+  Trigger<> *dry_mode_trigger_{nullptr};
 
-  /// Trigger for heating action/mode
-  Trigger<> heat_action_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> supplemental_heat_action_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> heat_mode_trigger_;
+  /// The trigger to call when the controller should switch to heating action/mode.
+  ///
+  /// A null value for this attribute means that the controller has no heating action
+  /// For example window blinds, where only cooling (blinds closed) and not-cooling
+  /// (blinds open) is possible.
+  Trigger<> *heat_action_trigger_{nullptr};
+  Trigger<> *supplemental_heat_action_trigger_{nullptr};
+  Trigger<> *heat_mode_trigger_{nullptr};
 
-  /// Trigger for heat/cool mode
-  Trigger<> heat_cool_mode_trigger_;
+  /// The trigger to call when the controller should switch to heat/cool mode.
+  ///
+  /// In heat/cool mode, the controller will enable heating/cooling as necessary and switch
+  /// to idle when the temperature is within the thresholds/set points.
+  Trigger<> *heat_cool_mode_trigger_{nullptr};
 
-  /// Trigger for auto mode
-  Trigger<> auto_mode_trigger_;
+  /// The trigger to call when the controller should switch to auto mode.
+  ///
+  /// In auto mode, the controller will enable heating/cooling as supported/necessary and switch
+  /// to idle when the temperature is within the thresholds/set points.
+  Trigger<> *auto_mode_trigger_{nullptr};
 
-  /// Trigger for idle action/off mode
-  Trigger<> idle_action_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> off_mode_trigger_;
+  /// The trigger to call when the controller should switch to idle action/off mode.
+  ///
+  /// In these actions/modes, the controller is assumed to have both heating and cooling disabled.
+  Trigger<> *idle_action_trigger_{nullptr};
+  Trigger<> *off_mode_trigger_{nullptr};
 
-  /// Trigger for fan-only action/mode
-  Trigger<> fan_only_action_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> fan_only_mode_trigger_;
+  /// The trigger to call when the controller should switch to fan-only action/mode.
+  ///
+  /// In fan-only mode, the controller is assumed to have both heating and cooling disabled.
+  /// The system should activate the fan only.
+  Trigger<> *fan_only_action_trigger_{nullptr};
+  Trigger<> *fan_only_mode_trigger_{nullptr};
 
-  /// Fan mode triggers
-  Trigger<> fan_mode_on_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> fan_mode_off_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> fan_mode_auto_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> fan_mode_low_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> fan_mode_medium_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> fan_mode_high_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> fan_mode_middle_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> fan_mode_focus_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> fan_mode_diffuse_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> fan_mode_quiet_trigger_;
+  /// The trigger to call when the controller should switch on the fan.
+  Trigger<> *fan_mode_on_trigger_{nullptr};
 
-  /// Swing mode triggers
-  Trigger<> swing_mode_both_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> swing_mode_off_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> swing_mode_horizontal_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> swing_mode_vertical_trigger_;
+  /// The trigger to call when the controller should switch off the fan.
+  Trigger<> *fan_mode_off_trigger_{nullptr};
 
-  /// Trigger for target humidity changes
-  Trigger<> humidity_change_trigger_;
+  /// The trigger to call when the controller should switch the fan to "auto" mode.
+  Trigger<> *fan_mode_auto_trigger_{nullptr};
 
-  /// Trigger for target temperature changes
-  Trigger<> temperature_change_trigger_;
+  /// The trigger to call when the controller should switch the fan to "low" speed.
+  Trigger<> *fan_mode_low_trigger_{nullptr};
 
-  /// Trigger for preset mode changes
-  Trigger<> preset_change_trigger_;
+  /// The trigger to call when the controller should switch the fan to "medium" speed.
+  Trigger<> *fan_mode_medium_trigger_{nullptr};
 
