Merge branch 'integration' into memory_api

Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: J. Nick Koston <nick@home-assistant.io>

.ai/instructions.md

@@ -51,7 +51,79 @@ This document provides essential context for AI models interacting with this pro
 
 *   **Naming Conventions:**
     *   **Python:** Follows PEP 8. Use clear, descriptive names following snake_case.
-    *   **C++:** Follows the Google C++ Style Guide.
+    *   **C++:** Follows the Google C++ Style Guide with these specifics (following clang-tidy conventions):
+        - Function, method, and variable names: `lower_snake_case`
+        - Class/struct/enum names: `UpperCamelCase`
+        - Top-level constants (global/namespace scope): `UPPER_SNAKE_CASE`
+        - Function-local constants: `lower_snake_case`
+        - Protected/private fields: `lower_snake_case_with_trailing_underscore_`
+        - Favor descriptive names over abbreviations
+
+*   **C++ Field Visibility:**
+    *   **Prefer `protected`:** Use `protected` for most class fields to enable extensibility and testing. Fields should be `lower_snake_case_with_trailing_underscore_`.
+    *   **Use `private` for safety-critical cases:** Use `private` visibility when direct field access could introduce bugs or violate invariants:
+        1. **Pointer lifetime issues:** When setters validate and store pointers from known lists to prevent dangling references.
+           ```cpp
+           // Helper to find matching string in vector and return its pointer
+           inline const char *vector_find(const std::vector<const char *> &vec, const char *value) {
+             for (const char *item : vec) {
+               if (strcmp(item, value) == 0)
+                 return item;
+             }
+             return nullptr;
+           }
+
+           class ClimateDevice {
+            public:
+             void set_custom_fan_modes(std::initializer_list<const char *> modes) {
+               this->custom_fan_modes_ = modes;
+               this->active_custom_fan_mode_ = nullptr;  // Reset when modes change
+             }
+             bool set_custom_fan_mode(const char *mode) {
+               // Find mode in supported list and store that pointer (not the input pointer)
+               const char *validated_mode = vector_find(this->custom_fan_modes_, mode);
+               if (validated_mode != nullptr) {
+                 this->active_custom_fan_mode_ = validated_mode;
+                 return true;
+               }
+               return false;
+             }
+            private:
+             std::vector<const char *> custom_fan_modes_;  // Pointers to string literals in flash
+             const char *active_custom_fan_mode_{nullptr};  // Must point to entry in custom_fan_modes_
+           };
+           ```
+        2. **Invariant coupling:** When multiple fields must remain synchronized to prevent buffer overflows or data corruption.
+           ```cpp
+           class Buffer {
+            public:
+             void resize(size_t new_size) {
+               auto new_data = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(new_size);
+               if (this->data_) {
+                 std::memcpy(new_data.get(), this->data_.get(), std::min(this->size_, new_size));
+               }
+               this->data_ = std::move(new_data);
+               this->size_ = new_size;  // Must stay in sync with data_
+             }
+            private:
+             std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> data_;
+             size_t size_{0};  // Must match allocated size of data_
+           };
+           ```
+        3. **Resource management:** When setters perform cleanup or registration operations that derived classes might skip.
+    *   **Provide `protected` accessor methods:** When derived classes need controlled access to `private` members.
+
+*   **C++ Preprocessor Directives:**
+    *   **Avoid `#define` for constants:** Using `#define` for constants is discouraged and should be replaced with `const` variables or enums.
+    *   **Use `#define` only for:**
+        - Conditional compilation (`#ifdef`, `#ifndef`)
+        - Compile-time sizes calculated during Python code generation (e.g., configuring `std::array` or `StaticVector` dimensions via `cg.add_define()`)
+
+*   **C++ Additional Conventions:**
+    *   **Member access:** Prefix all class member access with `this->` (e.g., `this->value_` not `value_`)
+    *   **Indentation:** Use spaces (two per indentation level), not tabs
+    *   **Type aliases:** Prefer `using type_t = int;` over `typedef int type_t;`
+    *   **Line length:** Wrap lines at no more than 120 characters
 
 *   **Component Structure:**
     *   **Standard Files:**
@@ -100,8 +172,7 @@ This document provides essential context for AI models interacting with this pro
 
     *   **C++ Class Pattern:**
         ```cpp
-        namespace esphome {
-        namespace my_component {
+        namespace esphome::my_component {
 
         class MyComponent : public Component {
          public:
@@ -117,8 +188,7 @@ This document provides essential context for AI models interacting with this pro
           int param_{0};
         };
 
-        }  // namespace my_component
-        }  // namespace esphome
+        }  // namespace esphome::my_component
         ```
 
     *   **Common Component Examples:**
@@ -206,12 +276,12 @@ This document provides essential context for AI models interacting with this pro
 ## 7. Specific Instructions for AI Collaboration
 
 *   **Contribution Workflow (Pull Request Process):**
-    1.  **Fork & Branch:** Create a new branch in your fork.
+    1.  **Fork & Branch:** Create a new branch based on the `dev` branch (always use `git checkout -b <branch-name> dev` to ensure you're branching from `dev`, not the currently checked out branch).
     2.  **Make Changes:** Adhere to all coding conventions and patterns.
     3.  **Test:** Create component tests for all supported platforms and run the full test suite locally.
     4.  **Lint:** Run `pre-commit` to ensure code is compliant.
     5.  **Commit:** Commit your changes. There is no strict format for commit messages.
-    6.  **Pull Request:** Submit a PR against the `dev` branch. The Pull Request title should have a prefix of the component being worked on (e.g., `[display] Fix bug`, `[abc123] Add new component`). Update documentation, examples, and add `CODEOWNERS` entries as needed. Pull requests should always be made with the PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md template filled out correctly.
+    6.  **Pull Request:** Submit a PR against the `dev` branch. The Pull Request title should have a prefix of the component being worked on (e.g., `[display] Fix bug`, `[abc123] Add new component`). Update documentation, examples, and add `CODEOWNERS` entries as needed. Pull requests should always be made using the `.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md` template - fill out all sections completely without removing any parts of the template.
 
 *   **Documentation Contributions:**
     *   Documentation is hosted in the separate `esphome/esphome-docs` repository.
@@ -332,35 +402,45 @@ This document provides essential context for AI models interacting with this pro
             _use_feature = True
         ```
 
-        **Good Pattern (CORE.data with Helpers):**
+        **Bad Pattern (Flat Keys):**
         ```python
+        # Don't do this - keys should be namespaced under component domain
+        MY_FEATURE_KEY = "my_component_feature"
+        CORE.data[MY_FEATURE_KEY] = True
+        ```
+
+        **Good Pattern (dataclass):**
+        ```python
+        from dataclasses import dataclass, field
         from esphome.core import CORE
 
-        # Keys for CORE.data storage
-        COMPONENT_STATE_KEY = "my_component_state"
-        USE_FEATURE_KEY = "my_component_use_feature"
+        DOMAIN = "my_component"
 
-        def _get_component_state() -> list:
-            """Get component state from CORE.data."""
-            return CORE.data.setdefault(COMPONENT_STATE_KEY, [])
+        @dataclass
+        class MyComponentData:
+            feature_enabled: bool = False
+            item_count: int = 0
+            items: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
 
-        def _get_use_feature() -> bool | None:
-            """Get feature flag from CORE.data."""
-            return CORE.data.get(USE_FEATURE_KEY)
+        def _get_data() -> MyComponentData:
+            if DOMAIN not in CORE.data:
+                CORE.data[DOMAIN] = MyComponentData()
+            return CORE.data[DOMAIN]
 
-        def _set_use_feature(value: bool) -> None:
-            """Set feature flag in CORE.data."""
-            CORE.data[USE_FEATURE_KEY] = value
+        def request_feature() -> None:
+            _get_data().feature_enabled = True
 
-        def enable_feature():
-            _set_use_feature(True)
+        def add_item(item: str) -> None:
+            _get_data().items.append(item)
         ```
 
+        If you need a real-world example, search for components that use `@dataclass` with `CORE.data` in the codebase. Note: Some components may use `TypedDict` for dictionary-based storage; both patterns are acceptable depending on your needs.
+
         **Why this matters:**
         - Module-level globals persist between compilation runs if the dashboard doesn't fork/exec
         - `CORE.data` automatically clears between runs
-        - Typed helper functions provide better IDE support and maintainability
-        - Encapsulation makes state management explicit and testable
+        - Namespacing under `DOMAIN` prevents key collisions between components
+        - `@dataclass` provides type safety and cleaner attribute access
 
 *   **Security:** Be mindful of security when making changes to the API, web server, or any other network-related code. Do not hardcode secrets or keys.
 
@@ -368,3 +448,45 @@ This document provides essential context for AI models interacting with this pro
     *   **Python:** When adding a new Python dependency, add it to the appropriate `requirements*.txt` file and `pyproject.toml`.
     *   **C++ / PlatformIO:** When adding a new C++ dependency, add it to `platformio.ini` and use `cg.add_library`.
     *   **Build Flags:** Use `cg.add_build_flag(...)` to add compiler flags.
+
+## 8. Public API and Breaking Changes
+
+*   **Public C++ API:**
+    *   **Components**: Only documented features at [esphome.io](https://esphome.io) are public API. Undocumented `public` members are internal.
+    *   **Core/Base Classes** (`esphome/core/`, `Component`, `Sensor`, etc.): All `public` members are public API.
+    *   **Components with Global Accessors** (`global_api_server`, etc.): All `public` members are public API (except config setters).
+
+*   **Public Python API:**
+    *   All documented configuration options at [esphome.io](https://esphome.io) are public API.
+    *   Python code in `esphome/core/` actively used by existing core components is considered stable API.
+    *   Other Python code is internal unless explicitly documented for external component use.
+
+*   **Breaking Changes Policy:**
+    *   Aim for **6-month deprecation window** when possible
+    *   Clean breaks allowed for: signature changes, deep refactorings, resource constraints
+    *   Must document migration path in PR description (generates release notes)
+    *   Blog post required for core/base class changes or significant architectural changes
+    *   Full details: https://developers.esphome.io/contributing/code/#public-api-and-breaking-changes
+
+*   **Breaking Change Checklist:**
+    - [ ] Clear justification (RAM/flash savings, architectural improvement)
+    - [ ] Explored non-breaking alternatives
+    - [ ] Added deprecation warnings if possible (use `ESPDEPRECATED` macro for C++)
+    - [ ] Documented migration path in PR description with before/after examples
+    - [ ] Updated all internal usage and esphome-docs
+    - [ ] Tested backward compatibility during deprecation period
+
+*   **Deprecation Pattern (C++):**
+    ```cpp
+    // Remove before 2026.6.0
+    ESPDEPRECATED("Use new_method() instead. Removed in 2026.6.0", "2025.12.0")
+    void old_method() { this->new_method(); }
+    ```
+
+*   **Deprecation Pattern (Python):**
+    ```python
+    # Remove before 2026.6.0
+    if CONF_OLD_KEY in config:
+        _LOGGER.warning(f"'{CONF_OLD_KEY}' deprecated, use '{CONF_NEW_KEY}'. Removed in 2026.6.0")
+        config[CONF_NEW_KEY] = config.pop(CONF_OLD_KEY)  # Auto-migrate
+    ```

.clang-tidy.hash

@@ -1 +1 @@
-d7693a1e996cacd4a3d1c9a16336799c2a8cc3db02e4e74084151ce964581248
+766420905c06eeb6c5f360f68fd965e5ddd9c4a5db6b823263d3ad3accb64a07

.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 - [ ] Bugfix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
 - [ ] New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
 - [ ] Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
+- [ ] Developer breaking change (an API change that could break external components)
 - [ ] Code quality improvements to existing code or addition of tests
 - [ ] Other
 

.github/actions/restore-python/action.yml

@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@ runs:
   steps:
     - name: Set up Python ${{ inputs.python-version }}
       id: python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@e797f83bcb11b83ae66e0230d6156d7c80228e7c # v6.0.0
+      uses: actions/setup-python@83679a892e2d95755f2dac6acb0bfd1e9ac5d548 # v6.1.0
       with:
         python-version: ${{ inputs.python-version }}
     - name: Restore Python virtual environment
       id: cache-venv
-      uses: actions/cache/restore@0057852bfaa89a56745cba8c7296529d2fc39830 # v4.3.0
+      uses: actions/cache/restore@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
       with:
         path: venv
         # yamllint disable-line rule:line-length

.github/workflows/auto-label-pr.yml

@@ -22,11 +22,11 @@ jobs:
     if: github.event.action != 'labeled' || github.event.sender.type != 'Bot'
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
 
       - name: Generate a token
         id: generate-token
-        uses: actions/create-github-app-token@67018539274d69449ef7c02e8e71183d1719ab42 # v2
+        uses: actions/create-github-app-token@29824e69f54612133e76f7eaac726eef6c875baf # v2
         with:
           app-id: ${{ secrets.ESPHOME_GITHUB_APP_ID }}
           private-key: ${{ secrets.ESPHOME_GITHUB_APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ jobs:
               'new-target-platform',
               'merging-to-release',
               'merging-to-beta',
+              'chained-pr',
               'core',
               'small-pr',
               'dashboard',
@@ -67,6 +68,7 @@ jobs:
               'bugfix',
               'new-feature',
               'breaking-change',
+              'developer-breaking-change',
               'code-quality'
             ];
 
@@ -140,6 +142,8 @@ jobs:
                 labels.add('merging-to-release');
               } else if (baseRef === 'beta') {
                 labels.add('merging-to-beta');
+              } else if (baseRef !== 'dev') {
+                labels.add('chained-pr');
               }
 
               return labels;
@@ -364,6 +368,7 @@ jobs:
                 { pattern: /- \[x\] Bugfix \(non-breaking change which fixes an issue\)/i, label: 'bugfix' },
                 { pattern: /- \[x\] New feature \(non-breaking change which adds functionality\)/i, label: 'new-feature' },
                 { pattern: /- \[x\] Breaking change \(fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected\)/i, label: 'breaking-change' },
+                { pattern: /- \[x\] Developer breaking change \(an API change that could break external components\)/i, label: 'developer-breaking-change' },
                 { pattern: /- \[x\] Code quality improvements to existing code or addition of tests/i, label: 'code-quality' }
               ];
 
@@ -413,7 +418,7 @@ jobs:
             }
 
             // Generate review messages
-            function generateReviewMessages(finalLabels) {
+            function generateReviewMessages(finalLabels, originalLabelCount) {
               const messages = [];
               const prAuthor = context.payload.pull_request.user.login;
 
@@ -427,15 +432,15 @@ jobs:
                   .reduce((sum, file) => sum + (file.deletions || 0), 0);
                 const nonTestChanges = (totalAdditions - testAdditions) - (totalDeletions - testDeletions);
 
-                const tooManyLabels = finalLabels.length > MAX_LABELS;
+                const tooManyLabels = originalLabelCount > MAX_LABELS;
                 const tooManyChanges = nonTestChanges > TOO_BIG_THRESHOLD;
 
                 let message = `${TOO_BIG_MARKER}\n### 📦 Pull Request Size\n\n`;
 
                 if (tooManyLabels && tooManyChanges) {
-                  message += `This PR is too large with ${nonTestChanges} line changes (excluding tests) and affects ${finalLabels.length} different components/areas.`;
+                  message += `This PR is too large with ${nonTestChanges} line changes (excluding tests) and affects ${originalLabelCount} different components/areas.`;
                 } else if (tooManyLabels) {
-                  message += `This PR affects ${finalLabels.length} different components/areas.`;
+                  message += `This PR affects ${originalLabelCount} different components/areas.`;
                 } else {
                   message += `This PR is too large with ${nonTestChanges} line changes (excluding tests).`;
                 }
@@ -463,8 +468,8 @@ jobs:
             }
 
             // Handle reviews
-            async function handleReviews(finalLabels) {
-              const reviewMessages = generateReviewMessages(finalLabels);
+            async function handleReviews(finalLabels, originalLabelCount) {
+              const reviewMessages = generateReviewMessages(finalLabels, originalLabelCount);
               const hasReviewableLabels = finalLabels.some(label =>
                 ['too-big', 'needs-codeowners'].includes(label)
               );
@@ -528,8 +533,8 @@ jobs:
             const apiData = await fetchApiData();
             const baseRef = context.payload.pull_request.base.ref;
 
-            // Early exit for non-dev branches
-            if (baseRef !== 'dev') {
+            // Early exit for release and beta branches only
+            if (baseRef === 'release' || baseRef === 'beta') {
               const branchLabels = await detectMergeBranch();
               const finalLabels = Array.from(branchLabels);
 
@@ -624,6 +629,7 @@ jobs:
 
             // Handle too many labels (only for non-mega PRs)
             const tooManyLabels = finalLabels.length > MAX_LABELS;
+            const originalLabelCount = finalLabels.length;
 
             if (tooManyLabels && !isMegaPR && !finalLabels.includes('too-big')) {
               finalLabels = ['too-big'];
@@ -632,7 +638,7 @@ jobs:
             console.log('Computed labels:', finalLabels.join(', '));
 
             // Handle reviews
-            await handleReviews(finalLabels);
+            await handleReviews(finalLabels, originalLabelCount);
 
             // Apply labels
             if (finalLabels.length > 0) {

.github/workflows/ci-api-proto.yml

@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
       - name: Set up Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@e797f83bcb11b83ae66e0230d6156d7c80228e7c # v6.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-python@83679a892e2d95755f2dac6acb0bfd1e9ac5d548 # v6.1.0
         with:
           python-version: "3.11"
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ jobs:
         run: git diff
       - if: failure()
         name: Archive artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@ea165f8d65b6e75b540449e92b4886f43607fa02 # v4.6.2
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@b7c566a772e6b6bfb58ed0dc250532a479d7789f # v6.0.0
         with:
           name: generated-proto-files
           path: |

.github/workflows/ci-clang-tidy-hash.yml

@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
 
       - name: Set up Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@e797f83bcb11b83ae66e0230d6156d7c80228e7c # v6.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-python@83679a892e2d95755f2dac6acb0bfd1e9ac5d548 # v6.1.0
         with:
           python-version: "3.11"
 

.github/workflows/ci-docker.yml

@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ jobs:
           - "docker"
           # - "lint"
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
       - name: Set up Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@e797f83bcb11b83ae66e0230d6156d7c80228e7c # v6.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-python@83679a892e2d95755f2dac6acb0bfd1e9ac5d548 # v6.1.0
         with:
           python-version: "3.11"
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx

.github/workflows/ci-memory-impact-comment.yml

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Check out code from base repository
         if: steps.pr.outputs.skip != 'true'
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with:
           # Always check out from the base repository (esphome/esphome), never from forks
           # Use the PR's target branch to ensure we run trusted code from the main repo

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -36,18 +36,18 @@ jobs:
       cache-key: ${{ steps.cache-key.outputs.key }}
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
       - name: Generate cache-key
         id: cache-key
         run: echo key="${{ hashFiles('requirements.txt', 'requirements_test.txt', '.pre-commit-config.yaml') }}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
       - name: Set up Python ${{ env.DEFAULT_PYTHON }}
         id: python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@e797f83bcb11b83ae66e0230d6156d7c80228e7c # v6.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-python@83679a892e2d95755f2dac6acb0bfd1e9ac5d548 # v6.1.0
         with:
           python-version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PYTHON }}
       - name: Restore Python virtual environment
         id: cache-venv
-        uses: actions/cache@0057852bfaa89a56745cba8c7296529d2fc39830 # v4.3.0
+        uses: actions/cache@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: venv
           # yamllint disable-line rule:line-length
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ jobs:
     if: needs.determine-jobs.outputs.python-linters == 'true'
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
       - name: Restore Python
         uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
         with:
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ jobs:
       - common
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
       - name: Restore Python
         uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
         with:
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         python-version:
           - "3.11"
-          - "3.14"
+          - "3.13"
         os:
           - ubuntu-latest
           - macOS-latest
@@ -123,16 +123,16 @@ jobs:
           # Minimize CI resource usage
           # by only running the Python version
           # version used for docker images on Windows and macOS
-          - python-version: "3.14"
+          - python-version: "3.13"
             os: windows-latest
-          - python-version: "3.14"
+          - python-version: "3.13"
             os: macOS-latest
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     needs:
       - common
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
       - name: Restore Python
         id: restore-python
         uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
@@ -152,12 +152,12 @@ jobs:
           . venv/bin/activate
           pytest -vv --cov-report=xml --tb=native -n auto tests --ignore=tests/integration/
       - name: Upload coverage to Codecov
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@5a1091511ad55cbe89839c7260b706298ca349f7 # v5.5.1
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@671740ac38dd9b0130fbe1cec585b89eea48d3de # v5.5.2
         with:
           token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
       - name: Save Python virtual environment cache
         if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/dev'
-        uses: actions/cache/save@0057852bfaa89a56745cba8c7296529d2fc39830 # v4.3.0
+        uses: actions/cache/save@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: venv
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ steps.restore-python.outputs.python-version }}-venv-${{ needs.common.outputs.cache-key }}
@@ -178,9 +178,12 @@ jobs:
       component-test-count: ${{ steps.determine.outputs.component-test-count }}
       changed-cpp-file-count: ${{ steps.determine.outputs.changed-cpp-file-count }}
       memory_impact: ${{ steps.determine.outputs.memory-impact }}
+      cpp-unit-tests-run-all: ${{ steps.determine.outputs.cpp-unit-tests-run-all }}
+      cpp-unit-tests-components: ${{ steps.determine.outputs.cpp-unit-tests-components }}
+      component-test-batches: ${{ steps.determine.outputs.component-test-batches }}
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with:
           # Fetch enough history to find the merge base
           fetch-depth: 2
@@ -189,6 +192,11 @@ jobs:
         with:
           python-version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PYTHON }}
           cache-key: ${{ needs.common.outputs.cache-key }}
+      - name: Restore components graph cache
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
+        with:
+          path: .temp/components_graph.json
+          key: components-graph-${{ hashFiles('esphome/components/**/*.py') }}
       - name: Determine which tests to run
         id: determine
         env:
@@ -210,6 +218,15 @@ jobs:
           echo "component-test-count=$(echo "$output" | jq -r '.component_test_count')" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
           echo "changed-cpp-file-count=$(echo "$output" | jq -r '.changed_cpp_file_count')" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
           echo "memory-impact=$(echo "$output" | jq -c '.memory_impact')" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          echo "cpp-unit-tests-run-all=$(echo "$output" | jq -r '.cpp_unit_tests_run_all')" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          echo "cpp-unit-tests-components=$(echo "$output" | jq -c '.cpp_unit_tests_components')" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          echo "component-test-batches=$(echo "$output" | jq -c '.component_test_batches')" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+      - name: Save components graph cache
+        if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/dev'
+        uses: actions/cache/save@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
+        with:
+          path: .temp/components_graph.json
+          key: components-graph-${{ hashFiles('esphome/components/**/*.py') }}
 
   integration-tests:
     name: Run integration tests
@@ -220,15 +237,15 @@ jobs:
     if: needs.determine-jobs.outputs.integration-tests == 'true'
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
       - name: Set up Python 3.13
         id: python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@e797f83bcb11b83ae66e0230d6156d7c80228e7c # v6.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-python@83679a892e2d95755f2dac6acb0bfd1e9ac5d548 # v6.1.0
         with:
           python-version: "3.13"
       - name: Restore Python virtual environment
         id: cache-venv
-        uses: actions/cache@0057852bfaa89a56745cba8c7296529d2fc39830 # v4.3.0
+        uses: actions/cache@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: venv
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ steps.python.outputs.python-version }}-venv-${{ needs.common.outputs.cache-key }}
@@ -247,6 +264,33 @@ jobs:
           . venv/bin/activate
           pytest -vv --no-cov --tb=native -n auto tests/integration/
 
+  cpp-unit-tests:
+    name: Run C++ unit tests
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    needs:
+      - common
+      - determine-jobs
+    if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && (needs.determine-jobs.outputs.cpp-unit-tests-run-all == 'true' || needs.determine-jobs.outputs.cpp-unit-tests-components != '[]')
+    steps:
+      - name: Check out code from GitHub
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
+
+      - name: Restore Python
+        uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
+        with:
+          python-version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PYTHON }}
+          cache-key: ${{ needs.common.outputs.cache-key }}
+
+      - name: Run cpp_unit_test.py
+        run: |
+          . venv/bin/activate
+          if [ "${{ needs.determine-jobs.outputs.cpp-unit-tests-run-all }}" = "true" ]; then
+            script/cpp_unit_test.py --all
+          else
+            ARGS=$(echo '${{ needs.determine-jobs.outputs.cpp-unit-tests-components }}' | jq -r '.[] | @sh' | xargs)
+            script/cpp_unit_test.py $ARGS
+          fi
+
   clang-tidy-single:
     name: ${{ matrix.name }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
@@ -277,7 +321,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with:
           # Need history for HEAD~1 to work for checking changed files
           fetch-depth: 2
@@ -290,14 +334,14 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Cache platformio
         if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/dev'
-        uses: actions/cache@0057852bfaa89a56745cba8c7296529d2fc39830 # v4.3.0
+        uses: actions/cache@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: ~/.platformio
           key: platformio-${{ matrix.pio_cache_key }}-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini') }}
 
       - name: Cache platformio
         if: github.ref != 'refs/heads/dev'
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@0057852bfaa89a56745cba8c7296529d2fc39830 # v4.3.0
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: ~/.platformio
           key: platformio-${{ matrix.pio_cache_key }}-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini') }}
@@ -356,7 +400,7 @@ jobs:
       GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with:
           # Need history for HEAD~1 to work for checking changed files
           fetch-depth: 2
@@ -369,14 +413,14 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Cache platformio
         if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/dev'
-        uses: actions/cache@0057852bfaa89a56745cba8c7296529d2fc39830 # v4.3.0
+        uses: actions/cache@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: ~/.platformio
           key: platformio-tidyesp32-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini') }}
 
       - name: Cache platformio
         if: github.ref != 'refs/heads/dev'
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@0057852bfaa89a56745cba8c7296529d2fc39830 # v4.3.0
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: ~/.platformio
           key: platformio-tidyesp32-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini') }}
@@ -427,7 +471,7 @@ jobs:
       GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
-      max-parallel: 1
+      max-parallel: 2
       matrix:
         include:
           - id: clang-tidy
@@ -445,7 +489,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with:
           # Need history for HEAD~1 to work for checking changed files
           fetch-depth: 2
@@ -458,14 +502,14 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Cache platformio
         if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/dev'
-        uses: actions/cache@0057852bfaa89a56745cba8c7296529d2fc39830 # v4.3.0
+        uses: actions/cache@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: ~/.platformio
           key: platformio-tidyesp32-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini') }}
 
       - name: Cache platformio
         if: github.ref != 'refs/heads/dev'
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@0057852bfaa89a56745cba8c7296529d2fc39830 # v4.3.0
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: ~/.platformio
           key: platformio-tidyesp32-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini') }}
@@ -505,59 +549,18 @@ jobs:
         run: script/ci-suggest-changes
         if: always()
 
-  test-build-components-splitter:
-    name: Split components for intelligent grouping (40 weighted per batch)
-    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
-    needs:
-      - common
-      - determine-jobs
-    if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && fromJSON(needs.determine-jobs.outputs.component-test-count) > 0
-    outputs:
-      matrix: ${{ steps.split.outputs.components }}
-    steps:
-      - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
-      - name: Restore Python
-        uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
-        with:
-          python-version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PYTHON }}
-          cache-key: ${{ needs.common.outputs.cache-key }}
-      - name: Split components intelligently based on bus configurations
-        id: split
-        run: |
-          . venv/bin/activate
-
-          # Use intelligent splitter that groups components with same bus configs
-          components='${{ needs.determine-jobs.outputs.changed-components-with-tests }}'
-
-          # Only isolate directly changed components when targeting dev branch
-          # For beta/release branches, group everything for faster CI
-          if [[ "${{ github.base_ref }}" == beta* ]] || [[ "${{ github.base_ref }}" == release* ]]; then
-            directly_changed='[]'
-            echo "Target branch: ${{ github.base_ref }} - grouping all components"
-          else
-            directly_changed='${{ needs.determine-jobs.outputs.directly-changed-components-with-tests }}'
-            echo "Target branch: ${{ github.base_ref }} - isolating directly changed components"
-          fi
-
-          echo "Splitting components intelligently..."
-          output=$(python3 script/split_components_for_ci.py --components "$components" --directly-changed "$directly_changed" --batch-size 40 --output github)
-
-          echo "$output" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-
   test-build-components-split:
     name: Test components batch (${{ matrix.components }})
     runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
     needs:
       - common
       - determine-jobs
-      - test-build-components-splitter
     if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && fromJSON(needs.determine-jobs.outputs.component-test-count) > 0
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       max-parallel: ${{ (startsWith(github.base_ref, 'beta') || startsWith(github.base_ref, 'release')) && 8 || 4 }}
       matrix:
-        components: ${{ fromJson(needs.test-build-components-splitter.outputs.matrix) }}
+        components: ${{ fromJson(needs.determine-jobs.outputs.component-test-batches) }}
     steps:
       - name: Show disk space
         run: |
@@ -574,7 +577,7 @@ jobs:
           version: 1.0
 
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
       - name: Restore Python
         uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
         with:
@@ -659,13 +662,13 @@ jobs:
     if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && !startsWith(github.base_ref, 'beta') && !startsWith(github.base_ref, 'release')
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
       - name: Restore Python
         uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
         with:
           python-version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PYTHON }}
           cache-key: ${{ needs.common.outputs.cache-key }}
-      - uses: esphome/action@43cd1109c09c544d97196f7730ee5b2e0cc6d81e # v3.0.1 fork with pinned actions/cache
+      - uses: esphome/pre-commit-action@43cd1109c09c544d97196f7730ee5b2e0cc6d81e # v3.0.1 fork with pinned actions/cache
         env:
           SKIP: pylint,clang-tidy-hash
       - uses: pre-commit-ci/lite-action@5d6cc0eb514c891a40562a58a8e71576c5c7fb43 # v1.1.0
@@ -685,7 +688,7 @@ jobs:
       skip: ${{ steps.check-script.outputs.skip }}
     steps:
       - name: Check out target branch
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with:
           ref: ${{ github.base_ref }}
 
@@ -732,7 +735,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Restore cached memory analysis
         id: cache-memory-analysis
         if: steps.check-script.outputs.skip != 'true'
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@0057852bfaa89a56745cba8c7296529d2fc39830 # v4.3.0
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: memory-analysis-target.json
           key: ${{ steps.cache-key.outputs.cache-key }}
@@ -756,7 +759,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Cache platformio
         if: steps.check-script.outputs.skip != 'true' && steps.cache-memory-analysis.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@0057852bfaa89a56745cba8c7296529d2fc39830 # v4.3.0
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: ~/.platformio
           key: platformio-memory-${{ fromJSON(needs.determine-jobs.outputs.memory_impact).platform }}-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini') }}
@@ -797,7 +800,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Save memory analysis to cache
         if: steps.check-script.outputs.skip != 'true' && steps.cache-memory-analysis.outputs.cache-hit != 'true' && steps.build.outcome == 'success'
-        uses: actions/cache/save@0057852bfaa89a56745cba8c7296529d2fc39830 # v4.3.0
+        uses: actions/cache/save@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: memory-analysis-target.json
           key: ${{ steps.cache-key.outputs.cache-key }}
@@ -818,7 +821,7 @@ jobs:
           fi
 
       - name: Upload memory analysis JSON
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@ea165f8d65b6e75b540449e92b4886f43607fa02 # v4.6.2
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@b7c566a772e6b6bfb58ed0dc250532a479d7789f # v6.0.0
         with:
           name: memory-analysis-target
           path: memory-analysis-target.json
@@ -837,14 +840,14 @@ jobs:
       flash_usage: ${{ steps.extract.outputs.flash_usage }}
     steps:
       - name: Check out PR branch
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
       - name: Restore Python
         uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
         with:
           python-version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PYTHON }}
           cache-key: ${{ needs.common.outputs.cache-key }}
       - name: Cache platformio
-        uses: actions/cache/restore@0057852bfaa89a56745cba8c7296529d2fc39830 # v4.3.0
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@9255dc7a253b0ccc959486e2bca901246202afeb # v5.0.1
         with:
           path: ~/.platformio
           key: platformio-memory-${{ fromJSON(needs.determine-jobs.outputs.memory_impact).platform }}-${{ hashFiles('platformio.ini') }}
@@ -882,7 +885,7 @@ jobs:
             --platform "$platform"
 
       - name: Upload memory analysis JSON
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@ea165f8d65b6e75b540449e92b4886f43607fa02 # v4.6.2
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@b7c566a772e6b6bfb58ed0dc250532a479d7789f # v6.0.0
         with:
           name: memory-analysis-pr
           path: memory-analysis-pr.json
@@ -905,20 +908,20 @@ jobs:
       GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
     steps:
       - name: Check out code
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
       - name: Restore Python
         uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
         with:
           python-version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PYTHON }}
           cache-key: ${{ needs.common.outputs.cache-key }}
       - name: Download target analysis JSON
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@634f93cb2916e3fdff6788551b99b062d0335ce0 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@37930b1c2abaa49bbe596cd826c3c89aef350131 # v7.0.0
         with:
           name: memory-analysis-target
           path: ./memory-analysis
         continue-on-error: true
       - name: Download PR analysis JSON
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@634f93cb2916e3fdff6788551b99b062d0335ce0 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@37930b1c2abaa49bbe596cd826c3c89aef350131 # v7.0.0
         with:
           name: memory-analysis-pr
           path: ./memory-analysis
@@ -949,7 +952,6 @@ jobs:
       - clang-tidy-nosplit
       - clang-tidy-split
       - determine-jobs
-      - test-build-components-splitter
       - test-build-components-split
       - pre-commit-ci-lite
       - memory-impact-target-branch
@@ -957,13 +959,13 @@ jobs:
       - memory-impact-comment
     if: always()
     steps:
-      - name: Success
-        if: ${{ !(contains(needs.*.result, 'failure')) }}
-        run: exit 0
-      - name: Failure
-        if: ${{ contains(needs.*.result, 'failure') }}
+      - name: Check job results
         env:
-          JSON_DOC: ${{ toJSON(needs) }}
+          NEEDS_JSON: ${{ toJSON(needs) }}
         run: |
-          echo $JSON_DOC | jq
-          exit 1
+          # memory-impact-target-branch is allowed to fail without blocking CI.
+          # This job builds the target branch (dev/beta/release) which may fail because:
+          # 1. The target branch has a build issue independent of this PR
+          # 2. This PR fixes a build issue on the target branch
+          # In either case, we only care that the PR branch builds successfully.
+          echo "$NEEDS_JSON" | jq -e 'del(.["memory-impact-target-branch"]) | all(.result != "failure")'

.github/workflows/codeowner-review-request.yml

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ permissions:
 jobs:
   request-codeowner-reviews:
     name: Run
-    if: ${{ !github.event.pull_request.draft }}
+    if: ${{ github.repository == 'esphome/esphome' && !github.event.pull_request.draft }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Request reviews from component codeowners

.github/workflows/codeql.yml

@@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ jobs:
             # your codebase is analyzed, see https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/code-scanning/creating-an-advanced-setup-for-code-scanning/codeql-code-scanning-for-compiled-languages
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
 
       # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
       - name: Initialize CodeQL
-        uses: github/codeql-action/init@16140ae1a102900babc80a33c44059580f687047 # v4.30.9
+        uses: github/codeql-action/init@1b168cd39490f61582a9beae412bb7057a6b2c4e # v4.31.8
         with:
           languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
           build-mode: ${{ matrix.build-mode }}
@@ -86,6 +86,6 @@ jobs:
           exit 1
 
       - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@16140ae1a102900babc80a33c44059580f687047 # v4.30.9
+        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@1b168cd39490f61582a9beae412bb7057a6b2c4e # v4.31.8
         with:
           category: "/language:${{matrix.language}}"

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
       branch_build: ${{ steps.tag.outputs.branch_build }}
       deploy_env: ${{ steps.tag.outputs.deploy_env }}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
       - name: Get tag
         id: tag
         # yamllint disable rule:line-length
@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ jobs:
       contents: read
       id-token: write
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
       - name: Set up Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@e797f83bcb11b83ae66e0230d6156d7c80228e7c # v6.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-python@83679a892e2d95755f2dac6acb0bfd1e9ac5d548 # v6.1.0
         with:
           python-version: "3.x"
       - name: Build
@@ -92,9 +92,9 @@ jobs:
             os: "ubuntu-24.04-arm"
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
       - name: Set up Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@e797f83bcb11b83ae66e0230d6156d7c80228e7c # v6.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-python@83679a892e2d95755f2dac6acb0bfd1e9ac5d548 # v6.1.0
         with:
           python-version: "3.11"
 
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ jobs:
       #     version: ${{ needs.init.outputs.tag }}
 
       - name: Upload digests
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@ea165f8d65b6e75b540449e92b4886f43607fa02 # v4.6.2
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@b7c566a772e6b6bfb58ed0dc250532a479d7789f # v6.0.0
         with:
           name: digests-${{ matrix.platform.arch }}
           path: /tmp/digests
@@ -168,10 +168,10 @@ jobs:
           - ghcr
           - dockerhub
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
 
       - name: Download digests
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@634f93cb2916e3fdff6788551b99b062d0335ce0 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@37930b1c2abaa49bbe596cd826c3c89aef350131 # v7.0.0
         with:
           pattern: digests-*
           path: /tmp/digests
@@ -219,10 +219,19 @@ jobs:
       - init
       - deploy-manifest
     steps:
+      - name: Generate a token
+        id: generate-token
+        uses: actions/create-github-app-token@29824e69f54612133e76f7eaac726eef6c875baf # v2.2.1
+        with:
+          app-id: ${{ secrets.ESPHOME_GITHUB_APP_ID }}
+          private-key: ${{ secrets.ESPHOME_GITHUB_APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}
+          owner: esphome
+          repositories: home-assistant-addon
+
       - name: Trigger Workflow
         uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
         with:
-          github-token: ${{ secrets.DEPLOY_HA_ADDON_REPO_TOKEN }}
+          github-token: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
           script: |
             let description = "ESPHome";
             if (context.eventName == "release") {
@@ -245,10 +254,19 @@ jobs:
     needs: [init]
     environment: ${{ needs.init.outputs.deploy_env }}
     steps:
+      - name: Generate a token
+        id: generate-token
+        uses: actions/create-github-app-token@29824e69f54612133e76f7eaac726eef6c875baf # v2.2.1
+        with:
+          app-id: ${{ secrets.ESPHOME_GITHUB_APP_ID }}
+          private-key: ${{ secrets.ESPHOME_GITHUB_APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}
+          owner: esphome
+          repositories: esphome-schema
+
       - name: Trigger Workflow
         uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
         with:
-          github-token: ${{ secrets.DEPLOY_ESPHOME_SCHEMA_REPO_TOKEN }}
+          github-token: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
           script: |
             github.rest.actions.createWorkflowDispatch({
               owner: "esphome",
@@ -259,3 +277,34 @@ jobs:
                 version: "${{ needs.init.outputs.tag }}",
               }
             })
+
+  version-notifier:
+    if: github.repository == 'esphome/esphome' && needs.init.outputs.branch_build == 'false'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs:
+      - init
+      - deploy-manifest
+    steps:
+      - name: Generate a token
+        id: generate-token
+        uses: actions/create-github-app-token@29824e69f54612133e76f7eaac726eef6c875baf # v2.2.1
+        with:
+          app-id: ${{ secrets.ESPHOME_GITHUB_APP_ID }}
+          private-key: ${{ secrets.ESPHOME_GITHUB_APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}
+          owner: esphome
+          repositories: version-notifier
+
+      - name: Trigger Workflow
+        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
+        with:
+          github-token: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
+          script: |
+            github.rest.actions.createWorkflowDispatch({
+              owner: "esphome",
+              repo: "version-notifier",
+              workflow_id: "notify.yml",
+              ref: "main",
+              inputs: {
+                version: "${{ needs.init.outputs.tag }}",
+              }
+            })

.github/workflows/stale.yml

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Stale
-        uses: actions/stale@5f858e3efba33a5ca4407a664cc011ad407f2008 # v10.1.0
+        uses: actions/stale@997185467fa4f803885201cee163a9f38240193d # v10.1.1
         with:
           debug-only: ${{ github.ref != 'refs/heads/dev' }} # Dry-run when not run on dev branch
           remove-stale-when-updated: true

.github/workflows/status-check-labels.yml

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ jobs:
         label:
           - needs-docs
           - merge-after-release
+          - chained-pr
     steps:
       - name: Check for ${{ matrix.label }} label
         uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0

.github/workflows/sync-device-classes.yml

@@ -13,16 +13,16 @@ jobs:
     if: github.repository == 'esphome/esphome'
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
 
       - name: Checkout Home Assistant
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@8e8c483db84b4bee98b60c0593521ed34d9990e8 # v6.0.1
         with:
           repository: home-assistant/core
           path: lib/home-assistant
 
       - name: Setup Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@e797f83bcb11b83ae66e0230d6156d7c80228e7c # v6.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-python@83679a892e2d95755f2dac6acb0bfd1e9ac5d548 # v6.1.0
         with:
           python-version: 3.13
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ jobs:
           python script/run-in-env.py pre-commit run --all-files
 
       - name: Commit changes
-        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@271a8d0340265f705b14b6d32b9829c1cb33d45e # v7.0.8
+        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@98357b18bf14b5342f975ff684046ec3b2a07725 # v8.0.0
         with:
           commit-message: "Synchronise Device Classes from Home Assistant"
           committer: esphomebot <esphome@openhomefoundation.org>

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ ci:
 repos:
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
     # Ruff version.
-    rev: v0.14.1
+    rev: v0.14.9
     hooks:
       # Run the linter.
       - id: ruff

CODEOWNERS

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ esphome/components/adc128s102/* @DeerMaximum
 esphome/components/addressable_light/* @justfalter
 esphome/components/ade7880/* @kpfleming
 esphome/components/ade7953/* @angelnu
+esphome/components/ade7953_base/* @angelnu
 esphome/components/ade7953_i2c/* @angelnu
 esphome/components/ade7953_spi/* @angelnu
 esphome/components/ads1118/* @solomondg1
@@ -72,6 +73,7 @@ esphome/components/bl0942/* @dbuezas @dwmw2
 esphome/components/ble_client/* @buxtronix @clydebarrow
 esphome/components/ble_nus/* @tomaszduda23
 esphome/components/bluetooth_proxy/* @bdraco @jesserockz
+esphome/components/bm8563/* @abmantis
 esphome/components/bme280_base/* @esphome/core
 esphome/components/bme280_spi/* @apbodrov
 esphome/components/bme680_bsec/* @trvrnrth
@@ -95,6 +97,7 @@ esphome/components/camera_encoder/* @DT-art1
 esphome/components/canbus/* @danielschramm @mvturnho
 esphome/components/cap1188/* @mreditor97
 esphome/components/captive_portal/* @esphome/core
+esphome/components/cc1101/* @gabest11 @lygris
 esphome/components/ccs811/* @habbie
 esphome/components/cd74hc4067/* @asoehlke
 esphome/components/ch422g/* @clydebarrow @jesterret
@@ -155,6 +158,7 @@ esphome/components/esp32_ble_tracker/* @bdraco
 esphome/components/esp32_camera_web_server/* @ayufan
 esphome/components/esp32_can/* @Sympatron
 esphome/components/esp32_hosted/* @swoboda1337
+esphome/components/esp32_hosted/update/* @swoboda1337
 esphome/components/esp32_improv/* @jesserockz
 esphome/components/esp32_rmt/* @jesserockz
 esphome/components/esp32_rmt_led_strip/* @jesserockz
@@ -180,13 +184,14 @@ esphome/components/gdk101/* @Szewcson
 esphome/components/gl_r01_i2c/* @pkejval
 esphome/components/globals/* @esphome/core
 esphome/components/gp2y1010au0f/* @zry98
-esphome/components/gp8403/* @jesserockz
+esphome/components/gp8403/* @jesserockz @sebydocky
 esphome/components/gpio/* @esphome/core
 esphome/components/gpio/one_wire/* @ssieb
 esphome/components/gps/* @coogle @ximex
 esphome/components/graph/* @synco
 esphome/components/graphical_display_menu/* @MrMDavidson
 esphome/components/gree/* @orestismers
+esphome/components/gree/switch/* @nagyrobi
 esphome/components/grove_gas_mc_v2/* @YorkshireIoT
 esphome/components/grove_tb6612fng/* @max246
 esphome/components/growatt_solar/* @leeuwte
@@ -201,9 +206,13 @@ esphome/components/havells_solar/* @sourabhjaiswal
 esphome/components/hbridge/fan/* @WeekendWarrior
 esphome/components/hbridge/light/* @DotNetDann
 esphome/components/hbridge/switch/* @dwmw2
+esphome/components/hc8/* @omartijn
+esphome/components/hdc2010/* @optimusprimespace @ssieb
 esphome/components/he60r/* @clydebarrow
 esphome/components/heatpumpir/* @rob-deutsch
 esphome/components/hitachi_ac424/* @sourabhjaiswal
+esphome/components/hlk_fm22x/* @OnFreund
+esphome/components/hlw8032/* @rici4kubicek
 esphome/components/hm3301/* @freekode
 esphome/components/hmac_md5/* @dwmw2
 esphome/components/homeassistant/* @esphome/core @OttoWinter
@@ -219,6 +228,7 @@ esphome/components/hte501/* @Stock-M
 esphome/components/http_request/ota/* @oarcher
 esphome/components/http_request/update/* @jesserockz
 esphome/components/htu31d/* @betterengineering
+esphome/components/hub75/* @stuartparmenter
 esphome/components/hydreon_rgxx/* @functionpointer
 esphome/components/hyt271/* @Philippe12
 esphome/components/i2c/* @esphome/core
@@ -288,6 +298,7 @@ esphome/components/mcp23x17_base/* @jesserockz
 esphome/components/mcp23xxx_base/* @jesserockz
 esphome/components/mcp2515/* @danielschramm @mvturnho
 esphome/components/mcp3204/* @rsumner
+esphome/components/mcp3221/* @philippderdiedas
 esphome/components/mcp4461/* @p1ngb4ck
 esphome/components/mcp4728/* @berfenger
 esphome/components/mcp47a1/* @jesserockz
@@ -297,7 +308,7 @@ esphome/components/md5/* @esphome/core
 esphome/components/mdns/* @esphome/core
 esphome/components/media_player/* @jesserockz
 esphome/components/micro_wake_word/* @jesserockz @kahrendt
-esphome/components/micronova/* @jorre05
+esphome/components/micronova/* @edenhaus @jorre05
 esphome/components/microphone/* @jesserockz @kahrendt
 esphome/components/mics_4514/* @jesserockz
 esphome/components/midea/* @dudanov
@@ -392,6 +403,7 @@ esphome/components/rpi_dpi_rgb/* @clydebarrow
 esphome/components/rtl87xx/* @kuba2k2
 esphome/components/rtttl/* @glmnet
 esphome/components/runtime_stats/* @bdraco
+esphome/components/rx8130/* @beormund
 esphome/components/safe_mode/* @jsuanet @kbx81 @paulmonigatti
 esphome/components/scd4x/* @martgras @sjtrny
 esphome/components/script/* @esphome/core
@@ -455,6 +467,7 @@ esphome/components/st7735/* @SenexCrenshaw
 esphome/components/st7789v/* @kbx81
 esphome/components/st7920/* @marsjan155
 esphome/components/statsd/* @Links2004
+esphome/components/stts22h/* @B48D81EFCC
 esphome/components/substitutions/* @esphome/core
 esphome/components/sun/* @OttoWinter
 esphome/components/sun_gtil2/* @Mat931
@@ -476,8 +489,10 @@ esphome/components/template/datetime/* @rfdarter
 esphome/components/template/event/* @nohat
 esphome/components/template/fan/* @ssieb
 esphome/components/text/* @mauritskorse
+esphome/components/thermopro_ble/* @sittner
 esphome/components/thermostat/* @kbx81
 esphome/components/time/* @esphome/core
+esphome/components/tinyusb/* @kbx81
 esphome/components/tlc5947/* @rnauber
 esphome/components/tlc5971/* @IJIJI
 esphome/components/tm1621/* @Philippe12
@@ -509,6 +524,7 @@ esphome/components/ufire_ise/* @pvizeli
 esphome/components/ultrasonic/* @OttoWinter
 esphome/components/update/* @jesserockz
 esphome/components/uponor_smatrix/* @kroimon
+esphome/components/usb_cdc_acm/* @kbx81
 esphome/components/usb_host/* @clydebarrow
 esphome/components/usb_uart/* @clydebarrow
 esphome/components/valve/* @esphome/core

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 We welcome contributions to the ESPHome suite of code and documentation!
 
-Please read our [contributing guide](https://esphome.io/guides/contributing.html) if you wish to contribute to the
+Please read our [contributing guide](https://developers.esphome.io/contributing/code/) if you wish to contribute to the
 project and be sure to join us on [Discord](https://discord.gg/KhAMKrd).
 
 **See also:**

Doxyfile

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ PROJECT_NAME           = ESPHome
 # could be handy for archiving the generated documentation or if some version
 # control system is used.
 
-PROJECT_NUMBER         = 2025.11.0-dev
+PROJECT_NUMBER         = 2026.1.0-dev
 
 # Using the PROJECT_BRIEF tag one can provide an optional one line description
 # for a project that appears at the top of each page and should give viewer a

README.md

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 <a href="https://esphome.io/">
   <picture>
-    <source media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" srcset="https://esphome.io/_static/logo-text-on-dark.svg", alt="ESPHome Logo">
-    <img src="https://esphome.io/_static/logo-text-on-light.svg" alt="ESPHome Logo">
+    <source media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" srcset="https://media.esphome.io/logo/logo-text-on-dark.svg">
+    <img src="https://media.esphome.io/logo/logo-text-on-light.svg" alt="ESPHome Logo">
   </picture>
 </a>
 

esphome/__main__.py

@@ -207,14 +207,14 @@ def choose_upload_log_host(
                     if has_mqtt_logging():
                         resolved.append("MQTT")
 
-                    if has_api() and has_non_ip_address():
+                    if has_api() and has_non_ip_address() and has_resolvable_address():
                         resolved.extend(_resolve_with_cache(CORE.address, purpose))
 
                 elif purpose == Purpose.UPLOADING:
                     if has_ota() and has_mqtt_ip_lookup():
                         resolved.append("MQTTIP")
 
-                    if has_ota() and has_non_ip_address():
+                    if has_ota() and has_non_ip_address() and has_resolvable_address():
                         resolved.extend(_resolve_with_cache(CORE.address, purpose))
             else:
                 resolved.append(device)
@@ -318,7 +318,17 @@ def has_resolvable_address() -> bool:
     """Check if CORE.address is resolvable (via mDNS, DNS, or is an IP address)."""
     # Any address (IP, mDNS hostname, or regular DNS hostname) is resolvable
     # The resolve_ip_address() function in helpers.py handles all types via AsyncResolver
-    return CORE.address is not None
+    if CORE.address is None:
+        return False
+
+    if has_ip_address():
+        return True
+
+    if has_mdns():
+        return True
+
+    # .local mDNS hostnames are only resolvable if mDNS is enabled
+    return not CORE.address.endswith(".local")
 
 
 def mqtt_get_ip(config: ConfigType, username: str, password: str, client_id: str):
@@ -941,6 +951,7 @@ def command_analyze_memory(args: ArgsProtocol, config: ConfigType) -> int:
     """
     from esphome import platformio_api
     from esphome.analyze_memory.cli import MemoryAnalyzerCLI
+    from esphome.analyze_memory.ram_strings import RamStringsAnalyzer
 
     # Always compile to ensure fresh data (fast if no changes - just relinks)
     exit_code = write_cpp(config)
@@ -963,7 +974,7 @@ def command_analyze_memory(args: ArgsProtocol, config: ConfigType) -> int:
     external_components = detect_external_components(config)
     _LOGGER.debug("Detected external components: %s", external_components)
 
-    # Perform memory analysis
+    # Perform component memory analysis
     _LOGGER.info("Analyzing memory usage...")
     analyzer = MemoryAnalyzerCLI(
         str(firmware_elf),
@@ -973,11 +984,28 @@ def command_analyze_memory(args: ArgsProtocol, config: ConfigType) -> int:
     )
     analyzer.analyze()
 
-    # Generate and display report
+    # Generate and display component report
     report = analyzer.generate_report()
     print()
     print(report)
 
+    # Perform RAM strings analysis
+    _LOGGER.info("Analyzing RAM strings...")
+    try:
+        ram_analyzer = RamStringsAnalyzer(
+            str(firmware_elf),
+            objdump_path=idedata.objdump_path,
+            platform=CORE.target_platform,
+        )
+        ram_analyzer.analyze()
+
+        # Generate and display RAM strings report
+        ram_report = ram_analyzer.generate_report()
+        print()
+        print(ram_report)
+    except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
+        _LOGGER.warning("RAM strings analysis failed: %s", e)
+
     return 0
 
 
@@ -1327,7 +1355,7 @@ def parse_args(argv):
         "clean-all", help="Clean all build and platform files."
     )
     parser_clean_all.add_argument(
-        "configuration", help="Your YAML configuration directory.", nargs="*"
+        "configuration", help="Your YAML file or configuration directory.", nargs="*"
     )
 
     parser_dashboard = subparsers.add_parser(

esphome/analyze_memory/__init__.py

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ from .const import (
     SECTION_TO_ATTR,
     SYMBOL_PATTERNS,
 )
+from .demangle import batch_demangle
 from .helpers import (
     get_component_class_patterns,
     get_esphome_components,
@@ -27,15 +28,6 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 
 _LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-# GCC global constructor/destructor prefix annotations
-_GCC_PREFIX_ANNOTATIONS = {
-    "_GLOBAL__sub_I_": "global constructor for",
-    "_GLOBAL__sub_D_": "global destructor for",
-}
-
-# GCC optimization suffix pattern (e.g., $isra$0, $part$1, $constprop$2)
-_GCC_OPTIMIZATION_SUFFIX_PATTERN = re.compile(r"(\$(?:isra|part|constprop)\$\d+)")
-
 # C++ runtime patterns for categorization
 _CPP_RUNTIME_PATTERNS = frozenset(["vtable", "typeinfo", "thunk"])
 
@@ -312,168 +304,9 @@ class MemoryAnalyzer:
         if not symbols:
             return
 
-        # Try to find the appropriate c++filt for the platform
-        cppfilt_cmd = "c++filt"
-
         _LOGGER.info("Demangling %d symbols", len(symbols))
-        _LOGGER.debug("objdump_path = %s", self.objdump_path)
-
-        # Check if we have a toolchain-specific c++filt
-        if self.objdump_path and self.objdump_path != "objdump":
-            # Replace objdump with c++filt in the path
-            potential_cppfilt = self.objdump_path.replace("objdump", "c++filt")
-            _LOGGER.info("Checking for toolchain c++filt at: %s", potential_cppfilt)
-            if Path(potential_cppfilt).exists():
-                cppfilt_cmd = potential_cppfilt
-                _LOGGER.info("✓ Using toolchain c++filt: %s", cppfilt_cmd)
-            else:
-                _LOGGER.info(
-                    "✗ Toolchain c++filt not found at %s, using system c++filt",
-                    potential_cppfilt,
-                )
-        else:
-            _LOGGER.info("✗ Using system c++filt (objdump_path=%s)", self.objdump_path)
-
-        # Strip GCC optimization suffixes and prefixes before demangling
-        # Suffixes like $isra$0, $part$0, $constprop$0 confuse c++filt
-        # Prefixes like _GLOBAL__sub_I_ need to be removed and tracked
-        symbols_stripped: list[str] = []
-        symbols_prefixes: list[str] = []  # Track removed prefixes
-        for symbol in symbols:
-            # Remove GCC optimization markers
-            stripped = _GCC_OPTIMIZATION_SUFFIX_PATTERN.sub("", symbol)
-
-            # Handle GCC global constructor/initializer prefixes
-            # _GLOBAL__sub_I_<mangled> -> extract <mangled> for demangling
-            prefix = ""
-            for gcc_prefix in _GCC_PREFIX_ANNOTATIONS:
-                if stripped.startswith(gcc_prefix):
-                    prefix = gcc_prefix
-                    stripped = stripped[len(prefix) :]
-                    break
-
-            symbols_stripped.append(stripped)
-            symbols_prefixes.append(prefix)
-
-        try:
-            # Send all symbols to c++filt at once
-            result = subprocess.run(
-                [cppfilt_cmd],
-                input="\n".join(symbols_stripped),
-                capture_output=True,
-                text=True,
-                check=False,
-            )
-        except (subprocess.SubprocessError, OSError, UnicodeDecodeError) as e:
-            # On error, cache originals
-            _LOGGER.warning("Failed to batch demangle symbols: %s", e)
-            for symbol in symbols:
-                self._demangle_cache[symbol] = symbol
-            return
-
-        if result.returncode != 0:
-            _LOGGER.warning(
-                "c++filt exited with code %d: %s",
-                result.returncode,
-                result.stderr[:200] if result.stderr else "(no error output)",
-            )
-            # Cache originals on failure
-            for symbol in symbols:
-                self._demangle_cache[symbol] = symbol
-            return
-
-        # Process demangled output
-        self._process_demangled_output(
-            symbols, symbols_stripped, symbols_prefixes, result.stdout, cppfilt_cmd
-        )
-
-    def _process_demangled_output(
-        self,
-        symbols: list[str],
-        symbols_stripped: list[str],
-        symbols_prefixes: list[str],
-        demangled_output: str,
-        cppfilt_cmd: str,
-    ) -> None:
-        """Process demangled symbol output and populate cache.
-
-        Args:
-            symbols: Original symbol names
-            symbols_stripped: Stripped symbol names sent to c++filt
-            symbols_prefixes: Removed prefixes to restore
-            demangled_output: Output from c++filt
-            cppfilt_cmd: Path to c++filt command (for logging)
-        """
-        demangled_lines = demangled_output.strip().split("\n")
-        failed_count = 0
-
-        for original, stripped, prefix, demangled in zip(
-            symbols, symbols_stripped, symbols_prefixes, demangled_lines
-        ):
-            # Add back any prefix that was removed
-            demangled = self._restore_symbol_prefix(prefix, stripped, demangled)
-
-            # If we stripped a suffix, add it back to the demangled name for clarity
-            if original != stripped and not prefix:
-                demangled = self._restore_symbol_suffix(original, demangled)
-
-            self._demangle_cache[original] = demangled
-
-            # Log symbols that failed to demangle (stayed the same as stripped version)
-            if stripped == demangled and stripped.startswith("_Z"):
-                failed_count += 1
-                if failed_count <= 5:  # Only log first 5 failures
-                    _LOGGER.warning("Failed to demangle: %s", original)
-
-        if failed_count == 0:
-            _LOGGER.info("Successfully demangled all %d symbols", len(symbols))
-            return
-
-        _LOGGER.warning(
-            "Failed to demangle %d/%d symbols using %s",
-            failed_count,
-            len(symbols),
-            cppfilt_cmd,
-        )
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _restore_symbol_prefix(prefix: str, stripped: str, demangled: str) -> str:
-        """Restore prefix that was removed before demangling.
-
-        Args:
-            prefix: Prefix that was removed (e.g., "_GLOBAL__sub_I_")
-            stripped: Stripped symbol name
-            demangled: Demangled symbol name
-
-        Returns:
-            Demangled name with prefix restored/annotated
-        """
-        if not prefix:
-            return demangled
-
-        # Successfully demangled - add descriptive prefix
-        if demangled != stripped and (
-            annotation := _GCC_PREFIX_ANNOTATIONS.get(prefix)
-        ):
-            return f"[{annotation}: {demangled}]"
-
-        # Failed to demangle - restore original prefix
-        return prefix + demangled
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _restore_symbol_suffix(original: str, demangled: str) -> str:
-        """Restore GCC optimization suffix that was removed before demangling.
-
-        Args:
-            original: Original symbol name with suffix
-            demangled: Demangled symbol name without suffix
-
-        Returns:
-            Demangled name with suffix annotation
-        """
-        if suffix_match := _GCC_OPTIMIZATION_SUFFIX_PATTERN.search(original):
-            return f"{demangled} [{suffix_match.group(1)}]"
-        return demangled
+        self._demangle_cache = batch_demangle(symbols, objdump_path=self.objdump_path)
+        _LOGGER.info("Successfully demangled %d symbols", len(self._demangle_cache))
 
     def _demangle_symbol(self, symbol: str) -> str:
         """Get demangled C++ symbol name from cache."""

esphome/analyze_memory/cli.py

@@ -16,6 +16,11 @@ from . import (
 class MemoryAnalyzerCLI(MemoryAnalyzer):
     """Memory analyzer with CLI-specific report generation."""
 
+    # Symbol size threshold for detailed analysis
+    SYMBOL_SIZE_THRESHOLD: int = (
+        100  # Show symbols larger than this in detailed analysis
+    )
+
     # Column width constants
     COL_COMPONENT: int = 29
     COL_FLASH_TEXT: int = 14
@@ -192,14 +197,21 @@ class MemoryAnalyzerCLI(MemoryAnalyzer):
                     f"{len(symbols):>{self.COL_CORE_COUNT}} | {percentage:>{self.COL_CORE_PERCENT - 1}.1f}%"
                 )
 
-            # Top 15 largest core symbols
+            # All core symbols above threshold
             lines.append("")
-            lines.append(f"Top 15 Largest {_COMPONENT_CORE} Symbols:")
             sorted_core_symbols = sorted(
                 self._esphome_core_symbols, key=lambda x: x[2], reverse=True
             )
+            large_core_symbols = [
+                (symbol, demangled, size)
+                for symbol, demangled, size in sorted_core_symbols
+                if size > self.SYMBOL_SIZE_THRESHOLD
+            ]
 
-            for i, (symbol, demangled, size) in enumerate(sorted_core_symbols[:15]):
+            lines.append(
+                f"{_COMPONENT_CORE} Symbols > {self.SYMBOL_SIZE_THRESHOLD} B ({len(large_core_symbols)} symbols):"
+            )
+            for i, (symbol, demangled, size) in enumerate(large_core_symbols):
                 lines.append(f"{i + 1}. {demangled} ({size:,} B)")
 
             lines.append("=" * self.TABLE_WIDTH)
@@ -232,9 +244,22 @@ class MemoryAnalyzerCLI(MemoryAnalyzer):
                 api_component = (name, mem)
                 break
 
-        # Combine all components to analyze: top ESPHome + all external + API if not already included
-        components_to_analyze = list(top_esphome_components) + list(
-            top_external_components
+        # Also include wifi_stack and other important system components if they exist
+        system_components_to_include = [
+            # Empty list - we've finished debugging symbol categorization
+            # Add component names here if you need to debug their symbols
+        ]
+        system_components = [
+            (name, mem)
+            for name, mem in components
+            if name in system_components_to_include
+        ]
+
+        # Combine all components to analyze: top ESPHome + all external + API if not already included + system components
+        components_to_analyze = (
+            list(top_esphome_components)
+            + list(top_external_components)
+            + system_components
         )
         if api_component and api_component not in components_to_analyze:
             components_to_analyze.append(api_component)
@@ -256,13 +281,15 @@ class MemoryAnalyzerCLI(MemoryAnalyzer):
                 lines.append(f"Total size: {comp_mem.flash_total:,} B")
                 lines.append("")
 
-                # Show all symbols > 100 bytes for better visibility
+                # Show all symbols above threshold for better visibility
                 large_symbols = [
-                    (sym, dem, size) for sym, dem, size in sorted_symbols if size > 100
+                    (sym, dem, size)
+                    for sym, dem, size in sorted_symbols
+                    if size > self.SYMBOL_SIZE_THRESHOLD
                 ]
 
                 lines.append(
-                    f"{comp_name} Symbols > 100 B ({len(large_symbols)} symbols):"
+                    f"{comp_name} Symbols > {self.SYMBOL_SIZE_THRESHOLD} B ({len(large_symbols)} symbols):"
                 )
                 for i, (symbol, demangled, size) in enumerate(large_symbols):
                     lines.append(f"{i + 1}. {demangled} ({size:,} B)")