-  /// Humidity control triggers
-  Trigger<> humidity_control_dehumidify_action_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> humidity_control_humidify_action_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> humidity_control_off_action_trigger_;
+  /// The trigger to call when the controller should switch the fan to "high" speed.
+  Trigger<> *fan_mode_high_trigger_{nullptr};
+
+  /// The trigger to call when the controller should switch the fan to "middle" position.
+  Trigger<> *fan_mode_middle_trigger_{nullptr};
+
+  /// The trigger to call when the controller should switch the fan to "focus" position.
+  Trigger<> *fan_mode_focus_trigger_{nullptr};
+
+  /// The trigger to call when the controller should switch the fan to "diffuse" position.
+  Trigger<> *fan_mode_diffuse_trigger_{nullptr};
+
+  /// The trigger to call when the controller should switch the fan to "quiet" position.
+  Trigger<> *fan_mode_quiet_trigger_{nullptr};
+
+  /// The trigger to call when the controller should switch the swing mode to "both".
+  Trigger<> *swing_mode_both_trigger_{nullptr};
+
+  /// The trigger to call when the controller should switch the swing mode to "off".
+  Trigger<> *swing_mode_off_trigger_{nullptr};
+
+  /// The trigger to call when the controller should switch the swing mode to "horizontal".
+  Trigger<> *swing_mode_horizontal_trigger_{nullptr};
+
+  /// The trigger to call when the controller should switch the swing mode to "vertical".
+  Trigger<> *swing_mode_vertical_trigger_{nullptr};
+
+  /// The trigger to call when the target humidity changes.
+  Trigger<> *humidity_change_trigger_{nullptr};
+
+  /// The trigger to call when the target temperature(s) change(es).
+  Trigger<> *temperature_change_trigger_{nullptr};
+
+  /// The trigger to call when the preset mode changes
+  Trigger<> *preset_change_trigger_{nullptr};
+
+  /// The trigger to call when dehumidification is required
+  Trigger<> *humidity_control_dehumidify_action_trigger_{nullptr};
+
+  /// The trigger to call when humidification is required
+  Trigger<> *humidity_control_humidify_action_trigger_{nullptr};
+
+  /// The trigger to call when (de)humidification should stop
+  Trigger<> *humidity_control_off_action_trigger_{nullptr};
 
   /// A reference to the trigger that was previously active.
   ///

esphome/components/time_based/time_based_cover.cpp

@@ -132,15 +132,15 @@ void TimeBasedCover::start_direction_(CoverOperation dir) {
   Trigger<> *trig;
   switch (dir) {
     case COVER_OPERATION_IDLE:
-      trig = &this->stop_trigger_;
+      trig = this->stop_trigger_;
       break;
     case COVER_OPERATION_OPENING:
       this->last_operation_ = dir;
-      trig = &this->open_trigger_;
+      trig = this->open_trigger_;
       break;
     case COVER_OPERATION_CLOSING:
       this->last_operation_ = dir;
-      trig = &this->close_trigger_;
+      trig = this->close_trigger_;
       break;
     default:
       return;

esphome/components/time_based/time_based_cover.h

@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ class TimeBasedCover : public cover::Cover, public Component {
   void dump_config() override;
   float get_setup_priority() const override;
 
-  Trigger<> *get_open_trigger() { return &this->open_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<> *get_close_trigger() { return &this->close_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<> *get_stop_trigger() { return &this->stop_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_open_trigger() const { return this->open_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_close_trigger() const { return this->close_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_stop_trigger() const { return this->stop_trigger_; }
   void set_open_duration(uint32_t open_duration) { this->open_duration_ = open_duration; }
   void set_close_duration(uint32_t close_duration) { this->close_duration_ = close_duration; }
   cover::CoverTraits get_traits() override;
@@ -34,11 +34,11 @@ class TimeBasedCover : public cover::Cover, public Component {
 
   void recompute_position_();
 
-  Trigger<> open_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *open_trigger_{new Trigger<>()};
   uint32_t open_duration_;
-  Trigger<> close_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *close_trigger_{new Trigger<>()};
   uint32_t close_duration_;
-  Trigger<> stop_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *stop_trigger_{new Trigger<>()};
 
   Trigger<> *prev_command_trigger_{nullptr};
   uint32_t last_recompute_time_{0};

esphome/components/uart/uart_component_esp_idf.cpp

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 #include "esphome/core/gpio.h"
+#include "esphome/core/task_priorities.h"
 #include "driver/gpio.h"
 #include "soc/gpio_num.h"
 #include "soc/uart_pins.h"
@@ -367,12 +368,13 @@ void IDFUARTComponent::check_logger_conflict() {}
 