esphome/analyze_memory/const.py

@@ -127,40 +127,39 @@ SYMBOL_PATTERNS = {
         "tryget_socket_unconn",
         "cs_create_ctrl_sock",
         "netbuf_alloc",
+        "tcp_",  # TCP protocol functions
+        "udp_",  # UDP protocol functions
+        "lwip_",  # LwIP stack functions
+        "eagle_lwip",  # ESP-specific LwIP functions
+        "new_linkoutput",  # Link output function
+        "acd_",  # Address Conflict Detection (ACD)
+        "eth_",  # Ethernet functions
+        "mac_enable_bb",  # MAC baseband enable
+        "reassemble_and_dispatch",  # Packet reassembly
     ],
+    # dhcp must come before libc to avoid "dhcp_select" matching "select" pattern
+    "dhcp": ["dhcp", "handle_dhcp"],
     "ipv6_stack": ["nd6_", "ip6_", "mld6_", "icmp6_", "icmp6_input"],
-    "wifi_stack": [
-        "ieee80211",
-        "hostap",
-        "sta_",
-        "ap_",
-        "scan_",
-        "wifi_",
-        "wpa_",
-        "wps_",
-        "esp_wifi",
-        "cnx_",
-        "wpa3_",
-        "sae_",
-        "wDev_",
-        "ic_",
-        "mac_",
-        "esf_buf",
-        "gWpaSm",
-        "sm_WPA",
-        "eapol_",
-        "owe_",
-        "wifiLowLevelInit",
-        "s_do_mapping",
-        "gScanStruct",
-        "ppSearchTxframe",
-        "ppMapWaitTxq",
-        "ppFillAMPDUBar",
-        "ppCheckTxConnTrafficIdle",
-        "ppCalTkipMic",
+    # Order matters! More specific categories must come before general ones.
+    # mdns must come before bluetooth to avoid "_mdns_disable_pcb" matching "ble_" pattern
+    "mdns_lib": ["mdns"],
+    # memory_mgmt must come before wifi_stack to catch mmu_hal_* symbols
+    "memory_mgmt": [
+        "mem_",
+        "memory_",
+        "tlsf_",
+        "memp_",
+        "pbuf_",
+        "pbuf_alloc",
+        "pbuf_copy_partial_pbuf",
+        "esp_mmu_map",
+        "mmu_hal_",
+        "s_do_mapping",  # Memory mapping function, not WiFi
+        "hash_map_",  # Hash map data structure
+        "umm_assimilate",  # UMM malloc assimilation
     ],
-    "bluetooth": ["bt_", "ble_", "l2c_", "gatt_", "gap_", "hci_", "BT_init"],
-    "wifi_bt_coex": ["coex"],
+    # Bluetooth categories must come BEFORE wifi_stack to avoid misclassification
+    # Many BLE symbols contain patterns like "ble_" that would otherwise match wifi patterns
     "bluetooth_rom": ["r_ble", "r_lld", "r_llc", "r_llm"],
     "bluedroid_bt": [
         "bluedroid",
@@ -207,6 +206,61 @@ SYMBOL_PATTERNS = {
         "copy_extra_byte_in_db",
         "parse_read_local_supported_commands_response",
     ],
+    "bluetooth": [
+        "bt_",
+        "_ble_",  # More specific than "ble_" to avoid matching "able_", "enable_", "disable_"
+        "l2c_",
+        "l2ble_",  # L2CAP for BLE
+        "gatt_",
+        "gap_",
+        "hci_",
+        "btsnd_hcic_",  # Bluetooth HCI command send functions
+        "BT_init",
+        "BT_tx_",  # Bluetooth transmit functions
+        "esp_ble_",  # Catch esp_ble_* functions
+    ],
+    "bluetooth_ll": [
+        "llm_",  # Link layer manager
+        "llc_",  # Link layer control
+        "lld_",  # Link layer driver
+        "ld_acl_",  # Link layer ACL (Asynchronous Connection-Oriented)
+        "llcp_",  # Link layer control protocol
+        "lmp_",  # Link manager protocol
+    ],
+    "wifi_bt_coex": ["coex"],
+    "wifi_stack": [
+        "ieee80211",
+        "hostap",
+        "sta_",
+        "wifi_ap_",  # More specific than "ap_" to avoid matching "cap_", "map_"
+        "wifi_scan_",  # More specific than "scan_" to avoid matching "_scan_" in other contexts
+        "wifi_",
+        "wpa_",
+        "wps_",
+        "esp_wifi",
+        "cnx_",
+        "wpa3_",
+        "sae_",
+        "wDev_",
+        "ic_mac_",  # More specific than "mac_" to avoid matching emac_
+        "esf_buf",
+        "gWpaSm",
+        "sm_WPA",
+        "eapol_",
+        "owe_",
+        "wifiLowLevelInit",
+        # Removed "s_do_mapping" - this is memory management, not WiFi
+        "gScanStruct",
+        "ppSearchTxframe",
+        "ppMapWaitTxq",
+        "ppFillAMPDUBar",
+        "ppCheckTxConnTrafficIdle",
+        "ppCalTkipMic",
+        "phy_force_wifi",
+        "phy_unforce_wifi",
+        "write_wifi_chan",
+        "wifi_track_pll",
+    ],
     "crypto_math": [
         "ecp_",
         "bignum_",
@@ -231,13 +285,36 @@ SYMBOL_PATTERNS = {
         "p_256_init_curve",
         "shift_sub_rows",
         "rshift",
+        "rijndaelEncrypt",  # AES Rijndael encryption
+    ],
+    # System and Arduino core functions must come before libc
+    "esp_system": [
+        "system_",  # ESP system functions
+        "postmortem_",  # Postmortem reporting
+    ],
+    "arduino_core": [
+        "pinMode",
+        "resetPins",
+        "millis",
+        "micros",
+        "delay(",  # More specific - Arduino delay function with parenthesis
+        "delayMicroseconds",
+        "digitalWrite",
+        "digitalRead",
+    ],
+    "sntp": ["sntp_", "sntp_recv"],
+    "scheduler": [
+        "run_scheduled_",
+        "compute_scheduled_",
+        "event_TaskQueue",
     ],
     "hw_crypto": ["esp_aes", "esp_sha", "esp_rsa", "esp_bignum", "esp_mpi"],
     "libc": [
         "printf",
         "scanf",
         "malloc",
-        "free",
+        "_free",  # More specific than "free" to match _free, __free_r, etc. but not arbitrary "free" substring
+        "umm_free",  # UMM malloc free function
         "memcpy",
         "memset",
         "strcpy",
@@ -259,7 +336,7 @@ SYMBOL_PATTERNS = {
         "_setenv_r",
         "_tzset_unlocked_r",
         "__tzcalc_limits",
-        "select",
+        "_select",  # More specific than "select" to avoid matching "dhcp_select", etc.
         "scalbnf",
         "strtof",
         "strtof_l",
@@ -316,8 +393,24 @@ SYMBOL_PATTERNS = {
         "CSWTCH$",
         "dst$",
         "sulp",
+        "_strtol_l",  # String to long with locale
+        "__cvt",  # Convert
+        "__utoa",  # Unsigned to ASCII
+        "__global_locale",  # Global locale
+        "_ctype_",  # Character type
+        "impure_data",  # Impure data
+    ],
+    "string_ops": [
+        "strcmp",
+        "strncmp",
+        "strchr",
+        "strstr",
+        "strtok",
+        "strdup",
+        "strncasecmp_P",  # String compare (case insensitive, from program memory)
+        "strnlen_P",  # String length (from program memory)
+        "strncat_P",  # String concatenate (from program memory)
     ],
-    "string_ops": ["strcmp", "strncmp", "strchr", "strstr", "strtok", "strdup"],
     "memory_alloc": ["malloc", "calloc", "realloc", "free", "_sbrk"],
     "file_io": [
         "fread",
@@ -338,10 +431,26 @@ SYMBOL_PATTERNS = {
         "vsscanf",
     ],
     "cpp_anonymous": ["_GLOBAL__N_", "n$"],
-    "cpp_runtime": ["__cxx", "_ZN", "_ZL", "_ZSt", "__gxx_personality", "_Z16"],
-    "exception_handling": ["__cxa_", "_Unwind_", "__gcc_personality", "uw_frame_state"],
+    # Plain C patterns only - C++ symbols will be categorized via DEMANGLED_PATTERNS
+    "nvs": ["nvs_"],  # Plain C NVS functions
+    "ota": ["ota_", "OTA", "esp_ota", "app_desc"],
+    # cpp_runtime: Removed _ZN, _ZL to let DEMANGLED_PATTERNS categorize C++ symbols properly
+    # Only keep patterns that are truly runtime-specific and not categorizable by namespace
+    "cpp_runtime": ["__cxx", "_ZSt", "__gxx_personality", "_Z16"],
+    "exception_handling": [
+        "__cxa_",
+        "_Unwind_",
+        "__gcc_personality",
+        "uw_frame_state",
+        "search_object",  # Search for exception handling object
+        "get_cie_encoding",  # Get CIE encoding
+        "add_fdes",  # Add frame description entries
+        "fde_unencoded_compare",  # Compare FDEs
+        "fde_mixed_encoding_compare",  # Compare mixed encoding FDEs
+        "frame_downheap",  # Frame heap operations
+        "frame_heapsort",  # Frame heap sorting
+    ],
     "static_init": ["_GLOBAL__sub_I_"],
-    "mdns_lib": ["mdns"],
     "phy_radio": [
         "phy_",
         "rf_",
@@ -394,10 +503,47 @@ SYMBOL_PATTERNS = {
         "txcal_debuge_mode",
         "ant_wifitx_cfg",
         "reg_init_begin",
+        "tx_cap_init",  # TX capacitance init
+        "ram_set_txcap",  # RAM TX capacitance setting
+        "tx_atten_",  # TX attenuation
+        "txiq_",  # TX I/Q calibration
+        "ram_cal_",  # RAM calibration
+        "ram_rxiq_",  # RAM RX I/Q
+        "readvdd33",  # Read VDD33
+        "test_tout",  # Test timeout
+        "tsen_meas",  # Temperature sensor measurement
+        "bbpll_cal",  # Baseband PLL calibration
+        "set_cal_",  # Set calibration
+        "set_rfanagain_",  # Set RF analog gain
+        "set_txdc_",  # Set TX DC
+        "get_vdd33_",  # Get VDD33
+        "gen_rx_gain_table",  # Generate RX gain table
+        "ram_ana_inf_gating_en",  # RAM analog interface gating enable
+        "tx_cont_en",  # TX continuous enable
+        "tx_delay_cfg",  # TX delay configuration
+        "tx_gain_table_set",  # TX gain table set
+        "check_and_reset_hw_deadlock",  # Hardware deadlock check
+        "s_config",  # System/hardware config
+        "chan14_mic_cfg",  # Channel 14 MIC config
+    ],
+    "wifi_phy_pp": [
+        "pp_",
+        "ppT",
+        "ppR",
+        "ppP",
+        "ppInstall",
+        "ppCalTxAMPDULength",
+        "ppCheckTx",  # Packet processor TX check
+        "ppCal",  # Packet processor calibration
+        "HdlAllBuffedEb",  # Handle buffered EB
     ],
-    "wifi_phy_pp": ["pp_", "ppT", "ppR", "ppP", "ppInstall", "ppCalTxAMPDULength"],
     "wifi_lmac": ["lmac"],
-    "wifi_device": ["wdev", "wDev_"],
+    "wifi_device": [
+        "wdev",
+        "wDev_",
+        "ic_set_sta",  # Set station mode
+        "ic_set_vif",  # Set virtual interface
+    ],
     "power_mgmt": [
         "pm_",
         "sleep",
@@ -406,15 +552,7 @@ SYMBOL_PATTERNS = {
         "deep_sleep",
         "power_down",
         "g_pm",
-    ],
-    "memory_mgmt": [
-        "mem_",
-        "memory_",
-        "tlsf_",
-        "memp_",
-        "pbuf_",
-        "pbuf_alloc",
-        "pbuf_copy_partial_pbuf",
+        "pmc",  # Power Management Controller
     ],
     "hal_layer": ["hal_"],
     "clock_mgmt": [
@@ -439,7 +577,6 @@ SYMBOL_PATTERNS = {
     "error_handling": ["panic", "abort", "assert", "error_", "fault"],
     "authentication": ["auth"],
     "ppp_protocol": ["ppp", "ipcp_", "lcp_", "chap_", "LcpEchoCheck"],
-    "dhcp": ["dhcp", "handle_dhcp"],
     "ethernet_phy": [
         "emac_",
         "eth_phy_",
@@ -618,7 +755,15 @@ SYMBOL_PATTERNS = {
         "ampdu_dispatch_upto",
     ],
     "ieee802_11": ["ieee802_11_", "ieee802_11_parse_elems"],
-    "rate_control": ["rssi_margin", "rcGetSched", "get_rate_fcc_index"],
+    "rate_control": [
+        "rssi_margin",
+        "rcGetSched",
+        "get_rate_fcc_index",
+        "rcGetRate",  # Get rate
+        "rc_get_",  # Rate control getters
+        "rc_set_",  # Rate control setters
+        "rc_enable_",  # Rate control enable functions
+    ],
     "nan": ["nan_dp_", "nan_dp_post_tx", "nan_dp_delete_peer"],
     "channel_mgmt": ["chm_init", "chm_set_current_channel"],
     "trace": ["trc_init", "trc_onAmpduOp"],
@@ -799,31 +944,18 @@ SYMBOL_PATTERNS = {
         "supports_interlaced_inquiry_scan",
         "supports_reading_remote_extended_features",
     ],
-    "bluetooth_ll": [
-        "lld_pdu_",
-        "ld_acl_",
-        "lld_stop_ind_handler",
-        "lld_evt_winsize_change",
-        "config_lld_evt_funcs_reset",
-        "config_lld_funcs_reset",
-        "config_llm_funcs_reset",
-        "llm_set_long_adv_data",
-        "lld_retry_tx_prog",
-        "llc_link_sup_to_ind_handler",
-        "config_llc_funcs_reset",
-        "lld_evt_rxwin_compute",
-        "config_btdm_funcs_reset",
-        "config_ea_funcs_reset",
-        "llc_defalut_state_tab_reset",
-        "config_rwip_funcs_reset",
-        "ke_lmp_rx_flooding_detect",
-    ],
 }
 
 # Demangled patterns: patterns found in demangled C++ names
 DEMANGLED_PATTERNS = {
     "gpio_driver": ["GPIO"],
     "uart_driver": ["UART"],
+    # mdns_lib must come before network_stack to avoid "udp" matching "_udpReadBuffer" in MDNSResponder
+    "mdns_lib": [
+        "MDNSResponder",
+        "MDNSImplementation",
+        "MDNS",
+    ],
     "network_stack": [
         "lwip",
         "tcp",
@@ -836,6 +968,24 @@ DEMANGLED_PATTERNS = {
         "ethernet",
         "ppp",
         "slip",
+        "UdpContext",  # UDP context class
+        "DhcpServer",  # DHCP server class
+    ],
+    "arduino_core": [
+        "String::",  # Arduino String class
+        "Print::",  # Arduino Print class
+        "HardwareSerial::",  # Serial class
+        "IPAddress::",  # IP address class
+        "EspClass::",  # ESP class
+        "experimental::_SPI",  # Experimental SPI
+    ],
+    "ota": [
+        "UpdaterClass",
+        "Updater::",
+    ],
+    "wifi": [
+        "ESP8266WiFi",
+        "WiFi::",
     ],
     "wifi_stack": ["NetworkInterface"],
     "nimble_bt": [
@@ -854,7 +1004,6 @@ DEMANGLED_PATTERNS = {
     "rtti": ["__type_info", "__class_type_info"],
     "web_server_lib": ["AsyncWebServer", "AsyncWebHandler", "WebServer"],
     "async_tcp": ["AsyncClient", "AsyncServer"],
-    "mdns_lib": ["mdns"],
     "json_lib": [
         "ArduinoJson",
         "JsonDocument",

esphome/analyze_memory/demangle.py

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+"""Symbol demangling utilities for memory analysis.
+
+This module provides functions for demangling C++ symbol names using c++filt.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import re
+import subprocess
+
+from .toolchain import find_tool
+
+_LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# GCC global constructor/destructor prefix annotations
+GCC_PREFIX_ANNOTATIONS = {
+    "_GLOBAL__sub_I_": "global constructor for",
+    "_GLOBAL__sub_D_": "global destructor for",
+}
+
+# GCC optimization suffix pattern (e.g., $isra$0, $part$1, $constprop$2)
+GCC_OPTIMIZATION_SUFFIX_PATTERN = re.compile(r"(\$(?:isra|part|constprop)\$\d+)")
+
+
+def _strip_gcc_annotations(symbol: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    """Strip GCC optimization suffixes and prefixes from a symbol.
+
+    Args:
+        symbol: The mangled symbol name
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple of (stripped_symbol, removed_prefix)
+    """
+    # Remove GCC optimization markers
+    stripped = GCC_OPTIMIZATION_SUFFIX_PATTERN.sub("", symbol)
+
+    # Handle GCC global constructor/initializer prefixes
+    prefix = ""
+    for gcc_prefix in GCC_PREFIX_ANNOTATIONS:
+        if stripped.startswith(gcc_prefix):
+            prefix = gcc_prefix
+            stripped = stripped[len(prefix) :]
+            break
+
+    return stripped, prefix
+
+
+def _restore_symbol_prefix(prefix: str, stripped: str, demangled: str) -> str:
+    """Restore prefix that was removed before demangling.
+
+    Args:
+        prefix: Prefix that was removed (e.g., "_GLOBAL__sub_I_")
+        stripped: Stripped symbol name
+        demangled: Demangled symbol name
+
+    Returns:
+        Demangled name with prefix restored/annotated
+    """
+    if not prefix:
+        return demangled
+
+    # Successfully demangled - add descriptive prefix
+    if demangled != stripped and (annotation := GCC_PREFIX_ANNOTATIONS.get(prefix)):
+        return f"[{annotation}: {demangled}]"
+
+    # Failed to demangle - restore original prefix
+    return prefix + demangled
+
+
+def _restore_symbol_suffix(original: str, demangled: str) -> str:
+    """Restore GCC optimization suffix that was removed before demangling.
+
+    Args:
+        original: Original symbol name with suffix
+        demangled: Demangled symbol name without suffix
+
+    Returns:
+        Demangled name with suffix annotation
+    """
+    if suffix_match := GCC_OPTIMIZATION_SUFFIX_PATTERN.search(original):
+        return f"{demangled} [{suffix_match.group(1)}]"
+    return demangled
+
+
+def batch_demangle(
+    symbols: list[str],
+    cppfilt_path: str | None = None,
+    objdump_path: str | None = None,
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """Batch demangle C++ symbol names.
+
+    Args:
+        symbols: List of symbol names to demangle
+        cppfilt_path: Path to c++filt binary (auto-detected if not provided)
+        objdump_path: Path to objdump binary to derive c++filt path from
+
+    Returns:
+        Dictionary mapping original symbol names to demangled names
+    """
+    cache: dict[str, str] = {}
+
+    if not symbols:
+        return cache
+
+    # Find c++filt tool
+    cppfilt_cmd = cppfilt_path or find_tool("c++filt", objdump_path)
+    if not cppfilt_cmd:
+        _LOGGER.warning("Could not find c++filt, symbols will not be demangled")
+        return {s: s for s in symbols}
+
+    _LOGGER.debug("Demangling %d symbols using %s", len(symbols), cppfilt_cmd)
+
+    # Strip GCC optimization suffixes and prefixes before demangling
+    symbols_stripped: list[str] = []
+    symbols_prefixes: list[str] = []
+    for symbol in symbols:
+        stripped, prefix = _strip_gcc_annotations(symbol)
+        symbols_stripped.append(stripped)
+        symbols_prefixes.append(prefix)
+
+    try:
+        result = subprocess.run(
+            [cppfilt_cmd],
+            input="\n".join(symbols_stripped),
+            capture_output=True,
+            text=True,
+            check=False,
+        )
+    except (subprocess.SubprocessError, OSError, UnicodeDecodeError) as e:
+        _LOGGER.warning("Failed to batch demangle symbols: %s", e)
+        return {s: s for s in symbols}
+
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        _LOGGER.warning(
+            "c++filt exited with code %d: %s",
+            result.returncode,
+            result.stderr[:200] if result.stderr else "(no error output)",
+        )
+        return {s: s for s in symbols}
+
+    # Process demangled output
+    demangled_lines = result.stdout.strip().split("\n")
+
+    # Check for output length mismatch
+    if len(demangled_lines) != len(symbols):
+        _LOGGER.warning(
+            "c++filt output mismatch: expected %d lines, got %d",
+            len(symbols),
+            len(demangled_lines),
+        )
+        return {s: s for s in symbols}
+
+    failed_count = 0
+
+    for original, stripped, prefix, demangled in zip(
+        symbols, symbols_stripped, symbols_prefixes, demangled_lines
+    ):
+        # Add back any prefix that was removed
+        demangled = _restore_symbol_prefix(prefix, stripped, demangled)
+
+        # If we stripped a suffix, add it back to the demangled name for clarity
+        if original != stripped and not prefix:
+            demangled = _restore_symbol_suffix(original, demangled)
+
+        cache[original] = demangled
+
+        # Count symbols that failed to demangle
+        if stripped == demangled and stripped.startswith("_Z"):
+            failed_count += 1
+            if failed_count <= 5:
+                _LOGGER.debug("Failed to demangle: %s", original)
+
+    if failed_count > 0:
+        _LOGGER.debug(
+            "Failed to demangle %d/%d symbols using %s",
+            failed_count,
+            len(symbols),
+            cppfilt_cmd,
+        )
+
+    return cache

esphome/analyze_memory/ram_strings.py

@@ -0,0 +1,493 @@
+"""Analyzer for RAM-stored strings in ESP8266/ESP32 firmware ELF files.
+
+This module identifies strings that are stored in RAM sections (.data, .bss, .rodata)
+rather than in flash sections (.irom0.text, .irom.text), which is important for
+memory-constrained platforms like ESP8266.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import defaultdict
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+import logging
+from pathlib import Path
+import re
+import subprocess
+
+from .demangle import batch_demangle
+from .toolchain import find_tool
+
+_LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# ESP8266: .rodata is in RAM (DRAM), not flash
+# ESP32: .rodata is in flash, mapped to data bus
+ESP8266_RAM_SECTIONS = frozenset([".data", ".rodata", ".bss"])
+ESP8266_FLASH_SECTIONS = frozenset([".irom0.text", ".irom.text", ".text"])
+
+# ESP32: .rodata is memory-mapped from flash
+ESP32_RAM_SECTIONS = frozenset([".data", ".bss", ".dram0.data", ".dram0.bss"])
+ESP32_FLASH_SECTIONS = frozenset([".text", ".rodata", ".flash.text", ".flash.rodata"])
+
+# nm symbol types for data symbols (D=global data, d=local data, R=rodata, B=bss)
+DATA_SYMBOL_TYPES = frozenset(["D", "d", "R", "r", "B", "b"])
+
+
+@dataclass
+class SectionInfo:
+    """Information about an ELF section."""
+
+    name: str
+    address: int
+    size: int
+
+
+@dataclass
+class RamString:
+    """A string found in RAM."""
+
+    section: str
+    address: int
+    content: str
+
+    @property
+    def size(self) -> int:
+        """Size in bytes including null terminator."""
+        return len(self.content) + 1
+
+
+@dataclass
+class RamSymbol:
+    """A symbol found in RAM."""
+
+    name: str
+    sym_type: str
+    address: int
+    size: int
+    section: str
+    demangled: str = ""  # Demangled name, set after batch demangling
+
+
+class RamStringsAnalyzer:
+    """Analyzes ELF files to find strings stored in RAM."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        elf_path: str,
+        objdump_path: str | None = None,
+        min_length: int = 8,
+        platform: str = "esp32",
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the RAM strings analyzer.
+
+        Args:
+            elf_path: Path to the ELF file to analyze
+            objdump_path: Path to objdump binary (used to find other tools)
+            min_length: Minimum string length to report (default: 8)
+            platform: Platform name ("esp8266", "esp32", etc.) for section mapping
+        """
+        self.elf_path = Path(elf_path)
+        if not self.elf_path.exists():
+            raise FileNotFoundError(f"ELF file not found: {elf_path}")
+
+        self.objdump_path = objdump_path
+        self.min_length = min_length
+        self.platform = platform
+
+        # Set RAM/flash sections based on platform
+        if self.platform == "esp8266":
+            self.ram_sections = ESP8266_RAM_SECTIONS
+            self.flash_sections = ESP8266_FLASH_SECTIONS
+        else:
+            # ESP32 and other platforms
+            self.ram_sections = ESP32_RAM_SECTIONS
+            self.flash_sections = ESP32_FLASH_SECTIONS
+
+        self.sections: dict[str, SectionInfo] = {}
+        self.ram_strings: list[RamString] = []
+        self.ram_symbols: list[RamSymbol] = []
+
+    def _run_command(self, cmd: list[str]) -> str:
+        """Run a command and return its output."""
+        try:
+            result = subprocess.run(cmd, capture_output=True, text=True, check=True)
+            return result.stdout
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+            _LOGGER.debug("Command failed: %s - %s", " ".join(cmd), e.stderr)
+            raise
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            _LOGGER.warning("Command not found: %s", cmd[0])
+            raise
+
+    def analyze(self) -> None:
+        """Perform the full RAM analysis."""
+        self._parse_sections()
+        self._extract_strings()
+        self._analyze_symbols()
+        self._demangle_symbols()
+
+    def _parse_sections(self) -> None:
+        """Parse section headers from ELF file."""
+        objdump = find_tool("objdump", self.objdump_path)
+        if not objdump:
+            _LOGGER.error("Could not find objdump command")
+            return
+
+        try:
+            output = self._run_command([objdump, "-h", str(self.elf_path)])
+        except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, FileNotFoundError):
+            return
+
+        # Parse section headers
+        # Format: Idx Name          Size      VMA       LMA       File off  Algn
+        section_pattern = re.compile(
+            r"^\s*\d+\s+(\S+)\s+([0-9a-fA-F]+)\s+([0-9a-fA-F]+)"
+        )
+
+        for line in output.split("\n"):
+            if match := section_pattern.match(line):
+                name = match.group(1)
+                size = int(match.group(2), 16)
+                vma = int(match.group(3), 16)
+                self.sections[name] = SectionInfo(name, vma, size)
+
+    def _extract_strings(self) -> None:
+        """Extract strings from RAM sections."""
+        objdump = find_tool("objdump", self.objdump_path)
+        if not objdump:
+            return
+
+        for section_name in self.ram_sections:
+            if section_name not in self.sections:
+                continue
+
+            try:
+                output = self._run_command(
+                    [objdump, "-s", "-j", section_name, str(self.elf_path)]
+                )
+            except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+                # Section may exist but have no content (e.g., .bss)
+                continue
+            except FileNotFoundError:
+                continue
+
+            strings = self._parse_hex_dump(output, section_name)
+            self.ram_strings.extend(strings)
+
+    def _parse_hex_dump(self, output: str, section_name: str) -> list[RamString]:
+        """Parse hex dump output to extract strings.
+
+        Args:
+            output: Output from objdump -s
+            section_name: Name of the section being parsed
+
+        Returns:
+            List of RamString objects
+        """
+        strings: list[RamString] = []
+        current_string = bytearray()
+        string_start_addr = 0
+
+        for line in output.split("\n"):
+            # Lines look like: " 3ffef8a0 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000  ................"
+            match = re.match(r"^\s+([0-9a-fA-F]+)\s+((?:[0-9a-fA-F]{2,8}\s*)+)", line)
+            if not match:
+                continue
+
+            addr = int(match.group(1), 16)
+            hex_data = match.group(2).strip()
+
+            # Convert hex to bytes
+            hex_bytes = hex_data.split()
+            byte_offset = 0
+            for hex_chunk in hex_bytes:
+                # Handle both byte-by-byte and word formats
+                for i in range(0, len(hex_chunk), 2):
+                    byte_val = int(hex_chunk[i : i + 2], 16)
+                    if 0x20 <= byte_val <= 0x7E:  # Printable ASCII
+                        if not current_string:
+                            string_start_addr = addr + byte_offset
+                        current_string.append(byte_val)
+                    else:
+                        if byte_val == 0 and len(current_string) >= self.min_length:
+                            # Found null terminator
+                            strings.append(
+                                RamString(
+                                    section=section_name,
+                                    address=string_start_addr,
+                                    content=current_string.decode(
+                                        "ascii", errors="ignore"
+                                    ),
+                                )
+                            )
+                        current_string = bytearray()
+                    byte_offset += 1
+
+        return strings
+
+    def _analyze_symbols(self) -> None:
+        """Analyze symbols in RAM sections."""
+        nm = find_tool("nm", self.objdump_path)
+        if not nm:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            output = self._run_command([nm, "-S", "--size-sort", str(self.elf_path)])
+        except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, FileNotFoundError):
+            return
+
+        for line in output.split("\n"):
+            parts = line.split()
+            if len(parts) < 4:
+                continue
+
+            try:
+                addr = int(parts[0], 16)
+                size = int(parts[1], 16) if parts[1] != "?" else 0
+            except ValueError:
+                continue
+
+            sym_type = parts[2]
+            name = " ".join(parts[3:])
+
+            # Filter for data symbols
+            if sym_type not in DATA_SYMBOL_TYPES:
+                continue
+
+            # Check if symbol is in a RAM section
+            for section_name in self.ram_sections:
+                if section_name not in self.sections:
+                    continue
+
+                section = self.sections[section_name]
+                if section.address <= addr < section.address + section.size:
+                    self.ram_symbols.append(
+                        RamSymbol(
+                            name=name,
+                            sym_type=sym_type,
+                            address=addr,
+                            size=size,
+                            section=section_name,
+                        )
+                    )
+                    break
+
+    def _demangle_symbols(self) -> None:
+        """Batch demangle all RAM symbol names."""
+        if not self.ram_symbols:
+            return
+
+        # Collect all symbol names and demangle them
+        symbol_names = [s.name for s in self.ram_symbols]
+        demangle_cache = batch_demangle(symbol_names, objdump_path=self.objdump_path)
+
+        # Assign demangled names to symbols
+        for symbol in self.ram_symbols:
+            symbol.demangled = demangle_cache.get(symbol.name, symbol.name)
+
+    def _get_sections_size(self, section_names: frozenset[str]) -> int:
+        """Get total size of specified sections."""
+        return sum(
+            section.size
+            for name, section in self.sections.items()
+            if name in section_names
+        )
+
+    def get_total_ram_usage(self) -> int:
+        """Get total RAM usage from RAM sections."""
+        return self._get_sections_size(self.ram_sections)
+
+    def get_total_flash_usage(self) -> int:
+        """Get total flash usage from flash sections."""
+        return self._get_sections_size(self.flash_sections)
+
+    def get_total_string_bytes(self) -> int:
+        """Get total bytes used by strings in RAM."""
+        return sum(s.size for s in self.ram_strings)
+
+    def get_repeated_strings(self) -> list[tuple[str, int]]:
+        """Find strings that appear multiple times.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of (string, count) tuples sorted by potential savings
+        """
+        string_counts: dict[str, int] = defaultdict(int)
+        for ram_string in self.ram_strings:
+            string_counts[ram_string.content] += 1
+
+        return sorted(
+            [(s, c) for s, c in string_counts.items() if c > 1],
+            key=lambda x: x[1] * (len(x[0]) + 1),
+            reverse=True,
+        )
+
+    def get_long_strings(self, min_len: int = 20) -> list[RamString]:
+        """Get strings longer than the specified length.
+
+        Args:
+            min_len: Minimum string length
+
+        Returns:
+            List of RamString objects sorted by length
+        """
+        return sorted(
+            [s for s in self.ram_strings if len(s.content) >= min_len],
+            key=lambda x: len(x.content),
+            reverse=True,
+        )
+
+    def get_largest_symbols(self, min_size: int = 100) -> list[RamSymbol]:
+        """Get RAM symbols larger than the specified size.
+
+        Args:
+            min_size: Minimum symbol size in bytes
+
+        Returns:
+            List of RamSymbol objects sorted by size
+        """
+        return sorted(
+            [s for s in self.ram_symbols if s.size >= min_size],
+            key=lambda x: x.size,
+            reverse=True,
+        )
+
+    def generate_report(self, show_all_sections: bool = False) -> str:
+        """Generate a formatted RAM strings analysis report.
+
+        Args:
+            show_all_sections: If True, show all sections, not just RAM
+
+        Returns:
+            Formatted report string
+        """
+        lines: list[str] = []
+        table_width = 80
+
+        lines.append("=" * table_width)
+        lines.append(
+            f"RAM Strings Analysis ({self.platform.upper()})".center(table_width)
+        )
+        lines.append("=" * table_width)
+        lines.append("")
+
+        # Section Analysis
+        lines.append("SECTION ANALYSIS")
+        lines.append("-" * table_width)
+        lines.append(f"{'Section':<20} {'Address':<12} {'Size':<12} {'Location'}")
+        lines.append("-" * table_width)
+
+        total_ram_usage = 0
+        total_flash_usage = 0
+
+        for name, section in sorted(self.sections.items(), key=lambda x: x[1].address):
+            if name in self.ram_sections:
+                location = "RAM"
+                total_ram_usage += section.size
+            elif name in self.flash_sections:
+                location = "FLASH"
+                total_flash_usage += section.size
+            else:
+                location = "OTHER"
+
+            if show_all_sections or name in self.ram_sections:
+                lines.append(
+                    f"{name:<20} 0x{section.address:08x}   {section.size:>8} B   {location}"
+                )
+
+        lines.append("-" * table_width)
+        lines.append(f"Total RAM sections size: {total_ram_usage:,} bytes")
+        lines.append(f"Total Flash sections size: {total_flash_usage:,} bytes")
+
+        # Strings in RAM
+        lines.append("")
+        lines.append("=" * table_width)
+        lines.append("STRINGS IN RAM SECTIONS")
+        lines.append("=" * table_width)
+        lines.append(
+            "Note: .bss sections contain uninitialized data (no strings to extract)"
+        )
+
+        # Group strings by section
+        strings_by_section: dict[str, list[RamString]] = defaultdict(list)
+        for ram_string in self.ram_strings:
+            strings_by_section[ram_string.section].append(ram_string)
+
+        for section_name in sorted(strings_by_section.keys()):
+            section_strings = strings_by_section[section_name]
+            lines.append(f"\nSection: {section_name}")
+            lines.append("-" * 40)
+            for ram_string in sorted(section_strings, key=lambda x: x.address):
+                clean_string = ram_string.content[:100] + (
+                    "..." if len(ram_string.content) > 100 else ""
+                )
+                lines.append(
+                    f'  0x{ram_string.address:08x}: "{clean_string}" (len={len(ram_string.content)})'
+                )
+
+        # Large RAM symbols
+        lines.append("")
+        lines.append("=" * table_width)
+        lines.append("LARGE DATA SYMBOLS IN RAM (>= 50 bytes)")
+        lines.append("=" * table_width)
+
+        largest_symbols = self.get_largest_symbols(50)
+        lines.append(f"\n{'Symbol':<50} {'Type':<6} {'Size':<10} {'Section'}")
+        lines.append("-" * table_width)
+
+        for symbol in largest_symbols:
+            # Use demangled name if available, otherwise raw name
+            display_name = symbol.demangled or symbol.name
+            name_display = display_name[:49] if len(display_name) > 49 else display_name
+            lines.append(
+                f"{name_display:<50} {symbol.sym_type:<6} {symbol.size:>8} B  {symbol.section}"
+            )
+
+        # Summary
+        lines.append("")
+        lines.append("=" * table_width)
+        lines.append("SUMMARY")
+        lines.append("=" * table_width)
+        lines.append(f"Total strings found in RAM: {len(self.ram_strings)}")
+        total_string_bytes = self.get_total_string_bytes()
+        lines.append(f"Total bytes used by strings: {total_string_bytes:,}")
+
+        # Optimization targets
+        lines.append("")
+        lines.append("=" * table_width)
+        lines.append("POTENTIAL OPTIMIZATION TARGETS")
+        lines.append("=" * table_width)
+
+        # Repeated strings
+        repeated = self.get_repeated_strings()[:10]
+        if repeated:
+            lines.append("\nRepeated strings (could be deduplicated):")
+            for string, count in repeated:
+                savings = (count - 1) * (len(string) + 1)
+                clean_string = string[:50] + ("..." if len(string) > 50 else "")
+                lines.append(
+                    f'  "{clean_string}" - appears {count} times (potential savings: {savings} bytes)'
+                )
+
+        # Long strings - platform-specific advice
+        long_strings = self.get_long_strings(20)[:10]
+        if long_strings:
+            if self.platform == "esp8266":
+                lines.append(
+                    "\nLong strings that could be moved to PROGMEM (>= 20 chars):"
+                )
+            else:
+                # ESP32: strings in DRAM are typically there for a reason
+                # (interrupt handlers, pre-flash-init code, etc.)
+                lines.append("\nLong strings in DRAM (>= 20 chars):")
+                lines.append(
+                    "Note: ESP32 DRAM strings may be required for interrupt/early-boot contexts"
+                )
+            for ram_string in long_strings:
+                clean_string = ram_string.content[:60] + (
+                    "..." if len(ram_string.content) > 60 else ""
+                )
+                lines.append(
+                    f'  {ram_string.section} @ 0x{ram_string.address:08x}: "{clean_string}" ({len(ram_string.content)} bytes)'
+                )
+
+        lines.append("")
+        return "\n".join(lines)

esphome/analyze_memory/toolchain.py

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+"""Toolchain utilities for memory analysis."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+from pathlib import Path
+import subprocess
+
+_LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# Platform-specific toolchain prefixes
+TOOLCHAIN_PREFIXES = [
+    "xtensa-lx106-elf-",  # ESP8266
+    "xtensa-esp32-elf-",  # ESP32
+    "xtensa-esp-elf-",  # ESP32 (newer IDF)
+    "",  # System default (no prefix)
+]
+
+
+def find_tool(
+    tool_name: str,
+    objdump_path: str | None = None,
+) -> str | None:
+    """Find a toolchain tool by name.
+
+    First tries to derive the tool path from objdump_path (if provided),
+    then falls back to searching for platform-specific tools.
+
+    Args:
+        tool_name: Name of the tool (e.g., "objdump", "nm", "c++filt")
+        objdump_path: Path to objdump binary to derive other tool paths from
+
+    Returns:
+        Path to the tool or None if not found
+    """
+    # Try to derive from objdump path first (most reliable)
+    if objdump_path and objdump_path != "objdump":
+        objdump_file = Path(objdump_path)
+        # Replace just the filename portion, preserving any prefix (e.g., xtensa-esp32-elf-)
+        new_name = objdump_file.name.replace("objdump", tool_name)
+        potential_path = str(objdump_file.with_name(new_name))
+        if Path(potential_path).exists():
+            _LOGGER.debug("Found %s at: %s", tool_name, potential_path)
+            return potential_path
+
+    # Try platform-specific tools
+    for prefix in TOOLCHAIN_PREFIXES:
+        cmd = f"{prefix}{tool_name}"
+        try:
+            subprocess.run([cmd, "--version"], capture_output=True, check=True)
+            _LOGGER.debug("Found %s: %s", tool_name, cmd)
+            return cmd
+        except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, FileNotFoundError):
+            continue
+
+    _LOGGER.warning("Could not find %s tool", tool_name)
+    return None

esphome/automation.py

@@ -15,8 +15,13 @@ from esphome.const import (
     CONF_TYPE_ID,
     CONF_UPDATE_INTERVAL,
 )
-from esphome.core import ID
-from esphome.cpp_generator import MockObj, MockObjClass, TemplateArgsType
+from esphome.core import ID, Lambda
+from esphome.cpp_generator import (
+    LambdaExpression,
+    MockObj,
+    MockObjClass,
+    TemplateArgsType,
+)
 from esphome.schema_extractors import SCHEMA_EXTRACT, schema_extractor
 from esphome.types import ConfigType
 from esphome.util import Registry
@@ -87,6 +92,7 @@ def validate_potentially_or_condition(value):
 
 DelayAction = cg.esphome_ns.class_("DelayAction", Action, cg.Component)
 LambdaAction = cg.esphome_ns.class_("LambdaAction", Action)
+StatelessLambdaAction = cg.esphome_ns.class_("StatelessLambdaAction", Action)
 IfAction = cg.esphome_ns.class_("IfAction", Action)
 WhileAction = cg.esphome_ns.class_("WhileAction", Action)
 RepeatAction = cg.esphome_ns.class_("RepeatAction", Action)
@@ -97,9 +103,40 @@ ResumeComponentAction = cg.esphome_ns.class_("ResumeComponentAction", Action)
 Automation = cg.esphome_ns.class_("Automation")
 
 LambdaCondition = cg.esphome_ns.class_("LambdaCondition", Condition)
+StatelessLambdaCondition = cg.esphome_ns.class_("StatelessLambdaCondition", Condition)
 ForCondition = cg.esphome_ns.class_("ForCondition", Condition, cg.Component)
 
 
+def new_lambda_pvariable(
+    id_obj: ID,
+    lambda_expr: LambdaExpression,
+    stateless_class: MockObjClass,
+    template_arg: cg.TemplateArguments | None = None,
+) -> MockObj:
+    """Create Pvariable for lambda, using stateless class if applicable.
+
+    Combines ID selection and Pvariable creation in one call. For stateless
+    lambdas (empty capture), uses function pointer instead of std::function.
+
+    Args:
+        id_obj: The ID object (action_id, condition_id, or filter_id)
+        lambda_expr: The lambda expression object
+        stateless_class: The stateless class to use for stateless lambdas
+        template_arg: Optional template arguments (for actions/conditions)
+
+    Returns:
+        The created Pvariable
+    """
+    # For stateless lambdas, use function pointer instead of std::function
+    if lambda_expr.capture == "":
+        id_obj = id_obj.copy()
+        id_obj.type = stateless_class
+
+    if template_arg is not None:
+        return cg.new_Pvariable(id_obj, template_arg, lambda_expr)
+    return cg.new_Pvariable(id_obj, lambda_expr)
+
+
 def validate_automation(extra_schema=None, extra_validators=None, single=False):
     if extra_schema is None:
         extra_schema = {}
@@ -145,7 +182,7 @@ def validate_automation(extra_schema=None, extra_validators=None, single=False):
             value = cv.Schema([extra_validators])(value)
         if single:
             if len(value) != 1:
-                raise cv.Invalid("Cannot have more than 1 automation for templates")
+                raise cv.Invalid("This trigger allows only a single automation")
             return value[0]
         return value
 
@@ -240,7 +277,9 @@ async def lambda_condition_to_code(
     args: TemplateArgsType,
 ) -> MockObj:
     lambda_ = await cg.process_lambda(config, args, return_type=bool)
-    return cg.new_Pvariable(condition_id, template_arg, lambda_)
+    return new_lambda_pvariable(
+        condition_id, lambda_, StatelessLambdaCondition, template_arg
+    )
 
 
 @register_condition(
@@ -271,6 +310,30 @@ async def for_condition_to_code(
     return var
 
 
+@register_condition(
+    "component.is_idle",
+    LambdaCondition,
+    maybe_simple_id(
+        {
+            cv.Required(CONF_ID): cv.use_id(cg.Component),
+        }
+    ),
+)
+async def component_is_idle_condition_to_code(
+    config: ConfigType,
+    condition_id: ID,
+    template_arg: cg.TemplateArguments,
+    args: TemplateArgsType,
+) -> MockObj:
+    comp = await cg.get_variable(config[CONF_ID])
+    lambda_ = await cg.process_lambda(
+        Lambda(f"return {comp}->is_idle();"), args, return_type=bool
+    )
+    return new_lambda_pvariable(
+        condition_id, lambda_, StatelessLambdaCondition, template_arg
+    )
+
+
 @register_action(
     "delay", DelayAction, cv.templatable(cv.positive_time_period_milliseconds)
 )
@@ -406,7 +469,7 @@ async def lambda_action_to_code(
     args: TemplateArgsType,
 ) -> MockObj:
     lambda_ = await cg.process_lambda(config, args, return_type=cg.void)
-    return cg.new_Pvariable(action_id, template_arg, lambda_)
+    return new_lambda_pvariable(action_id, lambda_, StatelessLambdaAction, template_arg)
 
 
 @register_action(

esphome/codegen.py

@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ from esphome.cpp_types import (  # noqa: F401
     EntityBase,
     EntityCategory,
     ESPTime,
+    FixedVector,
     GPIOPin,
     InternalGPIOPin,
     JsonObject,

esphome/components/absolute_humidity/absolute_humidity.cpp

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ void AbsoluteHumidityComponent::loop() {
       break;
     default:
       this->publish_state(NAN);
-      this->status_set_error("Invalid saturation vapor pressure equation selection!");
+      this->status_set_error(LOG_STR("Invalid saturation vapor pressure equation selection!"));
       return;
   }
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Saturation vapor pressure %f kPa", es);
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ float AbsoluteHumidityComponent::es_wobus(float t) {
 }
 
 // From https://www.environmentalbiophysics.org/chalk-talk-how-to-calculate-absolute-humidity/
-// H/T to https://esphome.io/cookbook/bme280_environment.html
+// H/T to https://esphome.io/cookbook/bme280_environment/
 // H/T to https://carnotcycle.wordpress.com/2012/08/04/how-to-convert-relative-humidity-to-absolute-humidity/
 float AbsoluteHumidityComponent::vapor_density(float es, float hr, float ta) {
   // es = saturated vapor pressure (kPa)

esphome/components/adalight/adalight_light_effect.cpp

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ static const char *const TAG = "adalight_light_effect";
 static const uint32_t ADALIGHT_ACK_INTERVAL = 1000;
 static const uint32_t ADALIGHT_RECEIVE_TIMEOUT = 1000;
 
-AdalightLightEffect::AdalightLightEffect(const std::string &name) : AddressableLightEffect(name) {}
+AdalightLightEffect::AdalightLightEffect(const char *name) : AddressableLightEffect(name) {}
 
 void AdalightLightEffect::start() {
   AddressableLightEffect::start();

esphome/components/adalight/adalight_light_effect.h

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ namespace adalight {
 
 class AdalightLightEffect : public light::AddressableLightEffect, public uart::UARTDevice {
  public:
-  AdalightLightEffect(const std::string &name);
+  AdalightLightEffect(const char *name);
 
   void start() override;
   void stop() override;

esphome/components/adc/__init__.py

@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
 from esphome import pins
 import esphome.codegen as cg
-from esphome.components.esp32 import VARIANT_ESP32P4, get_esp32_variant
-from esphome.components.esp32.const import (
+from esphome.components.esp32 import (
     VARIANT_ESP32,
     VARIANT_ESP32C2,
     VARIANT_ESP32C3,
     VARIANT_ESP32C5,
     VARIANT_ESP32C6,
+    VARIANT_ESP32C61,
     VARIANT_ESP32H2,
+    VARIANT_ESP32P4,
     VARIANT_ESP32S2,
     VARIANT_ESP32S3,
+    get_esp32_variant,
 )
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import CONF_ANALOG, CONF_INPUT, CONF_NUMBER, PLATFORM_ESP8266
@@ -99,6 +101,13 @@ ESP32_VARIANT_ADC1_PIN_TO_CHANNEL = {
         5: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_5,
         6: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_6,
     },
+    # https://docs.espressif.com/projects/esp-idf/en/latest/esp32c61/api-reference/peripherals/gpio.html
+    VARIANT_ESP32C61: {
+        1: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_0,
+        3: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_1,
+        4: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_2,
+        5: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_3,
+    },
     # https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/blob/master/components/soc/esp32h2/include/soc/adc_channel.h
     VARIANT_ESP32H2: {
         1: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_0,
@@ -107,6 +116,17 @@ ESP32_VARIANT_ADC1_PIN_TO_CHANNEL = {
         4: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_3,
         5: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_4,
     },
+    # https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/blob/master/components/soc/esp32p4/include/soc/adc_channel.h
+    VARIANT_ESP32P4: {
+        16: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_0,
+        17: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_1,
+        18: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_2,
+        19: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_3,
+        20: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_4,
+        21: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_5,
+        22: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_6,
+        23: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_7,
+    },
     # https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/blob/master/components/soc/esp32s2/include/soc/adc_channel.h
     VARIANT_ESP32S2: {
         1: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_0,
@@ -133,16 +153,6 @@ ESP32_VARIANT_ADC1_PIN_TO_CHANNEL = {
         9: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_8,
         10: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_9,
     },
-    VARIANT_ESP32P4: {
-        16: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_0,
-        17: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_1,
-        18: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_2,
-        19: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_3,
-        20: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_4,
-        21: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_5,
-        22: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_6,
-        23: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_7,
-    },
 }
 
 # pin to adc2 channel mapping
@@ -173,8 +183,19 @@ ESP32_VARIANT_ADC2_PIN_TO_CHANNEL = {
     VARIANT_ESP32C5: {},  # no ADC2
     # https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/blob/master/components/soc/esp32c6/include/soc/adc_channel.h
     VARIANT_ESP32C6: {},  # no ADC2
+    # ESP32-C61 has no ADC2
+    VARIANT_ESP32C61: {},  # no ADC2
     # https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/blob/master/components/soc/esp32h2/include/soc/adc_channel.h
     VARIANT_ESP32H2: {},  # no ADC2
+    # https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/blob/master/components/soc/esp32p4/include/soc/adc_channel.h
+    VARIANT_ESP32P4: {
+        49: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_0,
+        50: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_1,
+        51: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_2,
+        52: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_3,
+        53: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_4,
+        54: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_5,
+    },
     # https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/blob/master/components/soc/esp32s2/include/soc/adc_channel.h
     VARIANT_ESP32S2: {
         11: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_0,
@@ -201,14 +222,6 @@ ESP32_VARIANT_ADC2_PIN_TO_CHANNEL = {
         19: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_8,
         20: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_9,
     },
-    VARIANT_ESP32P4: {
-        49: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_0,
-        50: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_1,
-        51: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_2,
-        52: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_3,
-        53: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_4,
-        54: adc_channel_t.ADC_CHANNEL_5,
-    },
 }
 
 

esphome/components/adc/adc_sensor_esp32.cpp

@@ -42,10 +42,11 @@ void ADCSensor::setup() {
     adc_oneshot_unit_init_cfg_t init_config = {};  // Zero initialize
     init_config.unit_id = this->adc_unit_;
     init_config.ulp_mode = ADC_ULP_MODE_DISABLE;
-#if USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C3 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C5 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C6 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32H2
+#if USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C3 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C5 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C6 || \
+    USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C61 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32H2
     init_config.clk_src = ADC_DIGI_CLK_SRC_DEFAULT;
 #endif  // USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C3 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C5 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C6 ||
-        // USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32H2
+        // USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C61 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32H2
     esp_err_t err = adc_oneshot_new_unit(&init_config, &ADCSensor::shared_adc_handles[this->adc_unit_]);
     if (err != ESP_OK) {
       ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Error initializing %s: %d", LOG_STR_ARG(adc_unit_to_str(this->adc_unit_)), err);
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ void ADCSensor::setup() {
     adc_cali_handle_t handle = nullptr;
 
 #if USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C3 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C5 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C6 || \
-    USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32S3 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32H2 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32P4
+    USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C61 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32H2 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32P4 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32S3
     // RISC-V variants and S3 use curve fitting calibration
     adc_cali_curve_fitting_config_t cali_config = {};  // Zero initialize first
 #if ESP_IDF_VERSION >= ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(5, 3, 0)
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ void ADCSensor::setup() {
       ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Line fitting calibration failed with error %d, will use uncalibrated readings", err);
       this->setup_flags_.calibration_complete = false;
     }
-#endif  // USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C3 || ESP32C5 || ESP32C6 || ESP32S3 || ESP32H2
+#endif  // USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C3 || ESP32C5 || ESP32C6 || ESP32C61 || ESP32H2 || ESP32P4 || ESP32S3
   }
 
   this->setup_flags_.init_complete = true;
@@ -186,11 +187,11 @@ float ADCSensor::sample_fixed_attenuation_() {
       ESP_LOGW(TAG, "ADC calibration conversion failed with error %d, disabling calibration", err);
       if (this->calibration_handle_ != nullptr) {
 #if USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C3 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C5 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C6 || \
-    USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32S3 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32H2 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32P4
+    USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C61 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32H2 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32P4 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32S3
         adc_cali_delete_scheme_curve_fitting(this->calibration_handle_);
 #else   // Other ESP32 variants use line fitting calibration
         adc_cali_delete_scheme_line_fitting(this->calibration_handle_);
-#endif  // USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C3 || ESP32C5 || ESP32C6 || ESP32S3 || ESP32H2
+#endif  // USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C3 || ESP32C5 || ESP32C6 || ESP32C61 || ESP32H2 || ESP32P4 || ESP32S3
         this->calibration_handle_ = nullptr;
       }
     }
@@ -219,7 +220,7 @@ float ADCSensor::sample_autorange_() {
     if (this->calibration_handle_ != nullptr) {
       // Delete old calibration handle
 #if USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C3 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C5 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C6 || \
-    USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32S3 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32H2 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32P4
+    USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C61 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32H2 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32P4 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32S3
       adc_cali_delete_scheme_curve_fitting(this->calibration_handle_);
 #else
       adc_cali_delete_scheme_line_fitting(this->calibration_handle_);
@@ -231,7 +232,7 @@ float ADCSensor::sample_autorange_() {
     adc_cali_handle_t handle = nullptr;
 
 #if USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C3 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C5 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C6 || \
-    USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32S3 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32H2 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32P4
+    USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C61 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32H2 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32P4 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32S3
     adc_cali_curve_fitting_config_t cali_config = {};
 #if ESP_IDF_VERSION >= ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(5, 3, 0)
     cali_config.chan = this->channel_;
@@ -266,7 +267,7 @@ float ADCSensor::sample_autorange_() {
       ESP_LOGW(TAG, "ADC read failed in autorange with error %d", err);
       if (handle != nullptr) {
 #if USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C3 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C5 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C6 || \
-    USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32S3 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32H2 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32P4
+    USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C61 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32H2 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32P4 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32S3
         adc_cali_delete_scheme_curve_fitting(handle);
 #else
         adc_cali_delete_scheme_line_fitting(handle);
@@ -288,7 +289,7 @@ float ADCSensor::sample_autorange_() {
       }
       // Clean up calibration handle
 #if USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C3 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C5 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C6 || \
-    USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32S3 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32H2 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32P4
+    USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32C61 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32H2 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32P4 || USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32S3
       adc_cali_delete_scheme_curve_fitting(handle);
 #else
       adc_cali_delete_scheme_line_fitting(handle);

esphome/components/ade7953_base/__init__.py

@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ from esphome.const import (
     UNIT_WATT,
 )
 
+CODEOWNERS = ["@angelnu"]
+
 CONF_CURRENT_A = "current_a"
 CONF_CURRENT_B = "current_b"
 CONF_ACTIVE_POWER_A = "active_power_a"

esphome/components/ade7953_base/ade7953_base.cpp

@@ -25,7 +25,8 @@ void ADE7953::setup() {
     this->ade_write_8(PGA_V_8, pga_v_);
     this->ade_write_8(PGA_IA_8, pga_ia_);
     this->ade_write_8(PGA_IB_8, pga_ib_);
-    this->ade_write_32(AVGAIN_32, vgain_);
+    this->ade_write_32(AVGAIN_32, avgain_);
+    this->ade_write_32(BVGAIN_32, bvgain_);
     this->ade_write_32(AIGAIN_32, aigain_);
     this->ade_write_32(BIGAIN_32, bigain_);
     this->ade_write_32(AWGAIN_32, awgain_);
@@ -34,7 +35,8 @@ void ADE7953::setup() {
     this->ade_read_8(PGA_V_8, &pga_v_);
     this->ade_read_8(PGA_IA_8, &pga_ia_);
     this->ade_read_8(PGA_IB_8, &pga_ib_);
-    this->ade_read_32(AVGAIN_32, &vgain_);
+    this->ade_read_32(AVGAIN_32, &avgain_);
+    this->ade_read_32(BVGAIN_32, &bvgain_);
     this->ade_read_32(AIGAIN_32, &aigain_);
     this->ade_read_32(BIGAIN_32, &bigain_);
     this->ade_read_32(AWGAIN_32, &awgain_);
@@ -63,13 +65,14 @@ void ADE7953::dump_config() {
                 "  PGA_V_8: 0x%X\n"
                 "  PGA_IA_8: 0x%X\n"
                 "  PGA_IB_8: 0x%X\n"
-                "  VGAIN_32: 0x%08jX\n"
+                "  AVGAIN_32: 0x%08jX\n"
+                "  BVGAIN_32: 0x%08jX\n"
                 "  AIGAIN_32: 0x%08jX\n"
                 "  BIGAIN_32: 0x%08jX\n"
                 "  AWGAIN_32: 0x%08jX\n"
                 "  BWGAIN_32: 0x%08jX",
-                this->use_acc_energy_regs_, pga_v_, pga_ia_, pga_ib_, (uintmax_t) vgain_, (uintmax_t) aigain_,
-                (uintmax_t) bigain_, (uintmax_t) awgain_, (uintmax_t) bwgain_);
+                this->use_acc_energy_regs_, pga_v_, pga_ia_, pga_ib_, (uintmax_t) avgain_, (uintmax_t) bvgain_,
+                (uintmax_t) aigain_, (uintmax_t) bigain_, (uintmax_t) awgain_, (uintmax_t) bwgain_);
 }
 
 #define ADE_PUBLISH_(name, val, factor) \

esphome/components/ade7953_base/ade7953_base.h

@@ -46,7 +46,12 @@ class ADE7953 : public PollingComponent, public sensor::Sensor {
   void set_pga_ib(uint8_t pga_ib) { pga_ib_ = pga_ib; }
 
   // Set input gains
-  void set_vgain(uint32_t vgain) { vgain_ = vgain; }
+  void set_vgain(uint32_t vgain) {
+    // Datasheet says: "to avoid discrepancies in other registers,
+    // if AVGAIN is set then BVGAIN should be set to the same value."
+    avgain_ = vgain;
+    bvgain_ = vgain;
+  }
   void set_aigain(uint32_t aigain) { aigain_ = aigain; }
   void set_bigain(uint32_t bigain) { bigain_ = bigain; }
   void set_awgain(uint32_t awgain) { awgain_ = awgain; }
@@ -100,7 +105,8 @@ class ADE7953 : public PollingComponent, public sensor::Sensor {
   uint8_t pga_v_;
   uint8_t pga_ia_;
   uint8_t pga_ib_;
-  uint32_t vgain_;
+  uint32_t avgain_;
+  uint32_t bvgain_;
   uint32_t aigain_;
   uint32_t bigain_;
   uint32_t awgain_;

esphome/components/ags10/ags10.h

@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class AGS10NewI2cAddressAction : public Action<Ts...>,
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint8_t, new_address)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->new_i2c_address(this->new_address_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->new_i2c_address(this->new_address_.value(x...)); }
 };
 
 enum AGS10SetZeroPointActionMode {
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class AGS10SetZeroPointAction : public Action<Ts...>, p
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint16_t, value)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(AGS10SetZeroPointActionMode, mode)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     switch (this->mode_.value(x...)) {
       case FACTORY_DEFAULT:
         this->parent_->set_zero_point_with_factory_defaults();

esphome/components/aht10/aht10.cpp

@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ void AHT10Component::setup() {
 void AHT10Component::restart_read_() {
   if (this->read_count_ == AHT10_ATTEMPTS) {
     this->read_count_ = 0;
-    this->status_set_error("Reading timed out");
+    this->status_set_error(LOG_STR("Reading timed out"));
     return;
   }
   this->read_count_++;

esphome/components/aic3204/automation.h

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetAutoMuteAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint8_t, auto_mute_mode)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->aic3204_->set_auto_mute_mode(this->auto_mute_mode_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->aic3204_->set_auto_mute_mode(this->auto_mute_mode_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   AIC3204 *aic3204_;

esphome/components/alarm_control_panel/__init__.py

@@ -172,12 +172,6 @@ def alarm_control_panel_schema(
     return _ALARM_CONTROL_PANEL_SCHEMA.extend(schema)
 
 
-# Remove before 2025.11.0
-ALARM_CONTROL_PANEL_SCHEMA = alarm_control_panel_schema(AlarmControlPanel)
-ALARM_CONTROL_PANEL_SCHEMA.add_extra(
-    cv.deprecated_schema_constant("alarm_control_panel")
-)
-
 ALARM_CONTROL_PANEL_ACTION_SCHEMA = maybe_simple_id(
     {
         cv.GenerateID(): cv.use_id(AlarmControlPanel),

esphome/components/alarm_control_panel/alarm_control_panel.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-#include <utility>
-
 #include "alarm_control_panel.h"
+#include "esphome/core/defines.h"
+#include "esphome/core/controller_registry.h"
+
+#include <utility>
 
 #include "esphome/core/application.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
@@ -33,23 +35,12 @@ void AlarmControlPanel::publish_state(AlarmControlPanelState state) {
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Set state to: %s, previous: %s", LOG_STR_ARG(alarm_control_panel_state_to_string(state)),
              LOG_STR_ARG(alarm_control_panel_state_to_string(prev_state)));
     this->current_state_ = state;
+    // Single state callback - triggers check get_state() for specific states
     this->state_callback_.call();
-    if (state == ACP_STATE_TRIGGERED) {
-      this->triggered_callback_.call();
-    } else if (state == ACP_STATE_ARMING) {
-      this->arming_callback_.call();
-    } else if (state == ACP_STATE_PENDING) {
-      this->pending_callback_.call();
-    } else if (state == ACP_STATE_ARMED_HOME) {
-      this->armed_home_callback_.call();
-    } else if (state == ACP_STATE_ARMED_NIGHT) {
-      this->armed_night_callback_.call();
-    } else if (state == ACP_STATE_ARMED_AWAY) {
-      this->armed_away_callback_.call();
-    } else if (state == ACP_STATE_DISARMED) {
-      this->disarmed_callback_.call();
-    }
-
+#if defined(USE_ALARM_CONTROL_PANEL) && defined(USE_CONTROLLER_REGISTRY)
+    ControllerRegistry::notify_alarm_control_panel_update(this);
+#endif
+    // Cleared fires when leaving TRIGGERED state
     if (prev_state == ACP_STATE_TRIGGERED) {
       this->cleared_callback_.call();
     }
@@ -64,34 +55,6 @@ void AlarmControlPanel::add_on_state_callback(std::function<void()> &&callback)
   this->state_callback_.add(std::move(callback));
 }
 
-void AlarmControlPanel::add_on_triggered_callback(std::function<void()> &&callback) {
-  this->triggered_callback_.add(std::move(callback));
-}
-
-void AlarmControlPanel::add_on_arming_callback(std::function<void()> &&callback) {
-  this->arming_callback_.add(std::move(callback));
-}
-
-void AlarmControlPanel::add_on_armed_home_callback(std::function<void()> &&callback) {
-  this->armed_home_callback_.add(std::move(callback));
-}
-
-void AlarmControlPanel::add_on_armed_night_callback(std::function<void()> &&callback) {
-  this->armed_night_callback_.add(std::move(callback));
-}
-
-void AlarmControlPanel::add_on_armed_away_callback(std::function<void()> &&callback) {
-  this->armed_away_callback_.add(std::move(callback));
-}
-
-void AlarmControlPanel::add_on_pending_callback(std::function<void()> &&callback) {
-  this->pending_callback_.add(std::move(callback));
-}
-
-void AlarmControlPanel::add_on_disarmed_callback(std::function<void()> &&callback) {
-  this->disarmed_callback_.add(std::move(callback));
-}
-
 void AlarmControlPanel::add_on_cleared_callback(std::function<void()> &&callback) {
   this->cleared_callback_.add(std::move(callback));
 }

esphome/components/alarm_control_panel/alarm_control_panel.h

@@ -35,54 +35,13 @@ class AlarmControlPanel : public EntityBase {
    */
   void publish_state(AlarmControlPanelState state);
 
-  /** Add a callback for when the state of the alarm_control_panel changes
+  /** Add a callback for when the state of the alarm_control_panel changes.
+   * Triggers can check get_state() to determine the new state.
    *
    * @param callback The callback function
    */
   void add_on_state_callback(std::function<void()> &&callback);
 
-  /** Add a callback for when the state of the alarm_control_panel chanes to triggered
-   *
-   * @param callback The callback function
-   */
-  void add_on_triggered_callback(std::function<void()> &&callback);
-
-  /** Add a callback for when the state of the alarm_control_panel chanes to arming
-   *
-   * @param callback The callback function
-   */
-  void add_on_arming_callback(std::function<void()> &&callback);
-
-  /** Add a callback for when the state of the alarm_control_panel changes to pending
-   *
-   * @param callback The callback function
-   */
-  void add_on_pending_callback(std::function<void()> &&callback);
-
-  /** Add a callback for when the state of the alarm_control_panel changes to armed_home
-   *
-   * @param callback The callback function
-   */
-  void add_on_armed_home_callback(std::function<void()> &&callback);
-
-  /** Add a callback for when the state of the alarm_control_panel changes to armed_night
-   *
-   * @param callback The callback function
-   */
-  void add_on_armed_night_callback(std::function<void()> &&callback);
-
-  /** Add a callback for when the state of the alarm_control_panel changes to armed_away
-   *
-   * @param callback The callback function
-   */
-  void add_on_armed_away_callback(std::function<void()> &&callback);
-
-  /** Add a callback for when the state of the alarm_control_panel changes to disarmed
-   *
-   * @param callback The callback function
-   */
-  void add_on_disarmed_callback(std::function<void()> &&callback);
-
   /** Add a callback for when the state of the alarm_control_panel clears from triggered
    *
    * @param callback The callback function
@@ -172,23 +131,9 @@ class AlarmControlPanel : public EntityBase {
   uint32_t last_update_;
   // the call control function
   virtual void control(const AlarmControlPanelCall &call) = 0;
-  // state callback
+  // state callback - triggers check get_state() for specific state
   CallbackManager<void()> state_callback_{};
-  // trigger callback
-  CallbackManager<void()> triggered_callback_{};
-  // arming callback
-  CallbackManager<void()> arming_callback_{};
-  // pending callback
-  CallbackManager<void()> pending_callback_{};
-  // armed_home callback
-  CallbackManager<void()> armed_home_callback_{};
-  // armed_night callback
-  CallbackManager<void()> armed_night_callback_{};
-  // armed_away callback
-  CallbackManager<void()> armed_away_callback_{};
-  // disarmed callback
-  CallbackManager<void()> disarmed_callback_{};
-  // clear callback
+  // clear callback - fires when leaving TRIGGERED state
   CallbackManager<void()> cleared_callback_{};
   // chime callback
   CallbackManager<void()> chime_callback_{};

esphome/components/alarm_control_panel/automation.h

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 namespace esphome {
 namespace alarm_control_panel {
 
+/// Trigger on any state change
 class StateTrigger : public Trigger<> {
  public:
   explicit StateTrigger(AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel) {
@@ -13,55 +14,30 @@ class StateTrigger : public Trigger<> {
   }
 };
 
-class TriggeredTrigger : public Trigger<> {
+/// Template trigger that fires when entering a specific state
+template<AlarmControlPanelState State> class StateEnterTrigger : public Trigger<> {
  public:
-  explicit TriggeredTrigger(AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel) {
-    alarm_control_panel->add_on_triggered_callback([this]() { this->trigger(); });
+  explicit StateEnterTrigger(AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel) : alarm_control_panel_(alarm_control_panel) {
+    alarm_control_panel->add_on_state_callback([this]() {
+      if (this->alarm_control_panel_->get_state() == State)
+        this->trigger();
+    });
   }
+
+ protected:
+  AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel_;
 };
 
-class ArmingTrigger : public Trigger<> {
- public:
-  explicit ArmingTrigger(AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel) {
-    alarm_control_panel->add_on_arming_callback([this]() { this->trigger(); });
-  }
-};
-
-class PendingTrigger : public Trigger<> {
- public:
-  explicit PendingTrigger(AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel) {
-    alarm_control_panel->add_on_pending_callback([this]() { this->trigger(); });
-  }
-};
-
-class ArmedHomeTrigger : public Trigger<> {
- public:
-  explicit ArmedHomeTrigger(AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel) {
-    alarm_control_panel->add_on_armed_home_callback([this]() { this->trigger(); });
-  }
-};
-
-class ArmedNightTrigger : public Trigger<> {
- public:
-  explicit ArmedNightTrigger(AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel) {
-    alarm_control_panel->add_on_armed_night_callback([this]() { this->trigger(); });
-  }
-};
-
-class ArmedAwayTrigger : public Trigger<> {
- public:
-  explicit ArmedAwayTrigger(AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel) {
-    alarm_control_panel->add_on_armed_away_callback([this]() { this->trigger(); });
-  }
-};
-
-class DisarmedTrigger : public Trigger<> {
- public:
-  explicit DisarmedTrigger(AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel) {
-    alarm_control_panel->add_on_disarmed_callback([this]() { this->trigger(); });
-  }
-};
+// Type aliases for state-specific triggers
+using TriggeredTrigger = StateEnterTrigger<ACP_STATE_TRIGGERED>;
+using ArmingTrigger = StateEnterTrigger<ACP_STATE_ARMING>;
+using PendingTrigger = StateEnterTrigger<ACP_STATE_PENDING>;
+using ArmedHomeTrigger = StateEnterTrigger<ACP_STATE_ARMED_HOME>;
+using ArmedNightTrigger = StateEnterTrigger<ACP_STATE_ARMED_NIGHT>;
+using ArmedAwayTrigger = StateEnterTrigger<ACP_STATE_ARMED_AWAY>;
+using DisarmedTrigger = StateEnterTrigger<ACP_STATE_DISARMED>;
 
+/// Trigger when leaving TRIGGERED state (alarm cleared)
 class ClearedTrigger : public Trigger<> {
  public:
   explicit ClearedTrigger(AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel) {
@@ -69,6 +45,7 @@ class ClearedTrigger : public Trigger<> {
   }
 };
 
+/// Trigger on chime event (zone opened while disarmed)
 class ChimeTrigger : public Trigger<> {
  public:
   explicit ChimeTrigger(AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel) {
@@ -76,6 +53,7 @@ class ChimeTrigger : public Trigger<> {
   }
 };
 