 #ifdef USE_UART_WAKE_LOOP_ON_RX
 void IDFUARTComponent::start_rx_event_task_() {
-  // Create FreeRTOS task to monitor UART events
-  BaseType_t result = xTaskCreate(rx_event_task_func,    // Task function
-                                  "uart_rx_evt",         // Task name (max 16 chars)
-                                  2240,                  // Stack size in bytes (~2.2KB); increase if needed for logging
-                                  this,                  // Task parameter (this pointer)
-                                  tskIDLE_PRIORITY + 1,  // Priority (low, just above idle)
+  // TASK_PRIORITY_APPLICATION: same as main loop - UART RX monitoring is lightweight,
+  // just wakes main loop when data arrives
+  BaseType_t result = xTaskCreate(rx_event_task_func,  // Task function
+                                  "uart_rx_evt",       // Task name (max 16 chars)
+                                  2240,                // Stack size in bytes (~2.2KB)
+                                  this,                // Task parameter (this pointer)
+                                  TASK_PRIORITY_APPLICATION,
                                   &this->rx_event_task_handle_  // Task handle
   );
 

esphome/components/usb_cdc_acm/usb_cdc_acm_esp32.cpp

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #include "usb_cdc_acm.h"
 #include "esphome/core/application.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/task_priorities.h"
 
 #include <cstring>
 #include <sys/param.h>
@@ -162,7 +163,9 @@ void USBCDCACMInstance::setup() {
   // Create a simple, unique task name per interface
   char task_name[] = "usb_tx_0";
   task_name[sizeof(task_name) - 1] = format_hex_char(static_cast<char>(this->itf_));
-  xTaskCreate(usb_tx_task_fn, task_name, stack_size, this, 4, &this->usb_tx_task_handle_);
+  // TASK_PRIORITY_USB_SERIAL: above main loop (TASK_PRIORITY_APPLICATION) and
+  // wake word (TASK_PRIORITY_INFERENCE), below protocol tasks (TASK_PRIORITY_PROTOCOL)
+  xTaskCreate(usb_tx_task_fn, task_name, stack_size, this, TASK_PRIORITY_USB_SERIAL, &this->usb_tx_task_handle_);
 
   if (this->usb_tx_task_handle_ == nullptr) {
     ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to create USB TX task for itf %d", this->itf_);

esphome/components/usb_host/usb_host.h

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #if defined(USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32P4) || defined(USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32S2) || defined(USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32S3)
 #include "esphome/core/defines.h"
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
+#include "esphome/core/task_priorities.h"
 #include <vector>
 #include "usb/usb_host.h"
 #include <freertos/FreeRTOS.h>
@@ -69,7 +70,6 @@ static constexpr trq_bitmask_t ALL_REQUESTS_IN_USE = MAX_REQUESTS == 32 ? ~0 : (
 
 static constexpr size_t USB_EVENT_QUEUE_SIZE = 32;   // Size of event queue between USB task and main loop
 static constexpr size_t USB_TASK_STACK_SIZE = 4096;  // Stack size for USB task (same as ESP-IDF USB examples)
-static constexpr UBaseType_t USB_TASK_PRIORITY = 5;  // Higher priority than main loop (tskIDLE_PRIORITY + 5)
 
 // used to report a transfer status
 struct TransferStatus {

esphome/components/usb_host/usb_host_client.cpp

@@ -215,11 +215,12 @@ void USBClient::setup() {
   }
 
   // Create and start USB task
+  // TASK_PRIORITY_PROTOCOL: above main loop (TASK_PRIORITY_APPLICATION) but below
+  // audio tasks - USB host needs responsive scheduling for device communication
   xTaskCreate(usb_task_fn, "usb_task",
               USB_TASK_STACK_SIZE,  // Stack size
               this,                 // Task parameter
-              USB_TASK_PRIORITY,    // Priority (higher than main loop)
-              &this->usb_task_handle_);
+              TASK_PRIORITY_PROTOCOL, &this->usb_task_handle_);
 
   if (this->usb_task_handle_ == nullptr) {
     ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to create USB task");