+/// Trigger on ready state change
 class ReadyTrigger : public Trigger<> {
  public:
   explicit ReadyTrigger(AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel) {
@@ -89,7 +67,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ArmAwayAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, code)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->alarm_control_panel_->make_call();
     auto code = this->code_.optional_value(x...);
     if (code.has_value()) {
@@ -109,7 +87,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ArmHomeAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, code)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->alarm_control_panel_->make_call();
     auto code = this->code_.optional_value(x...);
     if (code.has_value()) {
@@ -129,7 +107,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ArmNightAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, code)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->alarm_control_panel_->make_call();
     auto code = this->code_.optional_value(x...);
     if (code.has_value()) {
@@ -149,7 +127,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DisarmAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, code)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->alarm_control_panel_->disarm(this->code_.optional_value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->alarm_control_panel_->disarm(this->code_.optional_value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel_;
@@ -159,7 +137,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PendingAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit PendingAction(AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel) : alarm_control_panel_(alarm_control_panel) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->alarm_control_panel_->make_call().pending().perform(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->alarm_control_panel_->make_call().pending().perform(); }
 
  protected:
   AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel_;
@@ -169,7 +147,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class TriggeredAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit TriggeredAction(AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel) : alarm_control_panel_(alarm_control_panel) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->alarm_control_panel_->make_call().triggered().perform(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->alarm_control_panel_->make_call().triggered().perform(); }
 
  protected:
   AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel_;
@@ -178,7 +156,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class TriggeredAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class AlarmControlPanelCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   AlarmControlPanelCondition(AlarmControlPanel *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override {
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override {
     return this->parent_->is_state_armed(this->parent_->get_state()) ||
            this->parent_->get_state() == ACP_STATE_PENDING || this->parent_->get_state() == ACP_STATE_TRIGGERED;
   }

esphome/components/alpha3/alpha3.cpp

@@ -56,13 +56,13 @@ bool Alpha3::is_current_response_type_(const uint8_t *response_type) {
 
 void Alpha3::handle_geni_response_(const uint8_t *response, uint16_t length) {
   if (this->response_offset_ >= this->response_length_) {
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "[%s] GENI response begin", this->parent_->address_str().c_str());
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "[%s] GENI response begin", this->parent_->address_str());
     if (length < GENI_RESPONSE_HEADER_LENGTH) {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] response to short", this->parent_->address_str().c_str());
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] response too short", this->parent_->address_str());
       return;
     }
     if (response[0] != 36 || response[2] != 248 || response[3] != 231 || response[4] != 10) {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] response bytes %d %d %d %d %d don't match GENI HEADER", this->parent_->address_str().c_str(),
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] response bytes %d %d %d %d %d don't match GENI HEADER", this->parent_->address_str(),
                response[0], response[1], response[2], response[3], response[4]);
       return;
     }
@@ -77,11 +77,11 @@ void Alpha3::handle_geni_response_(const uint8_t *response, uint16_t length) {
   };
 
   if (this->is_current_response_type_(GENI_RESPONSE_TYPE_FLOW_HEAD)) {
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "[%s] FLOW HEAD Response", this->parent_->address_str().c_str());
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "[%s] FLOW HEAD Response", this->parent_->address_str());
     extract_publish_sensor_value(GENI_RESPONSE_FLOW_OFFSET, this->flow_sensor_, 3600.0F);
     extract_publish_sensor_value(GENI_RESPONSE_HEAD_OFFSET, this->head_sensor_, .0001F);
   } else if (this->is_current_response_type_(GENI_RESPONSE_TYPE_POWER)) {
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "[%s] POWER Response", this->parent_->address_str().c_str());
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "[%s] POWER Response", this->parent_->address_str());
     extract_publish_sensor_value(GENI_RESPONSE_POWER_OFFSET, this->power_sensor_, 1.0F);
     extract_publish_sensor_value(GENI_RESPONSE_CURRENT_OFFSET, this->current_sensor_, 1.0F);
     extract_publish_sensor_value(GENI_RESPONSE_MOTOR_SPEED_OFFSET, this->speed_sensor_, 1.0F);
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ void Alpha3::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_t gattc
       if (param->open.status == ESP_GATT_OK) {
         this->response_offset_ = 0;
         this->response_length_ = 0;
-        ESP_LOGI(TAG, "[%s] connection open", this->parent_->address_str().c_str());
+        ESP_LOGI(TAG, "[%s] connection open", this->parent_->address_str());
       }
       break;
     }
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ void Alpha3::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_t gattc
     case ESP_GATTC_SEARCH_CMPL_EVT: {
       auto *chr = this->parent_->get_characteristic(ALPHA3_GENI_SERVICE_UUID, ALPHA3_GENI_CHARACTERISTIC_UUID);
       if (chr == nullptr) {
-        ESP_LOGE(TAG, "[%s] No GENI service found at device, not an Alpha3..?", this->parent_->address_str().c_str());
+        ESP_LOGE(TAG, "[%s] No GENI service found at device, not an Alpha3..?", this->parent_->address_str());
         break;
       }
       auto status = esp_ble_gattc_register_for_notify(this->parent_->get_gattc_if(), this->parent_->get_remote_bda(),
@@ -164,12 +164,12 @@ void Alpha3::send_request_(uint8_t *request, size_t len) {
       esp_ble_gattc_write_char(this->parent_->get_gattc_if(), this->parent_->get_conn_id(), this->geni_handle_, len,
                                request, ESP_GATT_WRITE_TYPE_NO_RSP, ESP_GATT_AUTH_REQ_NONE);
   if (status)
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] esp_ble_gattc_write_char failed, status=%d", this->parent_->address_str().c_str(), status);
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] esp_ble_gattc_write_char failed, status=%d", this->parent_->address_str(), status);
 }
 
 void Alpha3::update() {
   if (this->node_state != espbt::ClientState::ESTABLISHED) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] Cannot poll, not connected", this->parent_->address_str().c_str());
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] Cannot poll, not connected", this->parent_->address_str());
     return;
   }
 

esphome/components/am43/sensor/am43_sensor.cpp

@@ -44,11 +44,9 @@ void Am43::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_t gattc_i
       auto *chr = this->parent_->get_characteristic(AM43_SERVICE_UUID, AM43_CHARACTERISTIC_UUID);
       if (chr == nullptr) {
         if (this->parent_->get_characteristic(AM43_TUYA_SERVICE_UUID, AM43_TUYA_CHARACTERISTIC_UUID) != nullptr) {
-          ESP_LOGE(TAG, "[%s] Detected a Tuya AM43 which is not supported, sorry.",
-                   this->parent_->address_str().c_str());
+          ESP_LOGE(TAG, "[%s] Detected a Tuya AM43 which is not supported, sorry.", this->parent_->address_str());
         } else {
-          ESP_LOGE(TAG, "[%s] No control service found at device, not an AM43..?",
-                   this->parent_->address_str().c_str());
+          ESP_LOGE(TAG, "[%s] No control service found at device, not an AM43..?", this->parent_->address_str());
         }
         break;
       }
@@ -82,8 +80,7 @@ void Am43::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_t gattc_i
                                                  this->char_handle_, packet->length, packet->data,
                                                  ESP_GATT_WRITE_TYPE_NO_RSP, ESP_GATT_AUTH_REQ_NONE);
           if (status) {
-            ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] esp_ble_gattc_write_char failed, status=%d", this->parent_->address_str().c_str(),
-                     status);
+            ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] esp_ble_gattc_write_char failed, status=%d", this->parent_->address_str(), status);
           }
         }
         this->current_sensor_ = 0;
@@ -97,7 +94,7 @@ void Am43::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_t gattc_i
 
 void Am43::update() {
   if (this->node_state != espbt::ClientState::ESTABLISHED) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] Cannot poll, not connected", this->parent_->address_str().c_str());
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] Cannot poll, not connected", this->parent_->address_str());
     return;
   }
   if (this->current_sensor_ == 0) {
@@ -107,7 +104,7 @@ void Am43::update() {
           esp_ble_gattc_write_char(this->parent_->get_gattc_if(), this->parent_->get_conn_id(), this->char_handle_,
                                    packet->length, packet->data, ESP_GATT_WRITE_TYPE_NO_RSP, ESP_GATT_AUTH_REQ_NONE);
       if (status) {
-        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] esp_ble_gattc_write_char failed, status=%d", this->parent_->address_str().c_str(), status);
+        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] esp_ble_gattc_write_char failed, status=%d", this->parent_->address_str(), status);
       }
     }
     this->current_sensor_++;

esphome/components/analog_threshold/analog_threshold_binary_sensor.cpp

@@ -12,10 +12,11 @@ void AnalogThresholdBinarySensor::setup() {
   // TRUE state is defined to be when sensor is >= threshold
   // so when undefined sensor value initialize to FALSE
   if (std::isnan(sensor_value)) {
+    this->raw_state_ = false;
     this->publish_initial_state(false);
   } else {
-    this->publish_initial_state(sensor_value >=
-                                (this->lower_threshold_.value() + this->upper_threshold_.value()) / 2.0f);
+    this->raw_state_ = sensor_value >= (this->lower_threshold_.value() + this->upper_threshold_.value()) / 2.0f;
+    this->publish_initial_state(this->raw_state_);
   }
 }
 
@@ -25,8 +26,10 @@ void AnalogThresholdBinarySensor::set_sensor(sensor::Sensor *analog_sensor) {
   this->sensor_->add_on_state_callback([this](float sensor_value) {
     // if there is an invalid sensor reading, ignore the change and keep the current state
     if (!std::isnan(sensor_value)) {
-      this->publish_state(sensor_value >=
-                          (this->state ? this->lower_threshold_.value() : this->upper_threshold_.value()));
+      // Use raw_state_ for hysteresis logic, not this->state which is post-filter
+      this->raw_state_ =
+          sensor_value >= (this->raw_state_ ? this->lower_threshold_.value() : this->upper_threshold_.value());
+      this->publish_state(this->raw_state_);
     }
   });
 }

esphome/components/analog_threshold/analog_threshold_binary_sensor.h

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ class AnalogThresholdBinarySensor : public Component, public binary_sensor::Bina
   sensor::Sensor *sensor_{nullptr};
   TemplatableValue<float> upper_threshold_{};
   TemplatableValue<float> lower_threshold_{};
+  bool raw_state_{false};  // Pre-filter state for hysteresis logic
 };
 
 }  // namespace analog_threshold

esphome/components/animation/animation.h

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class Animation : public image::Image {
 template<typename... Ts> class AnimationNextFrameAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   AnimationNextFrameAction(Animation *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->next_frame(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->next_frame(); }
 
  protected:
   Animation *parent_;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class AnimationNextFrameAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class AnimationPrevFrameAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   AnimationPrevFrameAction(Animation *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->prev_frame(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->prev_frame(); }
 
  protected:
   Animation *parent_;
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class AnimationSetFrameAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   AnimationSetFrameAction(Animation *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint16_t, frame)
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_frame(this->frame_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_frame(this->frame_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   Animation *parent_;

esphome/components/anova/anova.cpp

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ void Anova::control(const ClimateCall &call) {
         esp_ble_gattc_write_char(this->parent_->get_gattc_if(), this->parent_->get_conn_id(), this->char_handle_,
                                  pkt->length, pkt->data, ESP_GATT_WRITE_TYPE_NO_RSP, ESP_GATT_AUTH_REQ_NONE);
     if (status) {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] esp_ble_gattc_write_char failed, status=%d", this->parent_->address_str().c_str(), status);
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] esp_ble_gattc_write_char failed, status=%d", this->parent_->address_str(), status);
     }
   }
   if (call.get_target_temperature().has_value()) {
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ void Anova::control(const ClimateCall &call) {
         esp_ble_gattc_write_char(this->parent_->get_gattc_if(), this->parent_->get_conn_id(), this->char_handle_,
                                  pkt->length, pkt->data, ESP_GATT_WRITE_TYPE_NO_RSP, ESP_GATT_AUTH_REQ_NONE);
     if (status) {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] esp_ble_gattc_write_char failed, status=%d", this->parent_->address_str().c_str(), status);
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] esp_ble_gattc_write_char failed, status=%d", this->parent_->address_str(), status);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -124,8 +124,7 @@ void Anova::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_t gattc_
               esp_ble_gattc_write_char(this->parent_->get_gattc_if(), this->parent_->get_conn_id(), this->char_handle_,
                                        pkt->length, pkt->data, ESP_GATT_WRITE_TYPE_NO_RSP, ESP_GATT_AUTH_REQ_NONE);
           if (status) {
-            ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] esp_ble_gattc_write_char failed, status=%d", this->parent_->address_str().c_str(),
-                     status);
+            ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] esp_ble_gattc_write_char failed, status=%d", this->parent_->address_str(), status);
           }
         }
       }
@@ -150,7 +149,7 @@ void Anova::update() {
         esp_ble_gattc_write_char(this->parent_->get_gattc_if(), this->parent_->get_conn_id(), this->char_handle_,
                                  pkt->length, pkt->data, ESP_GATT_WRITE_TYPE_NO_RSP, ESP_GATT_AUTH_REQ_NONE);
     if (status) {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] esp_ble_gattc_write_char failed, status=%d", this->parent_->address_str().c_str(), status);
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] esp_ble_gattc_write_char failed, status=%d", this->parent_->address_str(), status);
     }
     this->current_request_++;
   }

esphome/components/api/__init__.py

@@ -27,12 +27,13 @@ from esphome.const import (
     CONF_SERVICE,
     CONF_SERVICES,
     CONF_TAG,
+    CONF_THEN,
     CONF_TRIGGER_ID,
     CONF_VARIABLES,
 )
-from esphome.core import CORE, ID, CoroPriority, coroutine_with_priority
-from esphome.cpp_generator import TemplateArgsType
-from esphome.types import ConfigType
+from esphome.core import CORE, ID, CoroPriority, EsphomeError, coroutine_with_priority
+from esphome.cpp_generator import MockObj, TemplateArgsType
+from esphome.types import ConfigFragmentType, ConfigType
 
 _LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -63,18 +64,24 @@ HomeAssistantActionResponseTrigger = api_ns.class_(
     "HomeAssistantActionResponseTrigger", automation.Trigger
 )
 APIConnectedCondition = api_ns.class_("APIConnectedCondition", Condition)
+APIRespondAction = api_ns.class_("APIRespondAction", automation.Action)
+APIUnregisterServiceCallAction = api_ns.class_(
+    "APIUnregisterServiceCallAction", automation.Action
+)
 
 UserServiceTrigger = api_ns.class_("UserServiceTrigger", automation.Trigger)
 ListEntitiesServicesArgument = api_ns.class_("ListEntitiesServicesArgument")
-SERVICE_ARG_NATIVE_TYPES = {
-    "bool": bool,
+SERVICE_ARG_NATIVE_TYPES: dict[str, MockObj] = {
+    "bool": cg.bool_,
     "int": cg.int32,
-    "float": float,
+    "float": cg.float_,
     "string": cg.std_string,
-    "bool[]": cg.std_vector.template(bool),
-    "int[]": cg.std_vector.template(cg.int32),
-    "float[]": cg.std_vector.template(float),
-    "string[]": cg.std_vector.template(cg.std_string),
+    "bool[]": cg.FixedVector.template(cg.bool_).operator("const").operator("ref"),
+    "int[]": cg.FixedVector.template(cg.int32).operator("const").operator("ref"),
+    "float[]": cg.FixedVector.template(cg.float_).operator("const").operator("ref"),
+    "string[]": cg.FixedVector.template(cg.std_string)
+    .operator("const")
+    .operator("ref"),
 }
 CONF_ENCRYPTION = "encryption"
 CONF_BATCH_DELAY = "batch_delay"
@@ -83,6 +90,7 @@ CONF_HOMEASSISTANT_SERVICES = "homeassistant_services"
 CONF_HOMEASSISTANT_STATES = "homeassistant_states"
 CONF_LISTEN_BACKLOG = "listen_backlog"
 CONF_MAX_SEND_QUEUE = "max_send_queue"
+CONF_STATE_SUBSCRIPTION_ONLY = "state_subscription_only"
 
 
 def validate_encryption_key(value):
@@ -99,6 +107,85 @@ def validate_encryption_key(value):
     return value
 
 
+CONF_SUPPORTS_RESPONSE = "supports_response"
+
+# Enum values in api::enums namespace
+enums_ns = api_ns.namespace("enums")
+SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_OPTIONS = {
+    "none": enums_ns.SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_NONE,
+    "optional": enums_ns.SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_OPTIONAL,
+    "only": enums_ns.SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_ONLY,
+    "status": enums_ns.SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_STATUS,
+}
+
+
+def _auto_detect_supports_response(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
+    """Auto-detect supports_response based on api.respond usage in the action's then block.
+
+    - If api.respond with data found: set to "optional" (unless user explicitly set)
+    - If api.respond without data found: set to "status" (unless user explicitly set)
+    - If no api.respond found: set to "none" (unless user explicitly set)
+    """
+
+    def scan_actions(items: ConfigFragmentType) -> tuple[bool, bool]:
+        """Recursively scan actions for api.respond.
+
+        Returns: (found, has_data) tuple - has_data is True if ANY api.respond has data
+        """
+        found_any = False
+        has_data_any = False
+
+        if isinstance(items, list):
+            for item in items:
+                found, has_data = scan_actions(item)
+                if found:
+                    found_any = True
+                    has_data_any = has_data_any or has_data
+        elif isinstance(items, dict):
+            # Check if this is an api.respond action
+            if "api.respond" in items:
+                respond_config = items["api.respond"]
+                has_data = isinstance(respond_config, dict) and "data" in respond_config
+                return True, has_data
+            # Recursively check all values
+            for value in items.values():
+                found, has_data = scan_actions(value)
+                if found:
+                    found_any = True
+                    has_data_any = has_data_any or has_data
+
+        return found_any, has_data_any
+
+    then = config.get(CONF_THEN, [])
+    action_name = config.get(CONF_ACTION)
+    found, has_data = scan_actions(then)
+
+    # If user explicitly set supports_response, validate and use that
+    if CONF_SUPPORTS_RESPONSE in config:
+        user_value = config[CONF_SUPPORTS_RESPONSE]
+        # Validate: "only" requires api.respond with data
+        if user_value == "only" and not has_data:
+            raise cv.Invalid(
+                f"Action '{action_name}' has supports_response=only but no api.respond "
+                "action with 'data:' was found. Use 'status' for responses without data, "
+                "or add 'data:' to your api.respond action."
+            )
+        return config
+
+    # Auto-detect based on api.respond usage
+    if found:
+        config[CONF_SUPPORTS_RESPONSE] = "optional" if has_data else "status"
+    else:
+        config[CONF_SUPPORTS_RESPONSE] = "none"
+
+    return config
+
+
+def _validate_supports_response(value):
+    """Validate supports_response after auto-detection has set the value."""
+    return cv.enum(SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_OPTIONS, lower=True)(value)
+
+
 ACTIONS_SCHEMA = automation.validate_automation(
     {
         cv.GenerateID(CONF_TRIGGER_ID): cv.declare_id(UserServiceTrigger),
@@ -109,10 +196,20 @@ ACTIONS_SCHEMA = automation.validate_automation(
                 cv.validate_id_name: cv.one_of(*SERVICE_ARG_NATIVE_TYPES, lower=True),
             }
         ),
+        # No default - auto-detected by _auto_detect_supports_response
+        cv.Optional(CONF_SUPPORTS_RESPONSE): cv.enum(
+            SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_OPTIONS, lower=True
+        ),
     },
     cv.All(
         cv.has_exactly_one_key(CONF_SERVICE, CONF_ACTION),
         cv.rename_key(CONF_SERVICE, CONF_ACTION),
+        _auto_detect_supports_response,
+        # Re-validate supports_response after auto-detection sets it
+        cv.Schema(
+            {cv.Required(CONF_SUPPORTS_RESPONSE): _validate_supports_response},
+            extra=cv.ALLOW_EXTRA,
+        ),
     ),
 )
 
@@ -149,7 +246,7 @@ def _validate_api_config(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
         _LOGGER.warning(
             "API 'password' authentication has been deprecated since May 2022 and will be removed in version 2026.1.0. "
             "Please migrate to the 'encryption' configuration. "
-            "See https://esphome.io/components/api.html#configuration-variables"
+            "See https://esphome.io/components/api/#configuration-variables"
         )
 
     return config
@@ -225,6 +322,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
                 esp32=8,  # More RAM, can buffer more
                 rp2040=5,  # Limited RAM
                 bk72xx=8,  # Moderate RAM
+                nrf52=8,  # Moderate RAM
                 rtl87xx=8,  # Moderate RAM
                 host=16,  # Abundant resources
                 ln882x=8,  # Moderate RAM
@@ -238,10 +336,13 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
 
 
 @coroutine_with_priority(CoroPriority.WEB)
-async def to_code(config):
+async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
     var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID])
     await cg.register_component(var, config)
 
+    # Track controller registration for StaticVector sizing
+    CORE.register_controller()
+
     cg.add(var.set_port(config[CONF_PORT]))
     if config[CONF_PASSWORD]:
         cg.add_define("USE_API_PASSWORD")
@@ -254,9 +355,13 @@ async def to_code(config):
         cg.add(var.set_max_connections(config[CONF_MAX_CONNECTIONS]))
     cg.add_define("API_MAX_SEND_QUEUE", config[CONF_MAX_SEND_QUEUE])
 
-    # Set USE_API_SERVICES if any services are enabled
+    # Set USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS if any services are enabled
     if config.get(CONF_ACTIONS) or config[CONF_CUSTOM_SERVICES]:
-        cg.add_define("USE_API_SERVICES")
+        cg.add_define("USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS")
+
+    # Set USE_API_CUSTOM_SERVICES if external components need dynamic service registration
+    if config[CONF_CUSTOM_SERVICES]:
+        cg.add_define("USE_API_CUSTOM_SERVICES")
 
     if config[CONF_HOMEASSISTANT_SERVICES]:
         cg.add_define("USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_SERVICES")
@@ -265,21 +370,66 @@ async def to_code(config):
         cg.add_define("USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_STATES")
 
     if actions := config.get(CONF_ACTIONS, []):
+        # Collect all triggers first, then register all at once with initializer_list
+        triggers: list[cg.Pvariable] = []
         for conf in actions:
-            template_args = []
-            func_args = []
-            service_arg_names = []
+            func_args: list[tuple[MockObj, str]] = []
+            service_template_args: list[MockObj] = []  # User service argument types
+
+            # Determine supports_response mode
+            # cv.enum returns the key with enum_value attribute containing the MockObj
+            supports_response_key = conf[CONF_SUPPORTS_RESPONSE]
+            supports_response = supports_response_key.enum_value
+            is_none = supports_response_key == "none"
+            is_optional = supports_response_key == "optional"
+
+            # Add call_id and return_response based on supports_response mode
+            # These must match the C++ Trigger template arguments
+            # - none: no extra args
+            # - status: call_id only (for reporting success/error without data)
+            # - only: call_id only (response always expected with data)
+            # - optional: call_id + return_response (client decides)
+            if not is_none:
+                # call_id is present for "optional", "only", and "status"
+                func_args.append((cg.uint32, "call_id"))
+                # return_response only present for "optional"
+                if is_optional:
+                    func_args.append((cg.bool_, "return_response"))
+
+            service_arg_names: list[str] = []
             for name, var_ in conf[CONF_VARIABLES].items():
                 native = SERVICE_ARG_NATIVE_TYPES[var_]
-                template_args.append(native)
+                service_template_args.append(native)
                 func_args.append((native, name))
                 service_arg_names.append(name)
-            templ = cg.TemplateArguments(*template_args)
+            # Template args: supports_response mode, then user service arg types
+            templ = cg.TemplateArguments(supports_response, *service_template_args)
             trigger = cg.new_Pvariable(
-                conf[CONF_TRIGGER_ID], templ, conf[CONF_ACTION], service_arg_names
+                conf[CONF_TRIGGER_ID],
+                templ,
+                conf[CONF_ACTION],
+                service_arg_names,
             )
-            cg.add(var.register_user_service(trigger))
-            await automation.build_automation(trigger, func_args, conf)
+            triggers.append(trigger)
+            auto = await automation.build_automation(trigger, func_args, conf)
+
+            # For non-none response modes, automatically append unregister action
+            # This ensures the call is unregistered after all actions complete (including async ones)
+            if not is_none:
+                arg_types = [arg[0] for arg in func_args]
+                action_templ = cg.TemplateArguments(*arg_types)
+                unregister_id = ID(
+                    f"{conf[CONF_TRIGGER_ID]}__unregister",
+                    is_declaration=True,
+                    type=APIUnregisterServiceCallAction.template(action_templ),
+                )
+                unregister_action = cg.new_Pvariable(
+                    unregister_id,
+                    var,
+                )
+                cg.add(auto.add_actions([unregister_action]))
+        # Register all services at once - single allocation, no reallocations
+        cg.add(var.initialize_user_services(triggers))
 
     if CONF_ON_CLIENT_CONNECTED in config:
         cg.add_define("USE_API_CLIENT_CONNECTED_TRIGGER")
@@ -523,9 +673,98 @@ async def homeassistant_tag_scanned_to_code(config, action_id, template_arg, arg
     return var
 
 
-@automation.register_condition("api.connected", APIConnectedCondition, {})
+CONF_SUCCESS = "success"
+CONF_ERROR_MESSAGE = "error_message"
+
+
+def _validate_api_respond_data(config):
+    """Set flag during validation so AUTO_LOAD can include json component."""
+    if CONF_DATA in config:
+        CORE.data.setdefault(DOMAIN, {})[CONF_CAPTURE_RESPONSE] = True
+    return config
+
+
+API_RESPOND_ACTION_SCHEMA = cv.All(
+    cv.Schema(
+        {
+            cv.GenerateID(): cv.use_id(APIServer),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_SUCCESS, default=True): cv.templatable(cv.boolean),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_ERROR_MESSAGE, default=""): cv.templatable(cv.string),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_DATA): cv.lambda_,
+        }
+    ),
+    _validate_api_respond_data,
+)
+
+
+@automation.register_action(
+    "api.respond",
+    APIRespondAction,
+    API_RESPOND_ACTION_SCHEMA,
+)
+async def api_respond_to_code(
+    config: ConfigType,
+    action_id: ID,
+    template_arg: cg.TemplateArguments,
+    args: TemplateArgsType,
+) -> MockObj:
+    # Validate that api.respond is used inside an API action context.
+    # We can't easily validate this at config time since the schema validation
+    # doesn't have access to the parent action context. Validating here in to_code
+    # is still much better than a cryptic C++ compile error.
+    has_call_id = any(name == "call_id" for _, name in args)
+    if not has_call_id:
+        raise EsphomeError(
+            "api.respond can only be used inside an API action's 'then:' block. "
+            "The 'call_id' variable is required to send a response."
+        )
+
+    cg.add_define("USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES")
+    serv = await cg.get_variable(config[CONF_ID])
+    var = cg.new_Pvariable(action_id, template_arg, serv)
+
+    # Check if we're in optional mode (has return_response arg)
+    is_optional = any(name == "return_response" for _, name in args)
+    if is_optional:
+        cg.add(var.set_is_optional_mode(True))
+
+    templ = await cg.templatable(config[CONF_SUCCESS], args, cg.bool_)
+    cg.add(var.set_success(templ))
+
+    templ = await cg.templatable(config[CONF_ERROR_MESSAGE], args, cg.std_string)
+    cg.add(var.set_error_message(templ))
+
+    if CONF_DATA in config:
+        cg.add_define("USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON")
+        # Lambda populates the JsonObject root - no return value needed
+        lambda_ = await cg.process_lambda(
+            config[CONF_DATA],
+            args + [(cg.JsonObject, "root")],
+            return_type=cg.void,
+        )
+        cg.add(var.set_data(lambda_))
+
+    return var
+
+
+API_CONNECTED_CONDITION_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
+    {
+        cv.GenerateID(): cv.use_id(APIServer),
+        cv.Optional(CONF_STATE_SUBSCRIPTION_ONLY, default=False): cv.templatable(
+            cv.boolean
+        ),
+    }
+)
+
+
+@automation.register_condition(
+    "api.connected", APIConnectedCondition, API_CONNECTED_CONDITION_SCHEMA
+)
 async def api_connected_to_code(config, condition_id, template_arg, args):
-    return cg.new_Pvariable(condition_id, template_arg)
+    var = cg.new_Pvariable(condition_id, template_arg)
+    templ = await cg.templatable(config[CONF_STATE_SUBSCRIPTION_ONLY], args, cg.bool_)
+    cg.add(var.set_state_subscription_only(templ))
+    return var
 
 
 def FILTER_SOURCE_FILES() -> list[str]:

esphome/components/api/api.proto

@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ message ListEntitiesFanResponse {
   bool disabled_by_default = 9;
   string icon = 10 [(field_ifdef) = "USE_ENTITY_ICON"];
   EntityCategory entity_category = 11;
-  repeated string supported_preset_modes = 12 [(container_pointer) = "std::set"];
+  repeated string supported_preset_modes = 12 [(container_pointer_no_template) = "std::vector<const char *>"];
   uint32 device_id = 13 [(field_ifdef) = "USE_DEVICES"];
 }
 // Deprecated in API version 1.6 - only used in deprecated fields
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ message ListEntitiesLightResponse {
   bool legacy_supports_color_temperature = 8 [deprecated=true];
   float min_mireds = 9;
   float max_mireds = 10;
-  repeated string effects = 11;
+  repeated string effects = 11 [(container_pointer_no_template) = "FixedVector<const char *>"];
   bool disabled_by_default = 13;
   string icon = 14 [(field_ifdef) = "USE_ENTITY_ICON"];
   EntityCategory entity_category = 15;
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ message LightCommandRequest {
   bool has_flash_length = 16;
   uint32 flash_length = 17;
   bool has_effect = 18;
-  string effect = 19;
+  string effect = 19 [(pointer_to_buffer) = true];
   uint32 device_id = 28 [(field_ifdef) = "USE_DEVICES"];
 }
 
@@ -589,6 +589,7 @@ enum SensorStateClass {
   STATE_CLASS_MEASUREMENT = 1;
   STATE_CLASS_TOTAL_INCREASING = 2;
   STATE_CLASS_TOTAL = 3;
+  STATE_CLASS_MEASUREMENT_ANGLE = 4;
 }
 
 // Deprecated in API version 1.5
@@ -854,22 +855,31 @@ enum ServiceArgType {
   SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_FLOAT_ARRAY = 6;
   SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_STRING_ARRAY = 7;
 }
+enum SupportsResponseType {
+  SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_NONE = 0;
+  SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_OPTIONAL = 1;
+  SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_ONLY = 2;
+  // Status-only response - reports success/error without data payload
+  // Value is higher to avoid conflicts with future Home Assistant values
+  SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_STATUS = 100;
+}
 message ListEntitiesServicesArgument {
-  option (ifdef) = "USE_API_SERVICES";
+  option (ifdef) = "USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS";
   string name = 1;
   ServiceArgType type = 2;
 }
 message ListEntitiesServicesResponse {
   option (id) = 41;
   option (source) = SOURCE_SERVER;
-  option (ifdef) = "USE_API_SERVICES";
+  option (ifdef) = "USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS";
 
   string name = 1;
   fixed32 key = 2;
   repeated ListEntitiesServicesArgument args = 3 [(fixed_vector) = true];
+  SupportsResponseType supports_response = 4;
 }
 message ExecuteServiceArgument {
-  option (ifdef) = "USE_API_SERVICES";
+  option (ifdef) = "USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS";
   bool bool_ = 1;
   int32 legacy_int = 2;
   float float_ = 3;
@@ -885,10 +895,25 @@ message ExecuteServiceRequest {
   option (id) = 42;
   option (source) = SOURCE_CLIENT;
   option (no_delay) = true;
-  option (ifdef) = "USE_API_SERVICES";
+  option (ifdef) = "USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS";
 
   fixed32 key = 1;
   repeated ExecuteServiceArgument args = 2 [(fixed_vector) = true];
+  uint32 call_id = 3 [(field_ifdef) = "USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES"];
+  bool return_response = 4 [(field_ifdef) = "USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES"];
+}
+
+// Message sent by ESPHome to Home Assistant with service execution response data
+message ExecuteServiceResponse {
+  option (id) = 131;
+  option (source) = SOURCE_SERVER;
+  option (no_delay) = true;
+  option (ifdef) = "USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES";
+
+  uint32 call_id = 1; // Matches the call_id from ExecuteServiceRequest
+  bool success = 2; // Whether the service execution succeeded
+  string error_message = 3; // Error message if success = false
+  bytes response_data = 4 [(pointer_to_buffer) = true, (field_ifdef) = "USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON"];
 }
 
 // ==================== CAMERA ====================
@@ -989,7 +1014,7 @@ message ListEntitiesClimateResponse {
 
   bool supports_current_temperature = 5; // Deprecated: use feature_flags
   bool supports_two_point_target_temperature = 6; // Deprecated: use feature_flags
-  repeated ClimateMode supported_modes = 7 [(container_pointer) = "std::set<climate::ClimateMode>"];
+  repeated ClimateMode supported_modes = 7 [(container_pointer_no_template) = "climate::ClimateModeMask"];
   float visual_min_temperature = 8;
   float visual_max_temperature = 9;
   float visual_target_temperature_step = 10;
@@ -998,11 +1023,11 @@ message ListEntitiesClimateResponse {
   // Deprecated in API version 1.5
   bool legacy_supports_away = 11 [deprecated=true];
   bool supports_action = 12; // Deprecated: use feature_flags
-  repeated ClimateFanMode supported_fan_modes = 13 [(container_pointer) = "std::set<climate::ClimateFanMode>"];
-  repeated ClimateSwingMode supported_swing_modes = 14 [(container_pointer) = "std::set<climate::ClimateSwingMode>"];
-  repeated string supported_custom_fan_modes = 15 [(container_pointer) = "std::set"];
-  repeated ClimatePreset supported_presets = 16 [(container_pointer) = "std::set<climate::ClimatePreset>"];
-  repeated string supported_custom_presets = 17 [(container_pointer) = "std::set"];
+  repeated ClimateFanMode supported_fan_modes = 13 [(container_pointer_no_template) = "climate::ClimateFanModeMask"];
+  repeated ClimateSwingMode supported_swing_modes = 14 [(container_pointer_no_template) = "climate::ClimateSwingModeMask"];
+  repeated string supported_custom_fan_modes = 15 [(container_pointer_no_template) = "std::vector<const char *>"];
+  repeated ClimatePreset supported_presets = 16 [(container_pointer_no_template) = "climate::ClimatePresetMask"];
+  repeated string supported_custom_presets = 17 [(container_pointer_no_template) = "std::vector<const char *>"];
   bool disabled_by_default = 18;
   string icon = 19 [(field_ifdef) = "USE_ENTITY_ICON"];
   EntityCategory entity_category = 20;
@@ -1143,7 +1168,7 @@ message ListEntitiesSelectResponse {
   reserved 4; // Deprecated: was string unique_id
 
   string icon = 5 [(field_ifdef) = "USE_ENTITY_ICON"];
-  repeated string options = 6 [(container_pointer) = "std::vector"];
+  repeated string options = 6 [(container_pointer_no_template) = "FixedVector<const char *>"];
   bool disabled_by_default = 7;
   EntityCategory entity_category = 8;
   uint32 device_id = 9 [(field_ifdef) = "USE_DEVICES"];
@@ -1170,7 +1195,7 @@ message SelectCommandRequest {
   option (base_class) = "CommandProtoMessage";
 
   fixed32 key = 1;
-  string state = 2;
+  string state = 2 [(pointer_to_buffer) = true];
   uint32 device_id = 3 [(field_ifdef) = "USE_DEVICES"];
 }
 
@@ -2147,7 +2172,7 @@ message ListEntitiesEventResponse {
   EntityCategory entity_category = 7;
   string device_class = 8;
 
-  repeated string event_types = 9;
+  repeated string event_types = 9 [(container_pointer_no_template) = "FixedVector<const char *>"];
   uint32 device_id = 10 [(field_ifdef) = "USE_DEVICES"];
 }
 message EventResponse {

esphome/components/api/api_connection.cpp

@@ -6,11 +6,17 @@
 #ifdef USE_API_PLAINTEXT
 #include "api_frame_helper_plaintext.h"
 #endif
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
+#include "user_services.h"
+#endif
 #include <cerrno>
 #include <cinttypes>
 #include <functional>
 #include <limits>
 #include <utility>
+#ifdef USE_ESP8266
+#include <pgmspace.h>
+#endif
 #include "esphome/components/network/util.h"
 #include "esphome/core/application.h"
 #include "esphome/core/entity_base.h"
@@ -90,8 +96,8 @@ static const int CAMERA_STOP_STREAM = 5000;
 APIConnection::APIConnection(std::unique_ptr<socket::Socket> sock, APIServer *parent)
     : parent_(parent), initial_state_iterator_(this), list_entities_iterator_(this) {
 #if defined(USE_API_PLAINTEXT) && defined(USE_API_NOISE)
-  auto noise_ctx = parent->get_noise_ctx();
-  if (noise_ctx->has_psk()) {
+  auto &noise_ctx = parent->get_noise_ctx();
+  if (noise_ctx.has_psk()) {
     this->helper_ =
         std::unique_ptr<APIFrameHelper>{new APINoiseFrameHelper(std::move(sock), noise_ctx, &this->client_info_)};
   } else {
@@ -169,8 +175,7 @@ void APIConnection::loop() {
       } else {
         this->last_traffic_ = now;
         // read a packet
-        this->read_message(buffer.data_len, buffer.type,
-                           buffer.data_len > 0 ? &buffer.container[buffer.data_offset] : nullptr);
+        this->read_message(buffer.data_len, buffer.type, buffer.data);
         if (this->flags_.remove)
           return;
       }
@@ -195,6 +200,9 @@ void APIConnection::loop() {
       }
       // Now that everything is sent, enable immediate sending for future state changes
       this->flags_.should_try_send_immediately = true;
+      // Release excess memory from buffers that grew during initial sync
+      this->deferred_batch_.release_buffer();
+      this->helper_->release_buffers();
     }
   }
 