esphome/components/voice_assistant/voice_assistant.cpp

@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ void VoiceAssistant::loop() {
   switch (this->state_) {
     case State::IDLE: {
       if (this->continuous_ && this->desired_state_ == State::IDLE) {
-        this->idle_trigger_.trigger();
+        this->idle_trigger_->trigger();
         this->set_state_(State::START_MICROPHONE, State::START_PIPELINE);
       } else {
         this->deallocate_buffers_();
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ void VoiceAssistant::loop() {
       if (this->api_client_ == nullptr ||
           !this->api_client_->send_message(msg, api::VoiceAssistantRequest::MESSAGE_TYPE)) {
         ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Could not request start");
-        this->error_trigger_.trigger("not-connected", "Could not request start");
+        this->error_trigger_->trigger("not-connected", "Could not request start");
         this->continuous_ = false;
         this->set_state_(State::IDLE, State::IDLE);
         break;
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ void VoiceAssistant::loop() {
         this->wait_for_stream_end_ = false;
         this->stream_ended_ = false;
 
-        this->tts_stream_end_trigger_.trigger();
+        this->tts_stream_end_trigger_->trigger();
       }
 #endif
       if (this->continue_conversation_) {
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ void VoiceAssistant::client_subscription(api::APIConnection *client, bool subscr
       return;
     }
     this->api_client_ = nullptr;
-    this->client_disconnected_trigger_.trigger();
+    this->client_disconnected_trigger_->trigger();
     return;
   }
 
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ void VoiceAssistant::client_subscription(api::APIConnection *client, bool subscr
   }
 
   this->api_client_ = client;
-  this->client_connected_trigger_.trigger();
+  this->client_connected_trigger_->trigger();
 }
 
 static const LogString *voice_assistant_state_to_string(State state) {
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ void VoiceAssistant::set_state_(State state, State desired_state) {
 
 void VoiceAssistant::failed_to_start() {
   ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to start server. See Home Assistant logs for more details.");
-  this->error_trigger_.trigger("failed-to-start", "Failed to start server. See Home Assistant logs for more details.");
+  this->error_trigger_->trigger("failed-to-start", "Failed to start server. See Home Assistant logs for more details.");
   this->set_state_(State::STOP_MICROPHONE, State::IDLE);
 }
 
@@ -637,18 +637,18 @@ void VoiceAssistant::on_event(const api::VoiceAssistantEventResponse &msg) {
         }
       }
 #endif
-      this->defer([this]() { this->start_trigger_.trigger(); });
+      this->defer([this]() { this->start_trigger_->trigger(); });
       break;
     case api::enums::VOICE_ASSISTANT_WAKE_WORD_START:
       break;
     case api::enums::VOICE_ASSISTANT_WAKE_WORD_END: {
       ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Wake word detected");
-      this->defer([this]() { this->wake_word_detected_trigger_.trigger(); });
+      this->defer([this]() { this->wake_word_detected_trigger_->trigger(); });
       break;
     }
     case api::enums::VOICE_ASSISTANT_STT_START:
       ESP_LOGD(TAG, "STT started");
-      this->defer([this]() { this->listening_trigger_.trigger(); });
+      this->defer([this]() { this->listening_trigger_->trigger(); });
       break;
     case api::enums::VOICE_ASSISTANT_STT_END: {
       std::string text;
@@ -665,12 +665,12 @@ void VoiceAssistant::on_event(const api::VoiceAssistantEventResponse &msg) {
         text += "...";
       }
       ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Speech recognised as: \"%s\"", text.c_str());
-      this->defer([this, text]() { this->stt_end_trigger_.trigger(text); });
+      this->defer([this, text]() { this->stt_end_trigger_->trigger(text); });
       break;
     }
     case api::enums::VOICE_ASSISTANT_INTENT_START:
       ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Intent started");
-      this->defer([this]() { this->intent_start_trigger_.trigger(); });
+      this->defer([this]() { this->intent_start_trigger_->trigger(); });
       break;
     case api::enums::VOICE_ASSISTANT_INTENT_PROGRESS: {
       ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Intent progress");
@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ void VoiceAssistant::on_event(const api::VoiceAssistantEventResponse &msg) {
         }
       }
 #endif
-      this->defer([this, tts_url_for_trigger]() { this->intent_progress_trigger_.trigger(tts_url_for_trigger); });
+      this->defer([this, tts_url_for_trigger]() { this->intent_progress_trigger_->trigger(tts_url_for_trigger); });
       break;
     }
     case api::enums::VOICE_ASSISTANT_INTENT_END: {
@@ -704,7 +704,7 @@ void VoiceAssistant::on_event(const api::VoiceAssistantEventResponse &msg) {
           this->continue_conversation_ = (arg.value == "1");
         }
       }
-      this->defer([this]() { this->intent_end_trigger_.trigger(); });
+      this->defer([this]() { this->intent_end_trigger_->trigger(); });
       break;
     }
     case api::enums::VOICE_ASSISTANT_TTS_START: {
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ void VoiceAssistant::on_event(const api::VoiceAssistantEventResponse &msg) {
       }
       ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Response: \"%s\"", text.c_str());
       this->defer([this, text]() {
-        this->tts_start_trigger_.trigger(text);
+        this->tts_start_trigger_->trigger(text);
 #ifdef USE_SPEAKER
         if (this->speaker_ != nullptr) {
           this->speaker_->start();
@@ -756,7 +756,7 @@ void VoiceAssistant::on_event(const api::VoiceAssistantEventResponse &msg) {
         }
         this->started_streaming_tts_ = false;  // Helps indicate reaching the TTS_END stage
 #endif
-        this->tts_end_trigger_.trigger(url);
+        this->tts_end_trigger_->trigger(url);
       });
       State new_state = this->local_output_ ? State::STREAMING_RESPONSE : State::IDLE;
       if (new_state != this->state_) {
@@ -776,7 +776,7 @@ void VoiceAssistant::on_event(const api::VoiceAssistantEventResponse &msg) {
         // No TTS start event ("nevermind")
         this->set_state_(State::IDLE, State::IDLE);
       }
-      this->defer([this]() { this->end_trigger_.trigger(); });
+      this->defer([this]() { this->end_trigger_->trigger(); });
       break;
     }
     case api::enums::VOICE_ASSISTANT_ERROR: {
@@ -796,7 +796,7 @@ void VoiceAssistant::on_event(const api::VoiceAssistantEventResponse &msg) {
         // Wake word is not set up or not ready on Home Assistant so stop and do not retry until user starts again.
         this->defer([this, code, message]() {
           this->request_stop();
-          this->error_trigger_.trigger(code, message);
+          this->error_trigger_->trigger(code, message);
         });
         return;
       }
@@ -805,7 +805,7 @@ void VoiceAssistant::on_event(const api::VoiceAssistantEventResponse &msg) {
         this->signal_stop_();
         this->set_state_(State::STOP_MICROPHONE, State::IDLE);
       }
-      this->defer([this, code, message]() { this->error_trigger_.trigger(code, message); });
+      this->defer([this, code, message]() { this->error_trigger_->trigger(code, message); });
       break;
     }
     case api::enums::VOICE_ASSISTANT_TTS_STREAM_START: {
@@ -813,7 +813,7 @@ void VoiceAssistant::on_event(const api::VoiceAssistantEventResponse &msg) {
       if (this->speaker_ != nullptr) {
         this->wait_for_stream_end_ = true;
         ESP_LOGD(TAG, "TTS stream start");
-        this->defer([this] { this->tts_stream_start_trigger_.trigger(); });
+        this->defer([this] { this->tts_stream_start_trigger_->trigger(); });
       }
 #endif
       break;
@@ -829,12 +829,12 @@ void VoiceAssistant::on_event(const api::VoiceAssistantEventResponse &msg) {
     }
     case api::enums::VOICE_ASSISTANT_STT_VAD_START:
       ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Starting STT by VAD");
-      this->defer([this]() { this->stt_vad_start_trigger_.trigger(); });
+      this->defer([this]() { this->stt_vad_start_trigger_->trigger(); });
       break;
     case api::enums::VOICE_ASSISTANT_STT_VAD_END:
       ESP_LOGD(TAG, "STT by VAD end");
       this->set_state_(State::STOP_MICROPHONE, State::AWAITING_RESPONSE);
-      this->defer([this]() { this->stt_vad_end_trigger_.trigger(); });
+      this->defer([this]() { this->stt_vad_end_trigger_->trigger(); });
       break;
     default:
       ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Unhandled event type: %" PRId32, msg.event_type);
@@ -876,17 +876,17 @@ void VoiceAssistant::on_timer_event(const api::VoiceAssistantTimerEventResponse
 