@@ -410,8 +418,8 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_fan_state(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *co
   }
   if (traits.supports_direction())
     msg.direction = static_cast<enums::FanDirection>(fan->direction);
-  if (traits.supports_preset_modes())
-    msg.set_preset_mode(StringRef(fan->preset_mode));
+  if (traits.supports_preset_modes() && fan->has_preset_mode())
+    msg.set_preset_mode(StringRef(fan->get_preset_mode()));
   return fill_and_encode_entity_state(fan, msg, FanStateResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
 }
 uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_fan_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *conn, uint32_t remaining_size,
@@ -423,7 +431,7 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_fan_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *con
   msg.supports_speed = traits.supports_speed();
   msg.supports_direction = traits.supports_direction();
   msg.supported_speed_count = traits.supported_speed_count();
-  msg.supported_preset_modes = &traits.supported_preset_modes_for_api_();
+  msg.supported_preset_modes = &traits.supported_preset_modes();
   return fill_and_encode_entity_info(fan, msg, ListEntitiesFanResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
 }
 void APIConnection::fan_command(const FanCommandRequest &msg) {
@@ -476,19 +484,24 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_light_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *c
   auto *light = static_cast<light::LightState *>(entity);
   ListEntitiesLightResponse msg;
   auto traits = light->get_traits();
+  auto supported_modes = traits.get_supported_color_modes();
   // Pass pointer to ColorModeMask so the iterator can encode actual ColorMode enum values
-  msg.supported_color_modes = &traits.get_supported_color_modes();
+  msg.supported_color_modes = &supported_modes;
   if (traits.supports_color_capability(light::ColorCapability::COLOR_TEMPERATURE) ||
       traits.supports_color_capability(light::ColorCapability::COLD_WARM_WHITE)) {
     msg.min_mireds = traits.get_min_mireds();
     msg.max_mireds = traits.get_max_mireds();
   }
+  FixedVector<const char *> effects_list;
   if (light->supports_effects()) {
-    msg.effects.emplace_back("None");
-    for (auto *effect : light->get_effects()) {
-      msg.effects.push_back(effect->get_name());
+    auto &light_effects = light->get_effects();
+    effects_list.init(light_effects.size() + 1);
+    effects_list.push_back("None");
+    for (auto *effect : light_effects) {
+      effects_list.push_back(effect->get_name());
     }
   }
+  msg.effects = &effects_list;
   return fill_and_encode_entity_info(light, msg, ListEntitiesLightResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size,
                                      is_single);
 }
@@ -520,7 +533,7 @@ void APIConnection::light_command(const LightCommandRequest &msg) {
   if (msg.has_flash_length)
     call.set_flash_length(msg.flash_length);
   if (msg.has_effect)
-    call.set_effect(msg.effect);
+    call.set_effect(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(msg.effect), msg.effect_len);
   call.perform();
 }
 #endif
@@ -637,14 +650,14 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_climate_state(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection
   }
   if (traits.get_supports_fan_modes() && climate->fan_mode.has_value())
     resp.fan_mode = static_cast<enums::ClimateFanMode>(climate->fan_mode.value());
-  if (!traits.get_supported_custom_fan_modes().empty() && climate->custom_fan_mode.has_value()) {
-    resp.set_custom_fan_mode(StringRef(climate->custom_fan_mode.value()));
+  if (!traits.get_supported_custom_fan_modes().empty() && climate->has_custom_fan_mode()) {
+    resp.set_custom_fan_mode(StringRef(climate->get_custom_fan_mode()));
   }
   if (traits.get_supports_presets() && climate->preset.has_value()) {
     resp.preset = static_cast<enums::ClimatePreset>(climate->preset.value());
   }
-  if (!traits.get_supported_custom_presets().empty() && climate->custom_preset.has_value()) {
-    resp.set_custom_preset(StringRef(climate->custom_preset.value()));
+  if (!traits.get_supported_custom_presets().empty() && climate->has_custom_preset()) {
+    resp.set_custom_preset(StringRef(climate->get_custom_preset()));
   }
   if (traits.get_supports_swing_modes())
     resp.swing_mode = static_cast<enums::ClimateSwingMode>(climate->swing_mode);
@@ -669,18 +682,18 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_climate_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection
   msg.supports_action = traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_ACTION);
   // Current feature flags and other supported parameters
   msg.feature_flags = traits.get_feature_flags();
-  msg.supported_modes = &traits.get_supported_modes_for_api_();
+  msg.supported_modes = &traits.get_supported_modes();
   msg.visual_min_temperature = traits.get_visual_min_temperature();
   msg.visual_max_temperature = traits.get_visual_max_temperature();
   msg.visual_target_temperature_step = traits.get_visual_target_temperature_step();
   msg.visual_current_temperature_step = traits.get_visual_current_temperature_step();
   msg.visual_min_humidity = traits.get_visual_min_humidity();
   msg.visual_max_humidity = traits.get_visual_max_humidity();
-  msg.supported_fan_modes = &traits.get_supported_fan_modes_for_api_();
-  msg.supported_custom_fan_modes = &traits.get_supported_custom_fan_modes_for_api_();
-  msg.supported_presets = &traits.get_supported_presets_for_api_();
-  msg.supported_custom_presets = &traits.get_supported_custom_presets_for_api_();
-  msg.supported_swing_modes = &traits.get_supported_swing_modes_for_api_();
+  msg.supported_fan_modes = &traits.get_supported_fan_modes();
+  msg.supported_custom_fan_modes = &traits.get_supported_custom_fan_modes();
+  msg.supported_presets = &traits.get_supported_presets();
+  msg.supported_custom_presets = &traits.get_supported_custom_presets();
+  msg.supported_swing_modes = &traits.get_supported_swing_modes();
   return fill_and_encode_entity_info(climate, msg, ListEntitiesClimateResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size,
                                      is_single);
 }
@@ -877,7 +890,7 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_select_state(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection
                                               bool is_single) {
   auto *select = static_cast<select::Select *>(entity);
   SelectStateResponse resp;
-  resp.set_state(StringRef(select->state));
+  resp.set_state(StringRef(select->current_option()));
   resp.missing_state = !select->has_state();
   return fill_and_encode_entity_state(select, resp, SelectStateResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
 }
@@ -892,7 +905,7 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_select_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *
 }
 void APIConnection::select_command(const SelectCommandRequest &msg) {
   ENTITY_COMMAND_MAKE_CALL(select::Select, select, select)
-  call.set_option(msg.state);
+  call.set_option(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(msg.state), msg.state_len);
   call.perform();
 }
 #endif
@@ -1294,11 +1307,11 @@ void APIConnection::alarm_control_panel_command(const AlarmControlPanelCommandRe
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_EVENT
-void APIConnection::send_event(event::Event *event, const std::string &event_type) {
-  this->schedule_message_(event, MessageCreator(event_type), EventResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE,
-                          EventResponse::ESTIMATED_SIZE);
+void APIConnection::send_event(event::Event *event, const char *event_type) {
+  this->send_message_smart_(event, MessageCreator(event_type), EventResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE,
+                            EventResponse::ESTIMATED_SIZE);
 }
-uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_event_response(event::Event *event, const std::string &event_type, APIConnection *conn,
+uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_event_response(event::Event *event, const char *event_type, APIConnection *conn,
                                                 uint32_t remaining_size, bool is_single) {
   EventResponse resp;
   resp.set_event_type(StringRef(event_type));
@@ -1310,8 +1323,7 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_event_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *c
   auto *event = static_cast<event::Event *>(entity);
   ListEntitiesEventResponse msg;
   msg.set_device_class(event->get_device_class_ref());
-  for (const auto &event_type : event->get_event_types())
-    msg.event_types.push_back(event_type);
+  msg.event_types = &event->get_event_types();
   return fill_and_encode_entity_info(event, msg, ListEntitiesEventResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size,
                                      is_single);
 }
@@ -1451,48 +1463,83 @@ bool APIConnection::send_device_info_response(const DeviceInfoRequest &msg) {
 #ifdef USE_AREAS
   resp.set_suggested_area(StringRef(App.get_area()));
 #endif
-  // mac_address must store temporary string - will be valid during send_message call
-  std::string mac_address = get_mac_address_pretty();
+  // Stack buffer for MAC address (XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX\0 = 18 bytes)
+  char mac_address[18];
+  uint8_t mac[6];
+  get_mac_address_raw(mac);
+  format_mac_addr_upper(mac, mac_address);
   resp.set_mac_address(StringRef(mac_address));
 
   resp.set_esphome_version(ESPHOME_VERSION_REF);
 
   resp.set_compilation_time(App.get_compilation_time_ref());
 
-  // Compile-time StringRef constants for manufacturers
+  // Manufacturer string - define once, handle ESP8266 PROGMEM separately
 #if defined(USE_ESP8266) || defined(USE_ESP32)
-  static constexpr auto MANUFACTURER = StringRef::from_lit("Espressif");
+#define ESPHOME_MANUFACTURER "Espressif"
 #elif defined(USE_RP2040)
-  static constexpr auto MANUFACTURER = StringRef::from_lit("Raspberry Pi");
+#define ESPHOME_MANUFACTURER "Raspberry Pi"
 #elif defined(USE_BK72XX)
-  static constexpr auto MANUFACTURER = StringRef::from_lit("Beken");
+#define ESPHOME_MANUFACTURER "Beken"
 #elif defined(USE_LN882X)
-  static constexpr auto MANUFACTURER = StringRef::from_lit("Lightning");
+#define ESPHOME_MANUFACTURER "Lightning"
+#elif defined(USE_NRF52)
+#define ESPHOME_MANUFACTURER "Nordic Semiconductor"
 #elif defined(USE_RTL87XX)
-  static constexpr auto MANUFACTURER = StringRef::from_lit("Realtek");
+#define ESPHOME_MANUFACTURER "Realtek"
 #elif defined(USE_HOST)
-  static constexpr auto MANUFACTURER = StringRef::from_lit("Host");
+#define ESPHOME_MANUFACTURER "Host"
 #endif
-  resp.set_manufacturer(MANUFACTURER);
 
+#ifdef USE_ESP8266
+  // ESP8266 requires PROGMEM for flash storage, copy to stack for memcpy compatibility
+  static const char MANUFACTURER_PROGMEM[] PROGMEM = ESPHOME_MANUFACTURER;
+  char manufacturer_buf[sizeof(MANUFACTURER_PROGMEM)];
+  memcpy_P(manufacturer_buf, MANUFACTURER_PROGMEM, sizeof(MANUFACTURER_PROGMEM));
+  resp.set_manufacturer(StringRef(manufacturer_buf, sizeof(MANUFACTURER_PROGMEM) - 1));
+#else
+  static constexpr auto MANUFACTURER = StringRef::from_lit(ESPHOME_MANUFACTURER);
+  resp.set_manufacturer(MANUFACTURER);
+#endif
+#undef ESPHOME_MANUFACTURER
+
+#ifdef USE_ESP8266
+  static const char MODEL_PROGMEM[] PROGMEM = ESPHOME_BOARD;
+  char model_buf[sizeof(MODEL_PROGMEM)];
+  memcpy_P(model_buf, MODEL_PROGMEM, sizeof(MODEL_PROGMEM));
+  resp.set_model(StringRef(model_buf, sizeof(MODEL_PROGMEM) - 1));
+#else
   static constexpr auto MODEL = StringRef::from_lit(ESPHOME_BOARD);
   resp.set_model(MODEL);
+#endif
 #ifdef USE_DEEP_SLEEP
   resp.has_deep_sleep = deep_sleep::global_has_deep_sleep;
 #endif
 #ifdef ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME
+#ifdef USE_ESP8266
+  static const char PROJECT_NAME_PROGMEM[] PROGMEM = ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME;
+  static const char PROJECT_VERSION_PROGMEM[] PROGMEM = ESPHOME_PROJECT_VERSION;
+  char project_name_buf[sizeof(PROJECT_NAME_PROGMEM)];
+  char project_version_buf[sizeof(PROJECT_VERSION_PROGMEM)];
+  memcpy_P(project_name_buf, PROJECT_NAME_PROGMEM, sizeof(PROJECT_NAME_PROGMEM));
+  memcpy_P(project_version_buf, PROJECT_VERSION_PROGMEM, sizeof(PROJECT_VERSION_PROGMEM));
+  resp.set_project_name(StringRef(project_name_buf, sizeof(PROJECT_NAME_PROGMEM) - 1));
+  resp.set_project_version(StringRef(project_version_buf, sizeof(PROJECT_VERSION_PROGMEM) - 1));
+#else
   static constexpr auto PROJECT_NAME = StringRef::from_lit(ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME);
   static constexpr auto PROJECT_VERSION = StringRef::from_lit(ESPHOME_PROJECT_VERSION);
   resp.set_project_name(PROJECT_NAME);
   resp.set_project_version(PROJECT_VERSION);
 #endif
+#endif
 #ifdef USE_WEBSERVER
   resp.webserver_port = USE_WEBSERVER_PORT;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_BLUETOOTH_PROXY
   resp.bluetooth_proxy_feature_flags = bluetooth_proxy::global_bluetooth_proxy->get_feature_flags();
-  // bt_mac must store temporary string - will be valid during send_message call
-  std::string bluetooth_mac = bluetooth_proxy::global_bluetooth_proxy->get_bluetooth_mac_address_pretty();
+  // Stack buffer for Bluetooth MAC address (XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX\0 = 18 bytes)
+  char bluetooth_mac[18];
+  bluetooth_proxy::global_bluetooth_proxy->get_bluetooth_mac_address_pretty(bluetooth_mac);
   resp.set_bluetooth_mac_address(StringRef(bluetooth_mac));
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_VOICE_ASSISTANT
@@ -1533,24 +1580,68 @@ bool APIConnection::send_device_info_response(const DeviceInfoRequest &msg) {
 #ifdef USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_STATES
 void APIConnection::on_home_assistant_state_response(const HomeAssistantStateResponse &msg) {
   for (auto &it : this->parent_->get_state_subs()) {
-    if (it.entity_id == msg.entity_id && it.attribute.value() == msg.attribute) {
+    // Compare entity_id and attribute with message fields
+    bool entity_match = (strcmp(it.entity_id, msg.entity_id.c_str()) == 0);
+    bool attribute_match = (it.attribute != nullptr && strcmp(it.attribute, msg.attribute.c_str()) == 0) ||
+                           (it.attribute == nullptr && msg.attribute.empty());
+
+    if (entity_match && attribute_match) {
       it.callback(msg.state);
     }
   }
 }
 #endif
-#ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
 void APIConnection::execute_service(const ExecuteServiceRequest &msg) {
   bool found = false;
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
+  // Register the call and get a unique server-generated action_call_id
+  // This avoids collisions when multiple clients use the same call_id
+  uint32_t action_call_id = 0;
+  if (msg.call_id != 0) {
+    action_call_id = this->parent_->register_active_action_call(msg.call_id, this);
+  }
+  // Use the overload that passes action_call_id separately (avoids copying msg)
+  for (auto *service : this->parent_->get_user_services()) {
+    if (service->execute_service(msg, action_call_id)) {
+      found = true;
+    }
+  }
+#else
   for (auto *service : this->parent_->get_user_services()) {
     if (service->execute_service(msg)) {
       found = true;
     }
   }
+#endif
   if (!found) {
     ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Could not find service");
   }
+  // Note: For services with supports_response != none, the call is unregistered
+  // by an automatically appended APIUnregisterServiceCallAction at the end of
+  // the action list. This ensures async actions (delays, waits) complete first.
 }
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
+void APIConnection::send_execute_service_response(uint32_t call_id, bool success, const std::string &error_message) {
+  ExecuteServiceResponse resp;
+  resp.call_id = call_id;
+  resp.success = success;
+  resp.set_error_message(StringRef(error_message));
+  this->send_message(resp, ExecuteServiceResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE);
+}
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
+void APIConnection::send_execute_service_response(uint32_t call_id, bool success, const std::string &error_message,
+                                                  const uint8_t *response_data, size_t response_data_len) {
+  ExecuteServiceResponse resp;
+  resp.call_id = call_id;
+  resp.success = success;
+  resp.set_error_message(StringRef(error_message));
+  resp.response_data = response_data;
+  resp.response_data_len = response_data_len;
+  this->send_message(resp, ExecuteServiceResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE);
+}
+#endif  // USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
+#endif  // USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_ACTION_RESPONSES
@@ -1572,7 +1663,13 @@ bool APIConnection::send_noise_encryption_set_key_response(const NoiseEncryption
   resp.success = false;
 
   psk_t psk{};
-  if (base64_decode(msg.key, psk.data(), msg.key.size()) != psk.size()) {
+  if (msg.key.empty()) {
+    if (this->parent_->clear_noise_psk(true)) {
+      resp.success = true;
+    } else {
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Failed to clear encryption key");
+    }
+  } else if (base64_decode(msg.key, psk.data(), psk.size()) != psk.size()) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Invalid encryption key length");
   } else if (!this->parent_->save_noise_psk(psk, true)) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Failed to save encryption key");
@@ -1643,16 +1740,14 @@ void APIConnection::DeferredBatch::add_item(EntityBase *entity, MessageCreator c
   // O(n) but optimized for RAM and not performance.
   for (auto &item : items) {
     if (item.entity == entity && item.message_type == message_type) {
-      // Clean up old creator before replacing
-      item.creator.cleanup(message_type);
-      // Move assign the new creator
-      item.creator = std::move(creator);
+      // Replace with new creator
+      item.creator = creator;
       return;
     }
   }
 
   // No existing item found, add new one
-  items.emplace_back(entity, std::move(creator), message_type, estimated_size);
+  items.emplace_back(entity, creator, message_type, estimated_size);
 }
 
 void APIConnection::DeferredBatch::add_item_front(EntityBase *entity, MessageCreator creator, uint8_t message_type,
@@ -1661,7 +1756,7 @@ void APIConnection::DeferredBatch::add_item_front(EntityBase *entity, MessageCre
   // This avoids expensive vector::insert which shifts all elements
   // Note: We only ever have one high-priority message at a time (ping OR disconnect)
   // If we're disconnecting, pings are blocked, so this simple swap is sufficient
-  items.emplace_back(entity, std::move(creator), message_type, estimated_size);
+  items.emplace_back(entity, creator, message_type, estimated_size);
   if (items.size() > 1) {
     // Swap the new high-priority item to the front
     std::swap(items.front(), items.back());
@@ -1815,7 +1910,7 @@ void APIConnection::process_batch_() {
 
   // Handle remaining items more efficiently
   if (items_processed < this->deferred_batch_.size()) {
-    // Remove processed items from the beginning with proper cleanup
+    // Remove processed items from the beginning
     this->deferred_batch_.remove_front(items_processed);
     // Reschedule for remaining items
     this->schedule_batch_();
@@ -1828,10 +1923,10 @@ void APIConnection::process_batch_() {
 uint16_t APIConnection::MessageCreator::operator()(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *conn, uint32_t remaining_size,
                                                    bool is_single, uint8_t message_type) const {
 #ifdef USE_EVENT
-  // Special case: EventResponse uses string pointer
+  // Special case: EventResponse uses const char * pointer
   if (message_type == EventResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE) {
     auto *e = static_cast<event::Event *>(entity);
-    return APIConnection::try_send_event_response(e, *data_.string_ptr, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
+    return APIConnection::try_send_event_response(e, data_.const_char_ptr, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
   }
 #endif
 
@@ -1869,8 +1964,8 @@ void APIConnection::process_state_subscriptions_() {
   SubscribeHomeAssistantStateResponse resp;
   resp.set_entity_id(StringRef(it.entity_id));
 
-  // Avoid string copy by directly using the optional's value if it exists
-  resp.set_attribute(it.attribute.has_value() ? StringRef(it.attribute.value()) : StringRef(""));
+  // Avoid string copy by using the const char* pointer if it exists
+  resp.set_attribute(it.attribute != nullptr ? StringRef(it.attribute) : StringRef(""));
 
   resp.once = it.once;
   if (this->send_message(resp, SubscribeHomeAssistantStateResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE)) {

esphome/components/api/api_connection.h

@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ class APIConnection final : public APIServerConnection {
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_EVENT
-  void send_event(event::Event *event, const std::string &event_type);
+  void send_event(event::Event *event, const char *event_type);
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_UPDATE
@@ -221,8 +221,15 @@ class APIConnection final : public APIServerConnection {
 #ifdef USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_STATES
   void subscribe_home_assistant_states(const SubscribeHomeAssistantStatesRequest &msg) override;
 #endif
-#ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
   void execute_service(const ExecuteServiceRequest &msg) override;
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
+  void send_execute_service_response(uint32_t call_id, bool success, const std::string &error_message);
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
+  void send_execute_service_response(uint32_t call_id, bool success, const std::string &error_message,
+                                     const uint8_t *response_data, size_t response_data_len);
+#endif  // USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
+#endif  // USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_API_NOISE
   bool send_noise_encryption_set_key_response(const NoiseEncryptionSetKeyRequest &msg) override;
@@ -450,7 +457,7 @@ class APIConnection final : public APIServerConnection {
                                                     bool is_single);
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_EVENT
-  static uint16_t try_send_event_response(event::Event *event, const std::string &event_type, APIConnection *conn,
+  static uint16_t try_send_event_response(event::Event *event, const char *event_type, APIConnection *conn,
                                           uint32_t remaining_size, bool is_single);
   static uint16_t try_send_event_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *conn, uint32_t remaining_size, bool is_single);
 #endif
@@ -505,51 +512,18 @@ class APIConnection final : public APIServerConnection {
 
   class MessageCreator {
    public:
-    // Constructor for function pointer
     MessageCreator(MessageCreatorPtr ptr) { data_.function_ptr = ptr; }
-
-    // Constructor for string state capture
-    explicit MessageCreator(const std::string &str_value) { data_.string_ptr = new std::string(str_value); }
-
-    // No destructor - cleanup must be called explicitly with message_type
-
-    // Delete copy operations - MessageCreator should only be moved
-    MessageCreator(const MessageCreator &other) = delete;
-    MessageCreator &operator=(const MessageCreator &other) = delete;
-
-    // Move constructor
-    MessageCreator(MessageCreator &&other) noexcept : data_(other.data_) { other.data_.function_ptr = nullptr; }
-
-    // Move assignment
-    MessageCreator &operator=(MessageCreator &&other) noexcept {
-      if (this != &other) {
-        // IMPORTANT: Caller must ensure cleanup() was called if this contains a string!
-        // In our usage, this happens in add_item() deduplication and vector::erase()
-        data_ = other.data_;
-        other.data_.function_ptr = nullptr;
-      }
-      return *this;
-    }
+    explicit MessageCreator(const char *str_value) { data_.const_char_ptr = str_value; }
 
     // Call operator - uses message_type to determine union type
     uint16_t operator()(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *conn, uint32_t remaining_size, bool is_single,
                         uint8_t message_type) const;
 
-    // Manual cleanup method - must be called before destruction for string types
-    void cleanup(uint8_t message_type) {
-#ifdef USE_EVENT
-      if (message_type == EventResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE && data_.string_ptr != nullptr) {
-        delete data_.string_ptr;
-        data_.string_ptr = nullptr;
-      }
-#endif
-    }
-
    private:
     union Data {
       MessageCreatorPtr function_ptr;
-      std::string *string_ptr;
-    } data_;  // 4 bytes on 32-bit, 8 bytes on 64-bit - same as before
+      const char *const_char_ptr;
+    } data_;  // 4 bytes on 32-bit, 8 bytes on 64-bit
   };
 
   // Generic batching mechanism for both state updates and entity info
@@ -562,52 +536,41 @@ class APIConnection final : public APIServerConnection {
 
       // Constructor for creating BatchItem
       BatchItem(EntityBase *entity, MessageCreator creator, uint8_t message_type, uint8_t estimated_size)
-          : entity(entity), creator(std::move(creator)), message_type(message_type), estimated_size(estimated_size) {}
+          : entity(entity), creator(creator), message_type(message_type), estimated_size(estimated_size) {}
     };
 
     std::vector<BatchItem> items;
     uint32_t batch_start_time{0};
 
-   private:
-    // Helper to cleanup items from the beginning
-    void cleanup_items_(size_t count) {
-      for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-        items[i].creator.cleanup(items[i].message_type);
-      }
-    }
-
-   public:
-    DeferredBatch() {
-      // Pre-allocate capacity for typical batch sizes to avoid reallocation
-      items.reserve(8);
-    }
-
-    ~DeferredBatch() {
-      // Ensure cleanup of any remaining items
-      clear();
-    }
+    // No pre-allocation - log connections never use batching, and for
+    // connections that do, buffers are released after initial sync anyway
 
     // Add item to the batch
     void add_item(EntityBase *entity, MessageCreator creator, uint8_t message_type, uint8_t estimated_size);
     // Add item to the front of the batch (for high priority messages like ping)
     void add_item_front(EntityBase *entity, MessageCreator creator, uint8_t message_type, uint8_t estimated_size);
 
-    // Clear all items with proper cleanup
+    // Clear all items
     void clear() {
-      cleanup_items_(items.size());
       items.clear();
       batch_start_time = 0;
     }
 
-    // Remove processed items from the front with proper cleanup
-    void remove_front(size_t count) {
-      cleanup_items_(count);
-      items.erase(items.begin(), items.begin() + count);
-    }
+    // Remove processed items from the front
+    void remove_front(size_t count) { items.erase(items.begin(), items.begin() + count); }
 
     bool empty() const { return items.empty(); }
     size_t size() const { return items.size(); }
     const BatchItem &operator[](size_t index) const { return items[index]; }
+    // Release excess capacity - only releases if items already empty
+    void release_buffer() {
+      // Safe to call: batch is processed before release_buffer is called,
+      // and if any items remain (partial processing), we must not clear them.
+      // Use swap trick since shrink_to_fit() is non-binding and may be ignored.
+      if (items.empty()) {
+        std::vector<BatchItem>().swap(items);
+      }
+    }
   };
 
   // DeferredBatch here (16 bytes, 4-byte aligned)
@@ -682,21 +645,30 @@ class APIConnection final : public APIServerConnection {
   }
 #endif
 
+  // Helper to check if a message type should bypass batching
+  // Returns true if:
+  // 1. It's an UpdateStateResponse (always send immediately to handle cases where
+  //    the main loop is blocked, e.g., during OTA updates)
+  // 2. It's an EventResponse (events are edge-triggered - every occurrence matters)
+  // 3. OR: User has opted into immediate sending (should_try_send_immediately = true
+  //    AND batch_delay = 0)
+  inline bool should_send_immediately_(uint8_t message_type) const {
+    return (
+#ifdef USE_UPDATE
+        message_type == UpdateStateResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE ||
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_EVENT
+        message_type == EventResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE ||
+#endif
+        (this->flags_.should_try_send_immediately && this->get_batch_delay_ms_() == 0));
+  }
+
   // Helper method to send a message either immediately or via batching
+  // Tries immediate send if should_send_immediately_() returns true and buffer has space
+  // Falls back to batching if immediate send fails or isn't applicable
   bool send_message_smart_(EntityBase *entity, MessageCreatorPtr creator, uint8_t message_type,
                            uint8_t estimated_size) {
-    // Try to send immediately if:
-    // 1. It's an UpdateStateResponse (always send immediately to handle cases where
-    //    the main loop is blocked, e.g., during OTA updates)
-    // 2. OR: We should try to send immediately (should_try_send_immediately = true)
-    //        AND Batch delay is 0 (user has opted in to immediate sending)
-    // 3. AND: Buffer has space available
-    if ((
-#ifdef USE_UPDATE
-            message_type == UpdateStateResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE ||
-#endif
-            (this->flags_.should_try_send_immediately && this->get_batch_delay_ms_() == 0)) &&
-        this->helper_->can_write_without_blocking()) {
+    if (this->should_send_immediately_(message_type) && this->helper_->can_write_without_blocking()) {
       // Now actually encode and send
       if (creator(entity, this, MAX_BATCH_PACKET_SIZE, true) &&
           this->send_buffer(ProtoWriteBuffer{&this->parent_->get_shared_buffer_ref()}, message_type)) {
@@ -714,9 +686,30 @@ class APIConnection final : public APIServerConnection {
     return this->schedule_message_(entity, creator, message_type, estimated_size);
   }
 
+  // Overload for MessageCreator (used by events which need to capture event_type)
+  bool send_message_smart_(EntityBase *entity, MessageCreator creator, uint8_t message_type, uint8_t estimated_size) {
+    // Try to send immediately if message type should bypass batching and buffer has space
+    if (this->should_send_immediately_(message_type) && this->helper_->can_write_without_blocking()) {
+      // Now actually encode and send
+      if (creator(entity, this, MAX_BATCH_PACKET_SIZE, true, message_type) &&
+          this->send_buffer(ProtoWriteBuffer{&this->parent_->get_shared_buffer_ref()}, message_type)) {
+#ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
+        // Log the message in verbose mode
+        this->log_proto_message_(entity, creator, message_type);
+#endif
+        return true;
+      }
+
+      // If immediate send failed, fall through to batching
+    }
+
+    // Fall back to scheduled batching
+    return this->schedule_message_(entity, creator, message_type, estimated_size);
+  }
+
   // Helper function to schedule a deferred message with known message type
   bool schedule_message_(EntityBase *entity, MessageCreator creator, uint8_t message_type, uint8_t estimated_size) {
-    this->deferred_batch_.add_item(entity, std::move(creator), message_type, estimated_size);
+    this->deferred_batch_.add_item(entity, creator, message_type, estimated_size);
     return this->schedule_batch_();
   }
 

esphome/components/api/api_frame_helper.h

@@ -35,10 +35,9 @@ struct ClientInfo;
 class ProtoWriteBuffer;
 
 struct ReadPacketBuffer {
-  std::vector<uint8_t> container;
-  uint16_t type;
-  uint16_t data_offset;
+  const uint8_t *data;  // Points directly into frame helper's rx_buf_ (valid until next read_packet call)
   uint16_t data_len;
+  uint16_t type;
 };
 
 // Packed packet info structure to minimize memory usage
@@ -84,9 +83,7 @@ class APIFrameHelper {
  public:
   APIFrameHelper() = default;
   explicit APIFrameHelper(std::unique_ptr<socket::Socket> socket, const ClientInfo *client_info)
-      : socket_owned_(std::move(socket)), client_info_(client_info) {
-    socket_ = socket_owned_.get();
-  }
+      : socket_(std::move(socket)), client_info_(client_info) {}
   virtual ~APIFrameHelper() = default;
   virtual APIError init() = 0;
   virtual APIError loop();
@@ -121,6 +118,22 @@ class APIFrameHelper {
   uint8_t frame_footer_size() const { return frame_footer_size_; }
   // Check if socket has data ready to read
   bool is_socket_ready() const { return socket_ != nullptr && socket_->ready(); }
+  // Release excess memory from internal buffers after initial sync
+  void release_buffers() {
+    // rx_buf_: Safe to clear only if no partial read in progress.
+    // rx_buf_len_ tracks bytes read so far; if non-zero, we're mid-frame
+    // and clearing would lose partially received data.
+    if (this->rx_buf_len_ == 0) {
+      // Use swap trick since shrink_to_fit() is non-binding and may be ignored
+      std::vector<uint8_t>().swap(this->rx_buf_);
+    }
+    // reusable_iovs_: Safe to release unconditionally.
+    // Only used within write_protobuf_packets() calls - cleared at start,
+    // populated with pointers, used for writev(), then function returns.
+    // The iovecs contain stale pointers after the call (data was either sent
+    // or copied to tx_buf_), and are cleared on next write_protobuf_packets().
+    std::vector<struct iovec>().swap(this->reusable_iovs_);
+  }
 
  protected:
   // Buffer containing data to be sent
@@ -149,9 +162,8 @@ class APIFrameHelper {
   APIError write_raw_(const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt, socket::Socket *socket, std::vector<uint8_t> &tx_buf,
                       const std::string &info, StateEnum &state, StateEnum failed_state);
 
-  // Pointers first (4 bytes each)
-  socket::Socket *socket_{nullptr};
-  std::unique_ptr<socket::Socket> socket_owned_;
+  // Socket ownership (4 bytes on 32-bit, 8 bytes on 64-bit)
+  std::unique_ptr<socket::Socket> socket_;
 
   // Common state enum for all frame helpers
   // Note: Not all states are used by all implementations

esphome/components/api/api_frame_helper_noise.cpp

@@ -142,11 +142,6 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::loop() {
  * errno API_ERROR_HANDSHAKE_PACKET_LEN: Packet too big for this phase.
  */
 APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::try_read_frame_() {
-  // Clear buffer when starting a new frame (rx_buf_len_ == 0 means not resuming after WOULD_BLOCK)
-  if (this->rx_buf_len_ == 0) {
-    this->rx_buf_.clear();
-  }
-
   // read header
   if (rx_header_buf_len_ < 3) {
     // no header information yet
@@ -244,12 +239,13 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::state_action_() {
   }
   if (state_ == State::SERVER_HELLO) {
     // send server hello
+    constexpr size_t mac_len = 13;  // 12 hex chars + null terminator
     const std::string &name = App.get_name();
-    const std::string &mac = get_mac_address();
+    char mac[mac_len];
+    get_mac_address_into_buffer(mac);
 
     // Calculate positions and sizes
     size_t name_len = name.size() + 1;  // including null terminator
-    size_t mac_len = mac.size() + 1;    // including null terminator
     size_t name_offset = 1;
     size_t mac_offset = name_offset + name_len;
     size_t total_size = 1 + name_len + mac_len;
@@ -262,7 +258,7 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::state_action_() {
     // node name, terminated by null byte
     std::memcpy(msg.get() + name_offset, name.c_str(), name_len);
     // node mac, terminated by null byte
-    std::memcpy(msg.get() + mac_offset, mac.c_str(), mac_len);
+    std::memcpy(msg.get() + mac_offset, mac, mac_len);
 
     aerr = write_frame_(msg.get(), total_size);
     if (aerr != APIError::OK)
@@ -411,8 +407,7 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::read_packet(ReadPacketBuffer *buffer) {
     return APIError::BAD_DATA_PACKET;
   }
 
-  buffer->container = std::move(this->rx_buf_);
-  buffer->data_offset = 4;
+  buffer->data = msg_data + 4;  // Skip 4-byte header (type + length)
   buffer->data_len = data_len;
   buffer->type = type;
   return APIError::OK;
@@ -439,8 +434,7 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::write_protobuf_packets(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer, st
     return APIError::OK;
   }
 
-  std::vector<uint8_t> *raw_buffer = buffer.get_buffer();
-  uint8_t *buffer_data = raw_buffer->data();  // Cache buffer pointer
+  uint8_t *buffer_data = buffer.get_buffer()->data();
 
   this->reusable_iovs_.clear();
   this->reusable_iovs_.reserve(packets.size());
@@ -533,7 +527,7 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::init_handshake_() {
   if (aerr != APIError::OK)
     return aerr;
 