   switch (msg.event_type) {
     case api::enums::VOICE_ASSISTANT_TIMER_STARTED:
-      this->timer_started_trigger_.trigger(timer);
+      this->timer_started_trigger_->trigger(timer);
       break;
     case api::enums::VOICE_ASSISTANT_TIMER_UPDATED:
-      this->timer_updated_trigger_.trigger(timer);
+      this->timer_updated_trigger_->trigger(timer);
       break;
     case api::enums::VOICE_ASSISTANT_TIMER_CANCELLED:
-      this->timer_cancelled_trigger_.trigger(timer);
+      this->timer_cancelled_trigger_->trigger(timer);
       this->timers_.erase(timer.id);
       break;
     case api::enums::VOICE_ASSISTANT_TIMER_FINISHED:
-      this->timer_finished_trigger_.trigger(timer);
+      this->timer_finished_trigger_->trigger(timer);
       this->timers_.erase(timer.id);
       break;
   }
@@ -910,13 +910,13 @@ void VoiceAssistant::timer_tick_() {
     }
     res.push_back(timer);
   }
-  this->timer_tick_trigger_.trigger(res);
+  this->timer_tick_trigger_->trigger(res);
 }
 
 void VoiceAssistant::on_announce(const api::VoiceAssistantAnnounceRequest &msg) {
 #ifdef USE_MEDIA_PLAYER
   if (this->media_player_ != nullptr) {
-    this->tts_start_trigger_.trigger(msg.text);
+    this->tts_start_trigger_->trigger(msg.text);
 
     this->media_player_response_state_ = MediaPlayerResponseState::URL_SENT;
 
@@ -939,8 +939,8 @@ void VoiceAssistant::on_announce(const api::VoiceAssistantAnnounceRequest &msg)
       this->set_state_(State::STREAMING_RESPONSE, State::STREAMING_RESPONSE);
     }
 
-    this->tts_end_trigger_.trigger(msg.media_id);
-    this->end_trigger_.trigger();
+    this->tts_end_trigger_->trigger(msg.media_id);
+    this->end_trigger_->trigger();
   }
 #endif
 }

esphome/components/voice_assistant/voice_assistant.h

@@ -195,38 +195,38 @@ class VoiceAssistant : public Component {
   void set_conversation_timeout(uint32_t conversation_timeout) { this->conversation_timeout_ = conversation_timeout; }
   void reset_conversation_id();
 
-  Trigger<> *get_intent_end_trigger() { return &this->intent_end_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<> *get_intent_start_trigger() { return &this->intent_start_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<std::string> *get_intent_progress_trigger() { return &this->intent_progress_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<> *get_listening_trigger() { return &this->listening_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<> *get_end_trigger() { return &this->end_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<> *get_start_trigger() { return &this->start_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<> *get_stt_vad_end_trigger() { return &this->stt_vad_end_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<> *get_stt_vad_start_trigger() { return &this->stt_vad_start_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_intent_end_trigger() const { return this->intent_end_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_intent_start_trigger() const { return this->intent_start_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<std::string> *get_intent_progress_trigger() const { return this->intent_progress_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_listening_trigger() const { return this->listening_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_end_trigger() const { return this->end_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_start_trigger() const { return this->start_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_stt_vad_end_trigger() const { return this->stt_vad_end_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_stt_vad_start_trigger() const { return this->stt_vad_start_trigger_; }
 #ifdef USE_SPEAKER
-  Trigger<> *get_tts_stream_start_trigger() { return &this->tts_stream_start_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<> *get_tts_stream_end_trigger() { return &this->tts_stream_end_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_tts_stream_start_trigger() const { return this->tts_stream_start_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_tts_stream_end_trigger() const { return this->tts_stream_end_trigger_; }
 #endif
-  Trigger<> *get_wake_word_detected_trigger() { return &this->wake_word_detected_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<std::string> *get_stt_end_trigger() { return &this->stt_end_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<std::string> *get_tts_end_trigger() { return &this->tts_end_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<std::string> *get_tts_start_trigger() { return &this->tts_start_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<std::string, std::string> *get_error_trigger() { return &this->error_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<> *get_idle_trigger() { return &this->idle_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_wake_word_detected_trigger() const { return this->wake_word_detected_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<std::string> *get_stt_end_trigger() const { return this->stt_end_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<std::string> *get_tts_end_trigger() const { return this->tts_end_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<std::string> *get_tts_start_trigger() const { return this->tts_start_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<std::string, std::string> *get_error_trigger() const { return this->error_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_idle_trigger() const { return this->idle_trigger_; }
 
-  Trigger<> *get_client_connected_trigger() { return &this->client_connected_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<> *get_client_disconnected_trigger() { return &this->client_disconnected_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_client_connected_trigger() const { return this->client_connected_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<> *get_client_disconnected_trigger() const { return this->client_disconnected_trigger_; }
 
   void client_subscription(api::APIConnection *client, bool subscribe);
   api::APIConnection *get_api_connection() const { return this->api_client_; }
 
   void set_wake_word(const std::string &wake_word) { this->wake_word_ = wake_word; }
 
-  Trigger<Timer> *get_timer_started_trigger() { return &this->timer_started_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<Timer> *get_timer_updated_trigger() { return &this->timer_updated_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<Timer> *get_timer_cancelled_trigger() { return &this->timer_cancelled_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<Timer> *get_timer_finished_trigger() { return &this->timer_finished_trigger_; }
-  Trigger<std::vector<Timer>> *get_timer_tick_trigger() { return &this->timer_tick_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<Timer> *get_timer_started_trigger() const { return this->timer_started_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<Timer> *get_timer_updated_trigger() const { return this->timer_updated_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<Timer> *get_timer_cancelled_trigger() const { return this->timer_cancelled_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<Timer> *get_timer_finished_trigger() const { return this->timer_finished_trigger_; }
+  Trigger<std::vector<Timer>> *get_timer_tick_trigger() const { return this->timer_tick_trigger_; }
   void set_has_timers(bool has_timers) { this->has_timers_ = has_timers; }
   const std::unordered_map<std::string, Timer> &get_timers() const { return this->timers_; }
 
@@ -243,37 +243,37 @@ class VoiceAssistant : public Component {
   std::unique_ptr<socket::Socket> socket_ = nullptr;
   struct sockaddr_storage dest_addr_;
 
-  Trigger<> intent_end_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> intent_start_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> listening_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> end_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> start_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> stt_vad_start_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> stt_vad_end_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *intent_end_trigger_ = new Trigger<>();
+  Trigger<> *intent_start_trigger_ = new Trigger<>();
+  Trigger<> *listening_trigger_ = new Trigger<>();
+  Trigger<> *end_trigger_ = new Trigger<>();
+  Trigger<> *start_trigger_ = new Trigger<>();
+  Trigger<> *stt_vad_start_trigger_ = new Trigger<>();
+  Trigger<> *stt_vad_end_trigger_ = new Trigger<>();
 #ifdef USE_SPEAKER
-  Trigger<> tts_stream_start_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> tts_stream_end_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *tts_stream_start_trigger_ = new Trigger<>();
+  Trigger<> *tts_stream_end_trigger_ = new Trigger<>();
 #endif
-  Trigger<std::string> intent_progress_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> wake_word_detected_trigger_;
-  Trigger<std::string> stt_end_trigger_;
-  Trigger<std::string> tts_end_trigger_;
-  Trigger<std::string> tts_start_trigger_;
-  Trigger<std::string, std::string> error_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> idle_trigger_;
+  Trigger<std::string> *intent_progress_trigger_ = new Trigger<std::string>();
+  Trigger<> *wake_word_detected_trigger_ = new Trigger<>();
+  Trigger<std::string> *stt_end_trigger_ = new Trigger<std::string>();
+  Trigger<std::string> *tts_end_trigger_ = new Trigger<std::string>();
+  Trigger<std::string> *tts_start_trigger_ = new Trigger<std::string>();
+  Trigger<std::string, std::string> *error_trigger_ = new Trigger<std::string, std::string>();
+  Trigger<> *idle_trigger_ = new Trigger<>();
 