-  const auto &psk = ctx_->get_psk();
+  const auto &psk = this->ctx_.get_psk();
   err = noise_handshakestate_set_pre_shared_key(handshake_, psk.data(), psk.size());
   aerr = handle_noise_error_(err, LOG_STR("noise_handshakestate_set_pre_shared_key"),
                              APIError::HANDSHAKESTATE_SETUP_FAILED);
@@ -545,7 +539,8 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::init_handshake_() {
   if (aerr != APIError::OK)
     return aerr;
   // set_prologue copies it into handshakestate, so we can get rid of it now
-  prologue_ = {};
+  // Use swap idiom to actually release memory (= {} only clears size, not capacity)
+  std::vector<uint8_t>().swap(prologue_);
 
   err = noise_handshakestate_start(handshake_);
   aerr = handle_noise_error_(err, LOG_STR("noise_handshakestate_start"), APIError::HANDSHAKESTATE_SETUP_FAILED);

esphome/components/api/api_frame_helper_noise.h

@@ -9,9 +9,8 @@ namespace esphome::api {
 
 class APINoiseFrameHelper final : public APIFrameHelper {
  public:
-  APINoiseFrameHelper(std::unique_ptr<socket::Socket> socket, std::shared_ptr<APINoiseContext> ctx,
-                      const ClientInfo *client_info)
-      : APIFrameHelper(std::move(socket), client_info), ctx_(std::move(ctx)) {
+  APINoiseFrameHelper(std::unique_ptr<socket::Socket> socket, APINoiseContext &ctx, const ClientInfo *client_info)
+      : APIFrameHelper(std::move(socket), client_info), ctx_(ctx) {
     // Noise header structure:
     // Pos 0: indicator (0x01)
     // Pos 1-2: encrypted payload size (16-bit big-endian)
@@ -41,8 +40,8 @@ class APINoiseFrameHelper final : public APIFrameHelper {
   NoiseCipherState *send_cipher_{nullptr};
   NoiseCipherState *recv_cipher_{nullptr};
 
-  // Shared pointer (8 bytes on 32-bit = 4 bytes control block pointer + 4 bytes object pointer)
-  std::shared_ptr<APINoiseContext> ctx_;
+  // Reference to noise context (4 bytes on 32-bit)
+  APINoiseContext &ctx_;
 
   // Vector (12 bytes on 32-bit)
   std::vector<uint8_t> prologue_;

esphome/components/api/api_frame_helper_plaintext.cpp

@@ -54,11 +54,6 @@ APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::loop() {
  * error API_ERROR_BAD_INDICATOR: Bad indicator byte at start of frame.
  */
 APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::try_read_frame_() {
-  // Clear buffer when starting a new frame (rx_buf_len_ == 0 means not resuming after WOULD_BLOCK)
-  if (this->rx_buf_len_ == 0) {
-    this->rx_buf_.clear();
-  }
-
   // read header
   while (!rx_header_parsed_) {
     // Now that we know when the socket is ready, we can read up to 3 bytes
@@ -215,8 +210,7 @@ APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::read_packet(ReadPacketBuffer *buffer) {
     return aerr;
   }
 
-  buffer->container = std::move(this->rx_buf_);
-  buffer->data_offset = 0;
+  buffer->data = this->rx_buf_.data();
   buffer->data_len = this->rx_header_parsed_len_;
   buffer->type = this->rx_header_parsed_type_;
   return APIError::OK;
@@ -235,8 +229,7 @@ APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::write_protobuf_packets(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer
     return APIError::OK;
   }
 
-  std::vector<uint8_t> *raw_buffer = buffer.get_buffer();
-  uint8_t *buffer_data = raw_buffer->data();  // Cache buffer pointer
+  uint8_t *buffer_data = buffer.get_buffer()->data();
 
   this->reusable_iovs_.clear();
   this->reusable_iovs_.reserve(packets.size());

esphome/components/api/api_pb2.cpp

@@ -355,8 +355,8 @@ void ListEntitiesFanResponse::encode(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) const {
   buffer.encode_string(10, this->icon_ref_);
 #endif
   buffer.encode_uint32(11, static_cast<uint32_t>(this->entity_category));
-  for (const auto &it : *this->supported_preset_modes) {
-    buffer.encode_string(12, it, true);
+  for (const char *it : *this->supported_preset_modes) {
+    buffer.encode_string(12, it, strlen(it), true);
   }
 #ifdef USE_DEVICES
   buffer.encode_uint32(13, this->device_id);
@@ -376,8 +376,8 @@ void ListEntitiesFanResponse::calculate_size(ProtoSize &size) const {
 #endif
   size.add_uint32(1, static_cast<uint32_t>(this->entity_category));
   if (!this->supported_preset_modes->empty()) {
-    for (const auto &it : *this->supported_preset_modes) {
-      size.add_length_force(1, it.size());
+    for (const char *it : *this->supported_preset_modes) {
+      size.add_length_force(1, strlen(it));
     }
   }
 #ifdef USE_DEVICES
@@ -476,8 +476,8 @@ void ListEntitiesLightResponse::encode(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) const {
   }
   buffer.encode_float(9, this->min_mireds);
   buffer.encode_float(10, this->max_mireds);
-  for (auto &it : this->effects) {
-    buffer.encode_string(11, it, true);
+  for (const char *it : *this->effects) {
+    buffer.encode_string(11, it, strlen(it), true);
   }
   buffer.encode_bool(13, this->disabled_by_default);
 #ifdef USE_ENTITY_ICON
@@ -499,9 +499,9 @@ void ListEntitiesLightResponse::calculate_size(ProtoSize &size) const {
   }
   size.add_float(1, this->min_mireds);
   size.add_float(1, this->max_mireds);
-  if (!this->effects.empty()) {
-    for (const auto &it : this->effects) {
-      size.add_length_force(1, it.size());
+  if (!this->effects->empty()) {
+    for (const char *it : *this->effects) {
+      size.add_length_force(1, strlen(it));
     }
   }
   size.add_bool(1, this->disabled_by_default);
@@ -611,9 +611,12 @@ bool LightCommandRequest::decode_varint(uint32_t field_id, ProtoVarInt value) {
 }
 bool LightCommandRequest::decode_length(uint32_t field_id, ProtoLengthDelimited value) {
   switch (field_id) {
-    case 19:
-      this->effect = value.as_string();
+    case 19: {
+      // Use raw data directly to avoid allocation
+      this->effect = value.data();
+      this->effect_len = value.size();
       break;
+    }
     default:
       return false;
   }
@@ -995,7 +998,7 @@ bool GetTimeResponse::decode_32bit(uint32_t field_id, Proto32Bit value) {
   }
   return true;
 }
-#ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
 void ListEntitiesServicesArgument::encode(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) const {
   buffer.encode_string(1, this->name_ref_);
   buffer.encode_uint32(2, static_cast<uint32_t>(this->type));
@@ -1010,11 +1013,13 @@ void ListEntitiesServicesResponse::encode(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) const {
   for (auto &it : this->args) {
     buffer.encode_message(3, it, true);
   }
+  buffer.encode_uint32(4, static_cast<uint32_t>(this->supports_response));
 }
 void ListEntitiesServicesResponse::calculate_size(ProtoSize &size) const {
   size.add_length(1, this->name_ref_.size());
   size.add_fixed32(1, this->key);
   size.add_repeated_message(1, this->args);
+  size.add_uint32(1, static_cast<uint32_t>(this->supports_response));
 }
 bool ExecuteServiceArgument::decode_varint(uint32_t field_id, ProtoVarInt value) {
   switch (field_id) {
@@ -1075,6 +1080,23 @@ void ExecuteServiceArgument::decode(const uint8_t *buffer, size_t length) {
   this->string_array.init(count_string_array);
   ProtoDecodableMessage::decode(buffer, length);
 }
+bool ExecuteServiceRequest::decode_varint(uint32_t field_id, ProtoVarInt value) {
+  switch (field_id) {
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
+    case 3:
+      this->call_id = value.as_uint32();
+      break;
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
+    case 4:
+      this->return_response = value.as_bool();
+      break;
+#endif
+    default:
+      return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
 bool ExecuteServiceRequest::decode_length(uint32_t field_id, ProtoLengthDelimited value) {
   switch (field_id) {
     case 2:
@@ -1102,6 +1124,24 @@ void ExecuteServiceRequest::decode(const uint8_t *buffer, size_t length) {
   ProtoDecodableMessage::decode(buffer, length);
 }
 #endif
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
+void ExecuteServiceResponse::encode(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) const {
+  buffer.encode_uint32(1, this->call_id);
+  buffer.encode_bool(2, this->success);
+  buffer.encode_string(3, this->error_message_ref_);
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
+  buffer.encode_bytes(4, this->response_data, this->response_data_len);
+#endif
+}
+void ExecuteServiceResponse::calculate_size(ProtoSize &size) const {
+  size.add_uint32(1, this->call_id);
+  size.add_bool(1, this->success);
+  size.add_length(1, this->error_message_ref_.size());
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
+  size.add_length(4, this->response_data_len);
+#endif
+}
+#endif
 #ifdef USE_CAMERA
 void ListEntitiesCameraResponse::encode(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) const {
   buffer.encode_string(1, this->object_id_ref_);
@@ -1179,14 +1219,14 @@ void ListEntitiesClimateResponse::encode(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) const {
   for (const auto &it : *this->supported_swing_modes) {
     buffer.encode_uint32(14, static_cast<uint32_t>(it), true);
   }
-  for (const auto &it : *this->supported_custom_fan_modes) {
-    buffer.encode_string(15, it, true);
+  for (const char *it : *this->supported_custom_fan_modes) {
+    buffer.encode_string(15, it, strlen(it), true);
   }
   for (const auto &it : *this->supported_presets) {
     buffer.encode_uint32(16, static_cast<uint32_t>(it), true);
   }
-  for (const auto &it : *this->supported_custom_presets) {
-    buffer.encode_string(17, it, true);
+  for (const char *it : *this->supported_custom_presets) {
+    buffer.encode_string(17, it, strlen(it), true);
   }
   buffer.encode_bool(18, this->disabled_by_default);
 #ifdef USE_ENTITY_ICON
@@ -1229,8 +1269,8 @@ void ListEntitiesClimateResponse::calculate_size(ProtoSize &size) const {
     }
   }
   if (!this->supported_custom_fan_modes->empty()) {
-    for (const auto &it : *this->supported_custom_fan_modes) {
-      size.add_length_force(1, it.size());
+    for (const char *it : *this->supported_custom_fan_modes) {
+      size.add_length_force(1, strlen(it));
     }
   }
   if (!this->supported_presets->empty()) {
@@ -1239,8 +1279,8 @@ void ListEntitiesClimateResponse::calculate_size(ProtoSize &size) const {
     }
   }
   if (!this->supported_custom_presets->empty()) {
-    for (const auto &it : *this->supported_custom_presets) {
-      size.add_length_force(2, it.size());
+    for (const char *it : *this->supported_custom_presets) {
+      size.add_length_force(2, strlen(it));
     }
   }
   size.add_bool(2, this->disabled_by_default);
@@ -1475,8 +1515,8 @@ void ListEntitiesSelectResponse::encode(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) const {
 #ifdef USE_ENTITY_ICON
   buffer.encode_string(5, this->icon_ref_);
 #endif
-  for (const auto &it : *this->options) {
-    buffer.encode_string(6, it, true);
+  for (const char *it : *this->options) {
+    buffer.encode_string(6, it, strlen(it), true);
   }
   buffer.encode_bool(7, this->disabled_by_default);
   buffer.encode_uint32(8, static_cast<uint32_t>(this->entity_category));
@@ -1492,8 +1532,8 @@ void ListEntitiesSelectResponse::calculate_size(ProtoSize &size) const {
   size.add_length(1, this->icon_ref_.size());
 #endif
   if (!this->options->empty()) {
-    for (const auto &it : *this->options) {
-      size.add_length_force(1, it.size());
+    for (const char *it : *this->options) {
+      size.add_length_force(1, strlen(it));
     }
   }
   size.add_bool(1, this->disabled_by_default);
@@ -1532,9 +1572,12 @@ bool SelectCommandRequest::decode_varint(uint32_t field_id, ProtoVarInt value) {
 }
 bool SelectCommandRequest::decode_length(uint32_t field_id, ProtoLengthDelimited value) {
   switch (field_id) {
-    case 2:
-      this->state = value.as_string();
+    case 2: {
+      // Use raw data directly to avoid allocation
+      this->state = value.data();
+      this->state_len = value.size();
       break;
+    }
     default:
       return false;
   }
@@ -2877,8 +2920,8 @@ void ListEntitiesEventResponse::encode(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) const {
   buffer.encode_bool(6, this->disabled_by_default);
   buffer.encode_uint32(7, static_cast<uint32_t>(this->entity_category));
   buffer.encode_string(8, this->device_class_ref_);
-  for (auto &it : this->event_types) {
-    buffer.encode_string(9, it, true);
+  for (const char *it : *this->event_types) {
+    buffer.encode_string(9, it, strlen(it), true);
   }
 #ifdef USE_DEVICES
   buffer.encode_uint32(10, this->device_id);
@@ -2894,9 +2937,9 @@ void ListEntitiesEventResponse::calculate_size(ProtoSize &size) const {
   size.add_bool(1, this->disabled_by_default);
   size.add_uint32(1, static_cast<uint32_t>(this->entity_category));
   size.add_length(1, this->device_class_ref_.size());
-  if (!this->event_types.empty()) {
-    for (const auto &it : this->event_types) {
-      size.add_length_force(1, it.size());
+  if (!this->event_types->empty()) {
+    for (const char *it : *this->event_types) {
+      size.add_length_force(1, strlen(it));
     }
   }
 #ifdef USE_DEVICES

esphome/components/api/api_pb2.h

@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ enum SensorStateClass : uint32_t {
   STATE_CLASS_MEASUREMENT = 1,
   STATE_CLASS_TOTAL_INCREASING = 2,
   STATE_CLASS_TOTAL = 3,
+  STATE_CLASS_MEASUREMENT_ANGLE = 4,
 };
 #endif
 enum LogLevel : uint32_t {
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ enum LogLevel : uint32_t {
   LOG_LEVEL_VERBOSE = 6,
   LOG_LEVEL_VERY_VERBOSE = 7,
 };
-#ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
 enum ServiceArgType : uint32_t {
   SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_BOOL = 0,
   SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_INT = 1,
@@ -74,6 +75,12 @@ enum ServiceArgType : uint32_t {
   SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_FLOAT_ARRAY = 6,
   SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_STRING_ARRAY = 7,
 };
+enum SupportsResponseType : uint32_t {
+  SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_NONE = 0,
+  SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_OPTIONAL = 1,
+  SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_ONLY = 2,
+  SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_STATUS = 100,
+};
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_CLIMATE
 enum ClimateMode : uint32_t {
@@ -725,7 +732,7 @@ class ListEntitiesFanResponse final : public InfoResponseProtoMessage {
   bool supports_speed{false};
   bool supports_direction{false};
   int32_t supported_speed_count{0};
-  const std::set<std::string> *supported_preset_modes{};
+  const std::vector<const char *> *supported_preset_modes{};
   void encode(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) const override;
   void calculate_size(ProtoSize &size) const override;
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
@@ -793,7 +800,7 @@ class ListEntitiesLightResponse final : public InfoResponseProtoMessage {
   const light::ColorModeMask *supported_color_modes{};
   float min_mireds{0.0f};
   float max_mireds{0.0f};
-  std::vector<std::string> effects{};
+  const FixedVector<const char *> *effects{};
   void encode(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) const override;
   void calculate_size(ProtoSize &size) const override;
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
@@ -833,7 +840,7 @@ class LightStateResponse final : public StateResponseProtoMessage {
 class LightCommandRequest final : public CommandProtoMessage {
  public:
   static constexpr uint8_t MESSAGE_TYPE = 32;
-  static constexpr uint8_t ESTIMATED_SIZE = 112;
+  static constexpr uint8_t ESTIMATED_SIZE = 122;
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   const char *message_name() const override { return "light_command_request"; }
 #endif
@@ -862,7 +869,8 @@ class LightCommandRequest final : public CommandProtoMessage {
   bool has_flash_length{false};
   uint32_t flash_length{0};
   bool has_effect{false};
-  std::string effect{};
+  const uint8_t *effect{nullptr};
+  uint16_t effect_len{0};
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   void dump_to(std::string &out) const override;
 #endif
@@ -1239,7 +1247,7 @@ class GetTimeResponse final : public ProtoDecodableMessage {
   bool decode_32bit(uint32_t field_id, Proto32Bit value) override;
   bool decode_length(uint32_t field_id, ProtoLengthDelimited value) override;
 };
-#ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
 class ListEntitiesServicesArgument final : public ProtoMessage {
  public:
   StringRef name_ref_{};
@@ -1256,7 +1264,7 @@ class ListEntitiesServicesArgument final : public ProtoMessage {
 class ListEntitiesServicesResponse final : public ProtoMessage {
  public:
   static constexpr uint8_t MESSAGE_TYPE = 41;
-  static constexpr uint8_t ESTIMATED_SIZE = 48;
+  static constexpr uint8_t ESTIMATED_SIZE = 50;
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   const char *message_name() const override { return "list_entities_services_response"; }
 #endif
@@ -1264,6 +1272,7 @@ class ListEntitiesServicesResponse final : public ProtoMessage {
   void set_name(const StringRef &ref) { this->name_ref_ = ref; }
   uint32_t key{0};
   FixedVector<ListEntitiesServicesArgument> args{};
+  enums::SupportsResponseType supports_response{};
   void encode(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) const override;
   void calculate_size(ProtoSize &size) const override;
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
@@ -1296,12 +1305,18 @@ class ExecuteServiceArgument final : public ProtoDecodableMessage {
 class ExecuteServiceRequest final : public ProtoDecodableMessage {
  public:
   static constexpr uint8_t MESSAGE_TYPE = 42;
-  static constexpr uint8_t ESTIMATED_SIZE = 39;
+  static constexpr uint8_t ESTIMATED_SIZE = 45;
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   const char *message_name() const override { return "execute_service_request"; }
 #endif
   uint32_t key{0};
   FixedVector<ExecuteServiceArgument> args{};
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
+  uint32_t call_id{0};
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
+  bool return_response{false};
+#endif
   void decode(const uint8_t *buffer, size_t length) override;
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   void dump_to(std::string &out) const override;
@@ -1310,6 +1325,32 @@ class ExecuteServiceRequest final : public ProtoDecodableMessage {
  protected:
   bool decode_32bit(uint32_t field_id, Proto32Bit value) override;
   bool decode_length(uint32_t field_id, ProtoLengthDelimited value) override;
+  bool decode_varint(uint32_t field_id, ProtoVarInt value) override;
+};
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
+class ExecuteServiceResponse final : public ProtoMessage {
+ public:
+  static constexpr uint8_t MESSAGE_TYPE = 131;
+  static constexpr uint8_t ESTIMATED_SIZE = 34;
+#ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
+  const char *message_name() const override { return "execute_service_response"; }
+#endif
+  uint32_t call_id{0};
+  bool success{false};
+  StringRef error_message_ref_{};
+  void set_error_message(const StringRef &ref) { this->error_message_ref_ = ref; }
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
+  const uint8_t *response_data{nullptr};
+  uint16_t response_data_len{0};
+#endif
+  void encode(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) const override;
+  void calculate_size(ProtoSize &size) const override;
+#ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
+  void dump_to(std::string &out) const override;
+#endif
+
+ protected:
 };
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_CAMERA
@@ -1377,16 +1418,16 @@ class ListEntitiesClimateResponse final : public InfoResponseProtoMessage {
 #endif
   bool supports_current_temperature{false};
   bool supports_two_point_target_temperature{false};
-  const std::set<climate::ClimateMode> *supported_modes{};
+  const climate::ClimateModeMask *supported_modes{};
   float visual_min_temperature{0.0f};
   float visual_max_temperature{0.0f};
   float visual_target_temperature_step{0.0f};
   bool supports_action{false};
-  const std::set<climate::ClimateFanMode> *supported_fan_modes{};
-  const std::set<climate::ClimateSwingMode> *supported_swing_modes{};
-  const std::set<std::string> *supported_custom_fan_modes{};
-  const std::set<climate::ClimatePreset> *supported_presets{};
-  const std::set<std::string> *supported_custom_presets{};
+  const climate::ClimateFanModeMask *supported_fan_modes{};
+  const climate::ClimateSwingModeMask *supported_swing_modes{};
+  const std::vector<const char *> *supported_custom_fan_modes{};
+  const climate::ClimatePresetMask *supported_presets{};
+  const std::vector<const char *> *supported_custom_presets{};
   float visual_current_temperature_step{0.0f};
   bool supports_current_humidity{false};
   bool supports_target_humidity{false};
@@ -1534,7 +1575,7 @@ class ListEntitiesSelectResponse final : public InfoResponseProtoMessage {
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   const char *message_name() const override { return "list_entities_select_response"; }
 #endif
-  const std::vector<std::string> *options{};
+  const FixedVector<const char *> *options{};
   void encode(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) const override;
   void calculate_size(ProtoSize &size) const override;
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
@@ -1564,11 +1605,12 @@ class SelectStateResponse final : public StateResponseProtoMessage {
 class SelectCommandRequest final : public CommandProtoMessage {
  public:
   static constexpr uint8_t MESSAGE_TYPE = 54;
-  static constexpr uint8_t ESTIMATED_SIZE = 18;
+  static constexpr uint8_t ESTIMATED_SIZE = 28;
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   const char *message_name() const override { return "select_command_request"; }
 #endif
-  std::string state{};
+  const uint8_t *state{nullptr};
+  uint16_t state_len{0};
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   void dump_to(std::string &out) const override;
 #endif
@@ -2788,7 +2830,7 @@ class ListEntitiesEventResponse final : public InfoResponseProtoMessage {
 #endif
   StringRef device_class_ref_{};
   void set_device_class(const StringRef &ref) { this->device_class_ref_ = ref; }
-  std::vector<std::string> event_types{};
+  const FixedVector<const char *> *event_types{};
   void encode(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) const override;
   void calculate_size(ProtoSize &size) const override;
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP

esphome/components/api/api_pb2_dump.cpp

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ static void dump_field(std::string &out, const char *field_name, float value, in
 static void dump_field(std::string &out, const char *field_name, uint64_t value, int indent = 2) {
   char buffer[64];
   append_field_prefix(out, field_name, indent);
-  snprintf(buffer, 64, "%llu", value);
+  snprintf(buffer, 64, "%" PRIu64, value);
   append_with_newline(out, buffer);
 }
 
@@ -88,6 +88,12 @@ static void dump_field(std::string &out, const char *field_name, StringRef value
   out.append("\n");
 }
 
+static void dump_field(std::string &out, const char *field_name, const char *value, int indent = 2) {
+  append_field_prefix(out, field_name, indent);
+  out.append("'").append(value).append("'");
+  out.append("\n");
+}
+
 template<typename T> static void dump_field(std::string &out, const char *field_name, T value, int indent = 2) {
   append_field_prefix(out, field_name, indent);
   out.append(proto_enum_to_string<T>(value));
@@ -173,6 +179,8 @@ template<> const char *proto_enum_to_string<enums::SensorStateClass>(enums::Sens
       return "STATE_CLASS_TOTAL_INCREASING";
     case enums::STATE_CLASS_TOTAL:
       return "STATE_CLASS_TOTAL";
+    case enums::STATE_CLASS_MEASUREMENT_ANGLE:
+      return "STATE_CLASS_MEASUREMENT_ANGLE";
     default:
       return "UNKNOWN";
   }
@@ -200,7 +208,7 @@ template<> const char *proto_enum_to_string<enums::LogLevel>(enums::LogLevel val
       return "UNKNOWN";
   }
 }
-#ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
 template<> const char *proto_enum_to_string<enums::ServiceArgType>(enums::ServiceArgType value) {
   switch (value) {
     case enums::SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_BOOL:
@@ -223,6 +231,20 @@ template<> const char *proto_enum_to_string<enums::ServiceArgType>(enums::Servic
       return "UNKNOWN";
   }
 }
+template<> const char *proto_enum_to_string<enums::SupportsResponseType>(enums::SupportsResponseType value) {
+  switch (value) {
+    case enums::SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_NONE:
+      return "SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_NONE";
+    case enums::SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_OPTIONAL:
+      return "SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_OPTIONAL";
+    case enums::SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_ONLY:
+      return "SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_ONLY";
+    case enums::SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_STATUS:
+      return "SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_STATUS";
+    default:
+      return "UNKNOWN";
+  }
+}
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_CLIMATE
 template<> const char *proto_enum_to_string<enums::ClimateMode>(enums::ClimateMode value) {
@@ -918,7 +940,7 @@ void ListEntitiesLightResponse::dump_to(std::string &out) const {
   }
   dump_field(out, "min_mireds", this->min_mireds);
   dump_field(out, "max_mireds", this->max_mireds);
-  for (const auto &it : this->effects) {
+  for (const auto &it : *this->effects) {
     dump_field(out, "effects", it, 4);
   }
   dump_field(out, "disabled_by_default", this->disabled_by_default);
@@ -977,7 +999,9 @@ void LightCommandRequest::dump_to(std::string &out) const {
   dump_field(out, "has_flash_length", this->has_flash_length);
   dump_field(out, "flash_length", this->flash_length);
   dump_field(out, "has_effect", this->has_effect);
-  dump_field(out, "effect", this->effect);
+  out.append("  effect: ");
+  out.append(format_hex_pretty(this->effect, this->effect_len));
+  out.append("\n");
 #ifdef USE_DEVICES
   dump_field(out, "device_id", this->device_id);
 #endif
@@ -1171,7 +1195,7 @@ void GetTimeResponse::dump_to(std::string &out) const {
   out.append(format_hex_pretty(this->timezone, this->timezone_len));
   out.append("\n");
 }
-#ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
 void ListEntitiesServicesArgument::dump_to(std::string &out) const {
   MessageDumpHelper helper(out, "ListEntitiesServicesArgument");
   dump_field(out, "name", this->name_ref_);
@@ -1186,6 +1210,7 @@ void ListEntitiesServicesResponse::dump_to(std::string &out) const {
     it.dump_to(out);
     out.append("\n");
   }
+  dump_field(out, "supports_response", static_cast<enums::SupportsResponseType>(this->supports_response));
 }
 void ExecuteServiceArgument::dump_to(std::string &out) const {
   MessageDumpHelper helper(out, "ExecuteServiceArgument");
@@ -1215,6 +1240,25 @@ void ExecuteServiceRequest::dump_to(std::string &out) const {
     it.dump_to(out);
     out.append("\n");
   }
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
+  dump_field(out, "call_id", this->call_id);
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
+  dump_field(out, "return_response", this->return_response);
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
+void ExecuteServiceResponse::dump_to(std::string &out) const {
+  MessageDumpHelper helper(out, "ExecuteServiceResponse");
+  dump_field(out, "call_id", this->call_id);
+  dump_field(out, "success", this->success);
+  dump_field(out, "error_message", this->error_message_ref_);
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
+  out.append("  response_data: ");
+  out.append(format_hex_pretty(this->response_data, this->response_data_len));
+  out.append("\n");
+#endif
 }
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_CAMERA
@@ -1411,7 +1455,9 @@ void SelectStateResponse::dump_to(std::string &out) const {
 void SelectCommandRequest::dump_to(std::string &out) const {
   MessageDumpHelper helper(out, "SelectCommandRequest");
   dump_field(out, "key", this->key);
-  dump_field(out, "state", this->state);
+  out.append("  state: ");
+  out.append(format_hex_pretty(this->state, this->state_len));
+  out.append("\n");
 #ifdef USE_DEVICES
   dump_field(out, "device_id", this->device_id);
 #endif
@@ -2047,7 +2093,7 @@ void ListEntitiesEventResponse::dump_to(std::string &out) const {
   dump_field(out, "disabled_by_default", this->disabled_by_default);
   dump_field(out, "entity_category", static_cast<enums::EntityCategory>(this->entity_category));
   dump_field(out, "device_class", this->device_class_ref_);
-  for (const auto &it : this->event_types) {
+  for (const auto &it : *this->event_types) {
     dump_field(out, "event_types", it, 4);
   }
 #ifdef USE_DEVICES

esphome/components/api/api_pb2_service.cpp

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ void APIServerConnectionBase::log_send_message_(const char *name, const std::str
 }
 #endif
 
-void APIServerConnectionBase::read_message(uint32_t msg_size, uint32_t msg_type, uint8_t *msg_data) {
+void APIServerConnectionBase::read_message(uint32_t msg_size, uint32_t msg_type, const uint8_t *msg_data) {
   switch (msg_type) {
     case HelloRequest::MESSAGE_TYPE: {
       HelloRequest msg;
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ void APIServerConnectionBase::read_message(uint32_t msg_size, uint32_t msg_type,
       break;
     }
 #endif
-#ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
     case ExecuteServiceRequest::MESSAGE_TYPE: {
       ExecuteServiceRequest msg;
       msg.decode(msg_data, msg_size);
@@ -670,7 +670,7 @@ void APIServerConnection::on_subscribe_home_assistant_states_request(const Subsc
   this->subscribe_home_assistant_states(msg);
 }
 #endif
-#ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
 void APIServerConnection::on_execute_service_request(const ExecuteServiceRequest &msg) { this->execute_service(msg); }
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_API_NOISE
@@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ void APIServerConnection::on_z_wave_proxy_frame(const ZWaveProxyFrame &msg) { th
 void APIServerConnection::on_z_wave_proxy_request(const ZWaveProxyRequest &msg) { this->zwave_proxy_request(msg); }
 #endif
 
-void APIServerConnection::read_message(uint32_t msg_size, uint32_t msg_type, uint8_t *msg_data) {
+void APIServerConnection::read_message(uint32_t msg_size, uint32_t msg_type, const uint8_t *msg_data) {
   // Check authentication/connection requirements for messages
   switch (msg_type) {
     case HelloRequest::MESSAGE_TYPE:  // No setup required

esphome/components/api/api_pb2_service.h

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class APIServerConnectionBase : public ProtoService {
 
   virtual void on_get_time_response(const GetTimeResponse &value){};
 
-#ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
   virtual void on_execute_service_request(const ExecuteServiceRequest &value){};
 #endif
 
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ class APIServerConnectionBase : public ProtoService {
   virtual void on_z_wave_proxy_request(const ZWaveProxyRequest &value){};
 #endif
  protected:
-  void read_message(uint32_t msg_size, uint32_t msg_type, uint8_t *msg_data) override;
+  void read_message(uint32_t msg_size, uint32_t msg_type, const uint8_t *msg_data) override;
 };
 
 class APIServerConnection : public APIServerConnectionBase {
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ class APIServerConnection : public APIServerConnectionBase {
 #ifdef USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_STATES
   virtual void subscribe_home_assistant_states(const SubscribeHomeAssistantStatesRequest &msg) = 0;
 #endif
-#ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
   virtual void execute_service(const ExecuteServiceRequest &msg) = 0;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_API_NOISE
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ class APIServerConnection : public APIServerConnectionBase {
 #ifdef USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_STATES
   void on_subscribe_home_assistant_states_request(const SubscribeHomeAssistantStatesRequest &msg) override;
 #endif
-#ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
   void on_execute_service_request(const ExecuteServiceRequest &msg) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_API_NOISE
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ class APIServerConnection : public APIServerConnectionBase {
 #ifdef USE_ZWAVE_PROXY
   void on_z_wave_proxy_request(const ZWaveProxyRequest &msg) override;
 #endif
-  void read_message(uint32_t msg_size, uint32_t msg_type, uint8_t *msg_data) override;
+  void read_message(uint32_t msg_size, uint32_t msg_type, const uint8_t *msg_data) override;
 };
 
 }  // namespace esphome::api

esphome/components/api/api_server.cpp

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include "api_connection.h"
 #include "esphome/components/network/util.h"
 #include "esphome/core/application.h"
+#include "esphome/core/controller_registry.h"
 #include "esphome/core/defines.h"
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ APIServer::APIServer() {
 }
 
 void APIServer::setup() {
-  this->setup_controller();
+  ControllerRegistry::register_controller(this);
 
 #ifdef USE_API_NOISE
   uint32_t hash = 88491486UL;
@@ -51,11 +52,6 @@ void APIServer::setup() {
 #endif
 #endif
 
-  // Schedule reboot if no clients connect within timeout
-  if (this->reboot_timeout_ != 0) {
-    this->schedule_reboot_timeout_();
-  }
-
   this->socket_ = socket::socket_ip_loop_monitored(SOCK_STREAM, 0);  // monitored for incoming connections
   if (this->socket_ == nullptr) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Could not create socket");
@@ -100,42 +96,22 @@ void APIServer::setup() {
 
 #ifdef USE_LOGGER
   if (logger::global_logger != nullptr) {
-    logger::global_logger->add_on_log_callback(
-        [this](int level, const char *tag, const char *message, size_t message_len) {
-          if (this->shutting_down_) {
-            // Don't try to send logs during shutdown
-            // as it could result in a recursion and
-            // we would be filling a buffer we are trying to clear
-            return;
-          }
-          for (auto &c : this->clients_) {
-            if (!c->flags_.remove && c->get_log_subscription_level() >= level)
-              c->try_send_log_message(level, tag, message, message_len);
-          }
-        });
+    logger::global_logger->add_log_listener(this);
   }
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_CAMERA
   if (camera::Camera::instance() != nullptr && !camera::Camera::instance()->is_internal()) {
-    camera::Camera::instance()->add_image_callback([this](const std::shared_ptr<camera::CameraImage> &image) {
-      for (auto &c : this->clients_) {
-        if (!c->flags_.remove)
-          c->set_camera_state(image);
-      }
-    });
+    camera::Camera::instance()->add_listener(this);
   }
 #endif
-}
 
-void APIServer::schedule_reboot_timeout_() {
-  this->status_set_warning();
-  this->set_timeout("api_reboot", this->reboot_timeout_, []() {
-    if (!global_api_server->is_connected()) {
-      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "No clients; rebooting");
-      App.reboot();
-    }
-  });
+  // Initialize last_connected_ for reboot timeout tracking
+  this->last_connected_ = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
+  // Set warning status if reboot timeout is enabled
+  if (this->reboot_timeout_ != 0) {
+    this->status_set_warning();
+  }
 }
 
 void APIServer::loop() {
@@ -163,15 +139,24 @@ void APIServer::loop() {
       this->clients_.emplace_back(conn);
       conn->start();
 
-      // Clear warning status and cancel reboot when first client connects
+      // First client connected - clear warning and update timestamp
       if (this->clients_.size() == 1 && this->reboot_timeout_ != 0) {
         this->status_clear_warning();
-        this->cancel_timeout("api_reboot");
+        this->last_connected_ = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
       }
     }
   }
 
   if (this->clients_.empty()) {
+    // Check reboot timeout - done in loop to avoid scheduler heap churn
+    // (cancelled scheduler items sit in heap memory until their scheduled time)
+    if (this->reboot_timeout_ != 0) {
+      const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
+      if (now - this->last_connected_ > this->reboot_timeout_) {
+        ESP_LOGE(TAG, "No clients; rebooting");
+        App.reboot();
+      }
+    }
     return;
   }
 