-  Trigger<> client_connected_trigger_;
-  Trigger<> client_disconnected_trigger_;
+  Trigger<> *client_connected_trigger_ = new Trigger<>();
+  Trigger<> *client_disconnected_trigger_ = new Trigger<>();
 
   api::APIConnection *api_client_{nullptr};
 
   std::unordered_map<std::string, Timer> timers_;
   void timer_tick_();
-  Trigger<Timer> timer_started_trigger_;
-  Trigger<Timer> timer_finished_trigger_;
-  Trigger<Timer> timer_updated_trigger_;
-  Trigger<Timer> timer_cancelled_trigger_;
-  Trigger<std::vector<Timer>> timer_tick_trigger_;
+  Trigger<Timer> *timer_started_trigger_ = new Trigger<Timer>();
+  Trigger<Timer> *timer_finished_trigger_ = new Trigger<Timer>();
+  Trigger<Timer> *timer_updated_trigger_ = new Trigger<Timer>();
+  Trigger<Timer> *timer_cancelled_trigger_ = new Trigger<Timer>();
+  Trigger<std::vector<Timer>> *timer_tick_trigger_ = new Trigger<std::vector<Timer>>();
   bool has_timers_{false};
   bool timer_tick_running_{false};
 

esphome/core/task_priorities.h

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#ifdef USE_ESP32
+
+#include <freertos/FreeRTOS.h>
+
+namespace esphome {
+
+/// @brief FreeRTOS task priority definitions for ESPHome
+///
+/// All priorities use relative values based on configMAX_PRIORITIES so they
+/// scale automatically if CONFIG_FREERTOS_MAX_PRIORITIES changes.
+///
+/// Priority hierarchy (with CONFIG_FREERTOS_MAX_PRIORITIES = 16):
+///
+///   14: Audio capture (I2S microphone) - highest, real-time audio input
+///   10: Audio output (I2S speaker) - real-time audio output
+///    8: Network stack (LWIP TCP/IP) - set via CONFIG_LWIP_TCPIP_TASK_PRIO
+///    6: Audio mixing - buffered audio processing
+///    5: Protocol tasks (MQTT, USB host, OpenThread) - communication
+///    4: USB serial TX - serial communication
+///    3: ML inference (wake word) - background ML processing
+///    1: Application (main loop, media pipelines, camera, UART RX) - baseline
+///    0: Idle task (FreeRTOS system)
+///
+/// Guidelines:
+/// - Real-time audio I/O tasks need highest priorities to prevent glitches
+/// - Network/protocol tasks should be above application but below audio
+/// - Background processing (ML, media decoding) can run at low priority
+
+/// Audio capture task priority (I2S microphone)
+/// Highest application priority - audio input cannot tolerate delays
+static constexpr UBaseType_t TASK_PRIORITY_AUDIO_CAPTURE = configMAX_PRIORITIES - 2;
+
+/// Audio output task priority (I2S speaker)
+/// High priority - audio output needs consistent timing
+static constexpr UBaseType_t TASK_PRIORITY_AUDIO_OUTPUT = configMAX_PRIORITIES - 6;
+
+/// Audio mixer task priority
+/// Medium-high - mixing is buffered but feeds real-time output
+static constexpr UBaseType_t TASK_PRIORITY_AUDIO_MIXER = configMAX_PRIORITIES - 10;
+
+/// Protocol/communication task priority (MQTT, USB host, OpenThread)
+/// Above application tasks for responsive network handling
+static constexpr UBaseType_t TASK_PRIORITY_PROTOCOL = configMAX_PRIORITIES - 11;
+
+/// USB serial TX task priority
+/// Slightly below protocol tasks
+static constexpr UBaseType_t TASK_PRIORITY_USB_SERIAL = configMAX_PRIORITIES - 12;
+
+/// ML inference task priority (wake word detection)
+/// Background processing - can yield to communication tasks
+static constexpr UBaseType_t TASK_PRIORITY_INFERENCE = configMAX_PRIORITIES - 13;
+
+/// Application task priority (main loop, media pipelines, camera, etc.)
+/// Baseline priority - just above idle task
+static constexpr UBaseType_t TASK_PRIORITY_APPLICATION = tskIDLE_PRIORITY + 1;
+
+}  // namespace esphome
+
+#endif  // USE_ESP32