@@ -201,6 +186,9 @@ void APIServer::loop() {
     // Rare case: handle disconnection
 #ifdef USE_API_CLIENT_DISCONNECTED_TRIGGER
     this->client_disconnected_trigger_->trigger(client->client_info_.name, client->client_info_.peername);
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
+    this->unregister_active_action_calls_for_connection(client.get());
 #endif
     ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Remove connection %s", client->client_info_.name.c_str());
 
@@ -210,9 +198,10 @@ void APIServer::loop() {
     }
     this->clients_.pop_back();
 
-    // Schedule reboot when last client disconnects
+    // Last client disconnected - set warning and start tracking for reboot timeout
     if (this->clients_.empty() && this->reboot_timeout_ != 0) {
-      this->schedule_reboot_timeout_();
+      this->status_set_warning();
+      this->last_connected_ = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
     }
     // Don't increment client_index since we need to process the swapped element
   }
@@ -224,10 +213,10 @@ void APIServer::dump_config() {
                 "  Address: %s:%u\n"
                 "  Listen backlog: %u\n"
                 "  Max connections: %u",
-                network::get_use_address().c_str(), this->port_, this->listen_backlog_, this->max_connections_);
+                network::get_use_address(), this->port_, this->listen_backlog_, this->max_connections_);
 #ifdef USE_API_NOISE
-  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Noise encryption: %s", YESNO(this->noise_ctx_->has_psk()));
-  if (!this->noise_ctx_->has_psk()) {
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Noise encryption: %s", YESNO(this->noise_ctx_.has_psk()));
+  if (!this->noise_ctx_.has_psk()) {
     ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Supports encryption: YES");
   }
 #else
@@ -269,7 +258,7 @@ bool APIServer::check_password(const uint8_t *password_data, size_t password_len
 
 void APIServer::handle_disconnect(APIConnection *conn) {}
 
-// Macro for entities without extra parameters
+// Macro for controller update dispatch
 #define API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(entity_type, entity_name) \
   void APIServer::on_##entity_name##_update(entity_type *obj) { /* NOLINT(bugprone-macro-parentheses) */ \
     if (obj->is_internal()) \
@@ -278,15 +267,6 @@ void APIServer::handle_disconnect(APIConnection *conn) {}
       c->send_##entity_name##_state(obj); \
   }
 
-// Macro for entities with extra parameters (but parameters not used in send)
-#define API_DISPATCH_UPDATE_IGNORE_PARAMS(entity_type, entity_name, ...) \
-  void APIServer::on_##entity_name##_update(entity_type *obj, __VA_ARGS__) { /* NOLINT(bugprone-macro-parentheses) */ \
-    if (obj->is_internal()) \
-      return; \
-    for (auto &c : this->clients_) \
-      c->send_##entity_name##_state(obj); \
-  }
-
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
 API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(binary_sensor::BinarySensor, binary_sensor)
 #endif
@@ -304,15 +284,15 @@ API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(light::LightState, light)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
-API_DISPATCH_UPDATE_IGNORE_PARAMS(sensor::Sensor, sensor, float state)
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(sensor::Sensor, sensor)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_SWITCH
-API_DISPATCH_UPDATE_IGNORE_PARAMS(switch_::Switch, switch, bool state)
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(switch_::Switch, switch)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
-API_DISPATCH_UPDATE_IGNORE_PARAMS(text_sensor::TextSensor, text_sensor, const std::string &state)
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(text_sensor::TextSensor, text_sensor)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_CLIMATE
@@ -320,7 +300,7 @@ API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(climate::Climate, climate)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
-API_DISPATCH_UPDATE_IGNORE_PARAMS(number::Number, number, float state)
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(number::Number, number)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_DATETIME_DATE
@@ -336,11 +316,11 @@ API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(datetime::DateTimeEntity, datetime)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_TEXT
-API_DISPATCH_UPDATE_IGNORE_PARAMS(text::Text, text, const std::string &state)
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(text::Text, text)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
-API_DISPATCH_UPDATE_IGNORE_PARAMS(select::Select, select, const std::string &state, size_t index)
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(select::Select, select)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_LOCK
@@ -356,12 +336,13 @@ API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(media_player::MediaPlayer, media_player)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_EVENT
-// Event is a special case - it's the only entity that passes extra parameters to the send method
-void APIServer::on_event(event::Event *obj, const std::string &event_type) {
+// Event is a special case - unlike other entities with simple state fields,
+// events store their state in a member accessed via obj->get_last_event_type()
+void APIServer::on_event(event::Event *obj) {
   if (obj->is_internal())
     return;
   for (auto &c : this->clients_)
-    c->send_event(obj, event_type);
+    c->send_event(obj, obj->get_last_event_type());
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -438,25 +419,56 @@ void APIServer::handle_action_response(uint32_t call_id, bool success, const std
 #endif  // USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_SERVICES
 
 #ifdef USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_STATES
+// Helper to add subscription (reduces duplication)
+void APIServer::add_state_subscription_(const char *entity_id, const char *attribute,
+                                        std::function<void(std::string)> f, bool once) {
+  this->state_subs_.push_back(HomeAssistantStateSubscription{
+      .entity_id = entity_id, .attribute = attribute, .callback = std::move(f), .once = once,
+      // entity_id_dynamic_storage and attribute_dynamic_storage remain nullptr (no heap allocation)
+  });
+}
+
+// Helper to add subscription with heap-allocated strings (reduces duplication)
+void APIServer::add_state_subscription_(std::string entity_id, optional<std::string> attribute,
+                                        std::function<void(std::string)> f, bool once) {
+  HomeAssistantStateSubscription sub;
+  // Allocate heap storage for the strings
+  sub.entity_id_dynamic_storage = std::make_unique<std::string>(std::move(entity_id));
+  sub.entity_id = sub.entity_id_dynamic_storage->c_str();
+
+  if (attribute.has_value()) {
+    sub.attribute_dynamic_storage = std::make_unique<std::string>(std::move(attribute.value()));
+    sub.attribute = sub.attribute_dynamic_storage->c_str();
+  } else {
+    sub.attribute = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  sub.callback = std::move(f);
+  sub.once = once;
+  this->state_subs_.push_back(std::move(sub));
+}
+
+// New const char* overload (for internal components - zero allocation)
+void APIServer::subscribe_home_assistant_state(const char *entity_id, const char *attribute,
+                                               std::function<void(std::string)> f) {
+  this->add_state_subscription_(entity_id, attribute, std::move(f), false);
+}
+
+void APIServer::get_home_assistant_state(const char *entity_id, const char *attribute,
+                                         std::function<void(std::string)> f) {
+  this->add_state_subscription_(entity_id, attribute, std::move(f), true);
+}
+
+// Existing std::string overload (for custom_api_device.h - heap allocation)
 void APIServer::subscribe_home_assistant_state(std::string entity_id, optional<std::string> attribute,
                                                std::function<void(std::string)> f) {
-  this->state_subs_.push_back(HomeAssistantStateSubscription{
-      .entity_id = std::move(entity_id),
-      .attribute = std::move(attribute),
-      .callback = std::move(f),
-      .once = false,
-  });
+  this->add_state_subscription_(std::move(entity_id), std::move(attribute), std::move(f), false);
 }
 
 void APIServer::get_home_assistant_state(std::string entity_id, optional<std::string> attribute,
                                          std::function<void(std::string)> f) {
-  this->state_subs_.push_back(HomeAssistantStateSubscription{
-      .entity_id = std::move(entity_id),
-      .attribute = std::move(attribute),
-      .callback = std::move(f),
-      .once = true,
-  });
-};
+  this->add_state_subscription_(std::move(entity_id), std::move(attribute), std::move(f), true);
+}
 
 const std::vector<APIServer::HomeAssistantStateSubscription> &APIServer::get_state_subs() const {
   return this->state_subs_;
@@ -468,22 +480,10 @@ uint16_t APIServer::get_port() const { return this->port_; }
 void APIServer::set_reboot_timeout(uint32_t reboot_timeout) { this->reboot_timeout_ = reboot_timeout; }
 
 #ifdef USE_API_NOISE
-bool APIServer::save_noise_psk(psk_t psk, bool make_active) {
-#ifdef USE_API_NOISE_PSK_FROM_YAML
-  // When PSK is set from YAML, this function should never be called
-  // but if it is, reject the change
-  ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Key set in YAML");
-  return false;
-#else
-  auto &old_psk = this->noise_ctx_->get_psk();
-  if (std::equal(old_psk.begin(), old_psk.end(), psk.begin())) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "New PSK matches old");
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  SavedNoisePsk new_saved_psk{psk};
-  if (!this->noise_pref_.save(&new_saved_psk)) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Failed to save Noise PSK");
+bool APIServer::update_noise_psk_(const SavedNoisePsk &new_psk, const LogString *save_log_msg,
+                                  const LogString *fail_log_msg, const psk_t &active_psk, bool make_active) {
+  if (!this->noise_pref_.save(&new_psk)) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "%s", LOG_STR_ARG(fail_log_msg));
     return false;
   }
   // ensure it's written immediately
@@ -491,11 +491,11 @@ bool APIServer::save_noise_psk(psk_t psk, bool make_active) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Failed to sync preferences");
     return false;
   }
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Noise PSK saved");
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "%s", LOG_STR_ARG(save_log_msg));
   if (make_active) {
-    this->set_timeout(100, [this, psk]() {
+    this->set_timeout(100, [this, active_psk]() {
       ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Disconnecting all clients to reset PSK");
-      this->set_noise_psk(psk);
+      this->set_noise_psk(active_psk);
       for (auto &c : this->clients_) {
         DisconnectRequest req;
         c->send_message(req, DisconnectRequest::MESSAGE_TYPE);
@@ -503,6 +503,37 @@ bool APIServer::save_noise_psk(psk_t psk, bool make_active) {
     });
   }
   return true;
+}
+
+bool APIServer::save_noise_psk(psk_t psk, bool make_active) {
+#ifdef USE_API_NOISE_PSK_FROM_YAML
+  // When PSK is set from YAML, this function should never be called
+  // but if it is, reject the change
+  ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Key set in YAML");
+  return false;
+#else
+  auto &old_psk = this->noise_ctx_.get_psk();
+  if (std::equal(old_psk.begin(), old_psk.end(), psk.begin())) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "New PSK matches old");
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  SavedNoisePsk new_saved_psk{psk};
+  return this->update_noise_psk_(new_saved_psk, LOG_STR("Noise PSK saved"), LOG_STR("Failed to save Noise PSK"), psk,
+                                 make_active);
+#endif
+}
+bool APIServer::clear_noise_psk(bool make_active) {
+#ifdef USE_API_NOISE_PSK_FROM_YAML
+  // When PSK is set from YAML, this function should never be called
+  // but if it is, reject the change
+  ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Key set in YAML");
+  return false;
+#else
+  SavedNoisePsk empty_psk{};
+  psk_t empty{};
+  return this->update_noise_psk_(empty_psk, LOG_STR("Noise PSK cleared"), LOG_STR("Failed to clear Noise PSK"), empty,
+                                 make_active);
 #endif
 }
 #endif
@@ -516,7 +547,42 @@ void APIServer::request_time() {
 }
 #endif
 
-bool APIServer::is_connected() const { return !this->clients_.empty(); }
+bool APIServer::is_connected(bool state_subscription_only) const {
+  if (!state_subscription_only) {
+    return !this->clients_.empty();
+  }
+
+  for (const auto &client : this->clients_) {
+    if (client->flags_.state_subscription) {
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+#ifdef USE_LOGGER
+void APIServer::on_log(uint8_t level, const char *tag, const char *message, size_t message_len) {
+  if (this->shutting_down_) {
+    // Don't try to send logs during shutdown
+    // as it could result in a recursion and
+    // we would be filling a buffer we are trying to clear
+    return;
+  }
+  for (auto &c : this->clients_) {
+    if (!c->flags_.remove && c->get_log_subscription_level() >= level)
+      c->try_send_log_message(level, tag, message, message_len);
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef USE_CAMERA
+void APIServer::on_camera_image(const std::shared_ptr<camera::CameraImage> &image) {
+  for (auto &c : this->clients_) {
+    if (!c->flags_.remove)
+      c->set_camera_state(image);
+  }
+}
+#endif
 
 void APIServer::on_shutdown() {
   this->shutting_down_ = true;
@@ -553,5 +619,84 @@ bool APIServer::teardown() {
   return this->clients_.empty();
 }
 
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
+// Timeout for action calls - matches aioesphomeapi client timeout (default 30s)
+// Can be overridden via USE_API_ACTION_CALL_TIMEOUT_MS define for testing
+#ifndef USE_API_ACTION_CALL_TIMEOUT_MS
+#define USE_API_ACTION_CALL_TIMEOUT_MS 30000  // NOLINT
+#endif
+
+uint32_t APIServer::register_active_action_call(uint32_t client_call_id, APIConnection *conn) {
+  uint32_t action_call_id = this->next_action_call_id_++;
+  // Handle wraparound (skip 0 as it means "no call")
+  if (this->next_action_call_id_ == 0) {
+    this->next_action_call_id_ = 1;
+  }
+  this->active_action_calls_.push_back({action_call_id, client_call_id, conn});
+
+  // Schedule automatic cleanup after timeout (client will have given up by then)
+  this->set_timeout(str_sprintf("action_call_%u", action_call_id), USE_API_ACTION_CALL_TIMEOUT_MS,
+                    [this, action_call_id]() {
+                      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Action call %u timed out", action_call_id);
+                      this->unregister_active_action_call(action_call_id);
+                    });
+
+  return action_call_id;
+}
+
+void APIServer::unregister_active_action_call(uint32_t action_call_id) {
+  // Cancel the timeout for this action call
+  this->cancel_timeout(str_sprintf("action_call_%u", action_call_id));
+
+  // Swap-and-pop is more efficient than remove_if for unordered vectors
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < this->active_action_calls_.size(); i++) {
+    if (this->active_action_calls_[i].action_call_id == action_call_id) {
+      std::swap(this->active_action_calls_[i], this->active_action_calls_.back());
+      this->active_action_calls_.pop_back();
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void APIServer::unregister_active_action_calls_for_connection(APIConnection *conn) {
+  // Remove all active action calls for disconnected connection using swap-and-pop
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < this->active_action_calls_.size();) {
+    if (this->active_action_calls_[i].connection == conn) {
+      // Cancel the timeout for this action call
+      this->cancel_timeout(str_sprintf("action_call_%u", this->active_action_calls_[i].action_call_id));
+
+      std::swap(this->active_action_calls_[i], this->active_action_calls_.back());
+      this->active_action_calls_.pop_back();
+      // Don't increment i - need to check the swapped element
+    } else {
+      i++;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void APIServer::send_action_response(uint32_t action_call_id, bool success, const std::string &error_message) {
+  for (auto &call : this->active_action_calls_) {
+    if (call.action_call_id == action_call_id) {
+      call.connection->send_execute_service_response(call.client_call_id, success, error_message);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Cannot send response: no active call found for action_call_id %u", action_call_id);
+}
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
+void APIServer::send_action_response(uint32_t action_call_id, bool success, const std::string &error_message,
+                                     const uint8_t *response_data, size_t response_data_len) {
+  for (auto &call : this->active_action_calls_) {
+    if (call.action_call_id == action_call_id) {
+      call.connection->send_execute_service_response(call.client_call_id, success, error_message, response_data,
+                                                     response_data_len);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Cannot send response: no active call found for action_call_id %u", action_call_id);
+}
+#endif  // USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
+#endif  // USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
+
 }  // namespace esphome::api
 #endif

esphome/components/api/api_server.h

@@ -12,22 +12,39 @@
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 #include "list_entities.h"
 #include "subscribe_state.h"
-#ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
-#include "user_services.h"
+#ifdef USE_LOGGER
+#include "esphome/components/logger/logger.h"
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_CAMERA
+#include "esphome/components/camera/camera.h"
 #endif
 
-#include <map>
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace esphome::api {
 
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
+// Forward declaration - full definition in user_services.h
+class UserServiceDescriptor;
+#endif
+
 #ifdef USE_API_NOISE
 struct SavedNoisePsk {
   psk_t psk;
 } PACKED;  // NOLINT
 #endif
 
-class APIServer : public Component, public Controller {
+class APIServer : public Component,
+                  public Controller
+#ifdef USE_LOGGER
+    ,
+                  public logger::LogListener
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_CAMERA
+    ,
+                  public camera::CameraListener
+#endif
+{
  public:
   APIServer();
   void setup() override;
@@ -37,6 +54,12 @@ class APIServer : public Component, public Controller {
   void dump_config() override;
   void on_shutdown() override;
   bool teardown() override;
+#ifdef USE_LOGGER
+  void on_log(uint8_t level, const char *tag, const char *message, size_t message_len) override;
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_CAMERA
+  void on_camera_image(const std::shared_ptr<camera::CameraImage> &image) override;
+#endif
 #ifdef USE_API_PASSWORD
   bool check_password(const uint8_t *password_data, size_t password_len) const;
   void set_password(const std::string &password);
@@ -53,8 +76,9 @@ class APIServer : public Component, public Controller {
 
 #ifdef USE_API_NOISE
   bool save_noise_psk(psk_t psk, bool make_active = true);
-  void set_noise_psk(psk_t psk) { noise_ctx_->set_psk(psk); }
-  std::shared_ptr<APINoiseContext> get_noise_ctx() { return noise_ctx_; }
+  bool clear_noise_psk(bool make_active = true);
+  void set_noise_psk(psk_t psk) { this->noise_ctx_.set_psk(psk); }
+  APINoiseContext &get_noise_ctx() { return this->noise_ctx_; }
 #endif  // USE_API_NOISE
 
   void handle_disconnect(APIConnection *conn);
@@ -71,19 +95,19 @@ class APIServer : public Component, public Controller {
   void on_light_update(light::LightState *obj) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
-  void on_sensor_update(sensor::Sensor *obj, float state) override;
+  void on_sensor_update(sensor::Sensor *obj) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SWITCH
-  void on_switch_update(switch_::Switch *obj, bool state) override;
+  void on_switch_update(switch_::Switch *obj) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
-  void on_text_sensor_update(text_sensor::TextSensor *obj, const std::string &state) override;
+  void on_text_sensor_update(text_sensor::TextSensor *obj) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_CLIMATE
   void on_climate_update(climate::Climate *obj) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
-  void on_number_update(number::Number *obj, float state) override;
+  void on_number_update(number::Number *obj) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_DATETIME_DATE
   void on_date_update(datetime::DateEntity *obj) override;
@@ -95,10 +119,10 @@ class APIServer : public Component, public Controller {
   void on_datetime_update(datetime::DateTimeEntity *obj) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_TEXT
-  void on_text_update(text::Text *obj, const std::string &state) override;
+  void on_text_update(text::Text *obj) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
-  void on_select_update(select::Select *obj, const std::string &state, size_t index) override;
+  void on_select_update(select::Select *obj) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_LOCK
   void on_lock_update(lock::Lock *obj) override;
@@ -123,9 +147,28 @@ class APIServer : public Component, public Controller {
 #endif  // USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
 #endif  // USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_ACTION_RESPONSES
 #endif  // USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_SERVICES
-#ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
+  void initialize_user_services(std::initializer_list<UserServiceDescriptor *> services) {
+    this->user_services_.assign(services);
+  }
+#ifdef USE_API_CUSTOM_SERVICES
+  // Only compile push_back method when custom_services: true (external components)
   void register_user_service(UserServiceDescriptor *descriptor) { this->user_services_.push_back(descriptor); }
 #endif
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
+  // Action call context management - supports concurrent calls from multiple clients
+  // Returns server-generated action_call_id to avoid collisions when clients use same call_id
+  uint32_t register_active_action_call(uint32_t client_call_id, APIConnection *conn);
+  void unregister_active_action_call(uint32_t action_call_id);
+  void unregister_active_action_calls_for_connection(APIConnection *conn);
+  // Send response for a specific action call (uses action_call_id, sends client_call_id in response)
+  void send_action_response(uint32_t action_call_id, bool success, const std::string &error_message);
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
+  void send_action_response(uint32_t action_call_id, bool success, const std::string &error_message,
+                            const uint8_t *response_data, size_t response_data_len);
+#endif  // USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
+#endif  // USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
+#endif
 #ifdef USE_HOMEASSISTANT_TIME
   void request_time();
 #endif
@@ -134,7 +177,7 @@ class APIServer : public Component, public Controller {
   void on_alarm_control_panel_update(alarm_control_panel::AlarmControlPanel *obj) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_EVENT
-  void on_event(event::Event *obj, const std::string &event_type) override;
+  void on_event(event::Event *obj) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_UPDATE
   void on_update(update::UpdateEntity *obj) override;
@@ -143,23 +186,34 @@ class APIServer : public Component, public Controller {
   void on_zwave_proxy_request(const esphome::api::ProtoMessage &msg);
 #endif
 
-  bool is_connected() const;
+  bool is_connected(bool state_subscription_only = false) const;
 
 #ifdef USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_STATES
   struct HomeAssistantStateSubscription {
-    std::string entity_id;
-    optional<std::string> attribute;
+    const char *entity_id;  // Pointer to flash (internal) or heap (external)
+    const char *attribute;  // Pointer to flash or nullptr (nullptr means no attribute)
     std::function<void(std::string)> callback;
     bool once;
+
+    // Dynamic storage for external components using std::string API (custom_api_device.h)
+    // These are only allocated when using the std::string overload (nullptr for const char* overload)
+    std::unique_ptr<std::string> entity_id_dynamic_storage;
+    std::unique_ptr<std::string> attribute_dynamic_storage;
   };
 
+  // New const char* overload (for internal components - zero allocation)
+  void subscribe_home_assistant_state(const char *entity_id, const char *attribute, std::function<void(std::string)> f);
+  void get_home_assistant_state(const char *entity_id, const char *attribute, std::function<void(std::string)> f);
+
+  // Existing std::string overload (for custom_api_device.h - heap allocation)
   void subscribe_home_assistant_state(std::string entity_id, optional<std::string> attribute,
                                       std::function<void(std::string)> f);
   void get_home_assistant_state(std::string entity_id, optional<std::string> attribute,
                                 std::function<void(std::string)> f);
+
   const std::vector<HomeAssistantStateSubscription> &get_state_subs() const;
 #endif
-#ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
   const std::vector<UserServiceDescriptor *> &get_user_services() const { return this->user_services_; }
 #endif
 
@@ -173,7 +227,17 @@ class APIServer : public Component, public Controller {
 #endif
 
  protected:
-  void schedule_reboot_timeout_();
+#ifdef USE_API_NOISE
+  bool update_noise_psk_(const SavedNoisePsk &new_psk, const LogString *save_log_msg, const LogString *fail_log_msg,
+                         const psk_t &active_psk, bool make_active);
+#endif  // USE_API_NOISE
+#ifdef USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_STATES
+  // Helper methods to reduce code duplication
+  void add_state_subscription_(const char *entity_id, const char *attribute, std::function<void(std::string)> f,
+                               bool once);
+  void add_state_subscription_(std::string entity_id, optional<std::string> attribute,
+                               std::function<void(std::string)> f, bool once);
+#endif  // USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_STATES
   // Pointers and pointer-like types first (4 bytes each)
   std::unique_ptr<socket::Socket> socket_ = nullptr;
 #ifdef USE_API_CLIENT_CONNECTED_TRIGGER
@@ -185,6 +249,7 @@ class APIServer : public Component, public Controller {
 
   // 4-byte aligned types
   uint32_t reboot_timeout_{300000};
+  uint32_t last_connected_{0};
 
   // Vectors and strings (12 bytes each on 32-bit)
   std::vector<std::unique_ptr<APIConnection>> clients_;
@@ -195,8 +260,19 @@ class APIServer : public Component, public Controller {
 #ifdef USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_STATES
   std::vector<HomeAssistantStateSubscription> state_subs_;
 #endif
-#ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
   std::vector<UserServiceDescriptor *> user_services_;
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
+  // Active action calls - supports concurrent calls from multiple clients
+  // Uses server-generated action_call_id to avoid collisions when multiple clients use same call_id
+  struct ActiveActionCall {
+    uint32_t action_call_id;  // Server-generated unique ID (passed to actions)
+    uint32_t client_call_id;  // Client's original call_id (used in response)
+    APIConnection *connection;
+  };
+  std::vector<ActiveActionCall> active_action_calls_;
+  uint32_t next_action_call_id_{1};  // Counter for generating unique action_call_ids
+#endif                               // USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_ACTION_RESPONSES
   struct PendingActionResponse {
@@ -217,7 +293,7 @@ class APIServer : public Component, public Controller {
   // 7 bytes used, 1 byte padding
 
 #ifdef USE_API_NOISE
-  std::shared_ptr<APINoiseContext> noise_ctx_ = std::make_shared<APINoiseContext>();
+  APINoiseContext noise_ctx_;
   ESPPreferenceObject noise_pref_;
 #endif  // USE_API_NOISE
 };
@@ -225,8 +301,11 @@ class APIServer : public Component, public Controller {
 extern APIServer *global_api_server;  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
 
 template<typename... Ts> class APIConnectedCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
+  TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, state_subscription_only)
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return global_api_server->is_connected(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override {
+    return global_api_server->is_connected(this->state_subscription_only_.value(x...));
+  }
 };
 
 }  // namespace esphome::api

esphome/components/api/custom_api_device.h

@@ -3,25 +3,28 @@
 #include <map>
 #include "api_server.h"
 #ifdef USE_API
-#ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
 #include "user_services.h"
 #endif
 namespace esphome::api {
 
-#ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
-template<typename T, typename... Ts> class CustomAPIDeviceService : public UserServiceBase<Ts...> {
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
+template<typename T, typename... Ts> class CustomAPIDeviceService : public UserServiceDynamic<Ts...> {
  public:
   CustomAPIDeviceService(const std::string &name, const std::array<std::string, sizeof...(Ts)> &arg_names, T *obj,
                          void (T::*callback)(Ts...))
-      : UserServiceBase<Ts...>(name, arg_names), obj_(obj), callback_(callback) {}
+      : UserServiceDynamic<Ts...>(name, arg_names), obj_(obj), callback_(callback) {}
 
  protected:
-  void execute(Ts... x) override { (this->obj_->*this->callback_)(x...); }  // NOLINT
+  // CustomAPIDevice services don't support action responses - ignore call_id and return_response
+  void execute(uint32_t /*call_id*/, bool /*return_response*/, Ts... x) override {
+    (this->obj_->*this->callback_)(x...);  // NOLINT
+  }
 
   T *obj_;
   void (T::*callback_)(Ts...);
 };
-#endif  // USE_API_SERVICES
+#endif  // USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
 
 class CustomAPIDevice {
  public:
@@ -49,12 +52,18 @@ class CustomAPIDevice {
    * @param name The name of the service to register.
    * @param arg_names The name of the arguments for the service, must match the arguments of the function.
    */
-#ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
   template<typename T, typename... Ts>
   void register_service(void (T::*callback)(Ts...), const std::string &name,
                         const std::array<std::string, sizeof...(Ts)> &arg_names) {
+#ifdef USE_API_CUSTOM_SERVICES
     auto *service = new CustomAPIDeviceService<T, Ts...>(name, arg_names, (T *) this, callback);  // NOLINT
     global_api_server->register_user_service(service);
+#else
+    static_assert(
+        sizeof(T) == 0,
+        "register_service() requires 'custom_services: true' in the 'api:' section of your YAML configuration");
+#endif
   }
 #else
   template<typename T, typename... Ts>
@@ -84,10 +93,16 @@ class CustomAPIDevice {
    * @param callback The member function to call when the service is triggered.
    * @param name The name of the arguments for the service, must match the arguments of the function.
    */
-#ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
   template<typename T> void register_service(void (T::*callback)(), const std::string &name) {
+#ifdef USE_API_CUSTOM_SERVICES
     auto *service = new CustomAPIDeviceService<T>(name, {}, (T *) this, callback);  // NOLINT
     global_api_server->register_user_service(service);
+#else
+    static_assert(
+        sizeof(T) == 0,
+        "register_service() requires 'custom_services: true' in the 'api:' section of your YAML configuration");
+#endif
   }
 #else
   template<typename T> void register_service(void (T::*callback)(), const std::string &name) {

esphome/components/api/homeassistant_service.h

@@ -12,10 +12,17 @@
 #endif
 #include "esphome/core/automation.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
+#include "esphome/core/string_ref.h"
 
 namespace esphome::api {
 
 template<typename... X> class TemplatableStringValue : public TemplatableValue<std::string, X...> {
+  // Verify that const char* uses the base class STATIC_STRING optimization (no heap allocation)
+  // rather than being wrapped in a lambda. The base class constructor for const char* is more
+  // specialized than the templated constructor here, so it should be selected.
+  static_assert(std::is_constructible_v<TemplatableValue<std::string, X...>, const char *>,
+                "Base class must have const char* constructor for STATIC_STRING optimization");
+
  private:
   // Helper to convert value to string - handles the case where value is already a string
   template<typename T> static std::string value_to_string(T &&val) { return to_string(std::forward<T>(val)); }
@@ -46,23 +53,25 @@ template<typename... Ts> class TemplatableKeyValuePair {
 
   // Keys are always string literals from YAML dictionary keys (e.g., "code", "event")
   // and never templatable values or lambdas. Only the value parameter can be a lambda/template.
-  // Using pass-by-value with std::move allows optimal performance for both lvalues and rvalues.
-  template<typename T> TemplatableKeyValuePair(std::string key, T value) : key(std::move(key)), value(value) {}
+  // Using const char* avoids std::string heap allocation - keys remain in flash.
+  template<typename T> TemplatableKeyValuePair(const char *key, T value) : key(key), value(value) {}
 
-  std::string key;
+  const char *key{nullptr};
   TemplatableStringValue<Ts...> value;
 };
 
 #ifdef USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_ACTION_RESPONSES
 // Represents the response data from a Home Assistant action
+// Note: This class holds a StringRef to the error_message from the protobuf message.
+// The protobuf message must outlive the ActionResponse (which is guaranteed since
+// the callback is invoked synchronously while the message is on the stack).
 class ActionResponse {
  public:
-  ActionResponse(bool success, std::string error_message = "")
-      : success_(success), error_message_(std::move(error_message)) {}
+  ActionResponse(bool success, const std::string &error_message) : success_(success), error_message_(error_message) {}
 
 #ifdef USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
-  ActionResponse(bool success, std::string error_message, const uint8_t *data, size_t data_len)
-      : success_(success), error_message_(std::move(error_message)) {
+  ActionResponse(bool success, const std::string &error_message, const uint8_t *data, size_t data_len)
+      : success_(success), error_message_(error_message) {
     if (data == nullptr || data_len == 0)
       return;
     this->json_document_ = json::parse_json(data, data_len);
@@ -70,7 +79,8 @@ class ActionResponse {
 #endif
 
   bool is_success() const { return this->success_; }
-  const std::string &get_error_message() const { return this->error_message_; }
+  // Returns reference to error message - can be implicitly converted to std::string if needed
+  const StringRef &get_error_message() const { return this->error_message_; }
 
 #ifdef USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
   // Get data as parsed JSON object (const version returns read-only view)
@@ -79,7 +89,7 @@ class ActionResponse {
 
  protected:
   bool success_;
-  std::string error_message_;
+  StringRef error_message_;
 #ifdef USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
   JsonDocument json_document_;
 #endif
@@ -105,14 +115,15 @@ template<typename... Ts> class HomeAssistantServiceCallAction : public Action<Ts
 
   // Keys are always string literals from the Python code generation (e.g., cg.add(var.add_data("tag_id", templ))).
   // The value parameter can be a lambda/template, but keys are never templatable.
-  template<typename K, typename V> void add_data(K &&key, V &&value) {
-    this->add_kv_(this->data_, std::forward<K>(key), std::forward<V>(value));
+  // Using const char* for keys avoids std::string heap allocation - keys remain in flash.
+  template<typename V> void add_data(const char *key, V &&value) {
+    this->add_kv_(this->data_, key, std::forward<V>(value));
   }
-  template<typename K, typename V> void add_data_template(K &&key, V &&value) {
-    this->add_kv_(this->data_template_, std::forward<K>(key), std::forward<V>(value));
+  template<typename V> void add_data_template(const char *key, V &&value) {
+    this->add_kv_(this->data_template_, key, std::forward<V>(value));
   }
-  template<typename K, typename V> void add_variable(K &&key, V &&value) {
-    this->add_kv_(this->variables_, std::forward<K>(key), std::forward<V>(value));
+  template<typename V> void add_variable(const char *key, V &&value) {
+    this->add_kv_(this->variables_, key, std::forward<V>(value));
   }
 
 #ifdef USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_ACTION_RESPONSES
@@ -133,7 +144,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class HomeAssistantServiceCallAction : public Action<Ts
   Trigger<std::string, Ts...> *get_error_trigger() const { return this->error_trigger_; }
 #endif  // USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_ACTION_RESPONSES
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     HomeassistantActionRequest resp;
     std::string service_value = this->service_.value(x...);
     resp.set_service(StringRef(service_value));
@@ -185,10 +196,11 @@ template<typename... Ts> class HomeAssistantServiceCallAction : public Action<Ts
   }
 
  protected:
-  // Helper to add key-value pairs to FixedVectors with perfect forwarding to avoid copies
-  template<typename K, typename V> void add_kv_(FixedVector<TemplatableKeyValuePair<Ts...>> &vec, K &&key, V &&value) {
+  // Helper to add key-value pairs to FixedVectors
+  // Keys are always string literals (const char*), values can be lambdas/templates
+  template<typename V> void add_kv_(FixedVector<TemplatableKeyValuePair<Ts...>> &vec, const char *key, V &&value) {
     auto &kv = vec.emplace_back();
-    kv.key = std::forward<K>(key);
+    kv.key = key;
     kv.value = std::forward<V>(value);
   }
 

esphome/components/api/list_entities.cpp

@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@
 #include "esphome/core/application.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 #include "esphome/core/util.h"
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
+#include "user_services.h"
+#endif
 
 namespace esphome::api {
 
@@ -82,7 +85,7 @@ bool ListEntitiesIterator::on_end() { return this->client_->send_list_info_done(
 
 ListEntitiesIterator::ListEntitiesIterator(APIConnection *client) : client_(client) {}
 
-#ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
 bool ListEntitiesIterator::on_service(UserServiceDescriptor *service) {
   auto resp = service->encode_list_service_response();
   return this->client_->send_message(resp, ListEntitiesServicesResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE);

esphome/components/api/list_entities.h

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class ListEntitiesIterator : public ComponentIterator {
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
   bool on_text_sensor(text_sensor::TextSensor *entity) override;
 #endif
-#ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
   bool on_service(UserServiceDescriptor *service) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_CAMERA

esphome/components/api/proto.h

@@ -846,7 +846,7 @@ class ProtoService {
    */
   virtual ProtoWriteBuffer create_buffer(uint32_t reserve_size) = 0;
   virtual bool send_buffer(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer, uint8_t message_type) = 0;
-  virtual void read_message(uint32_t msg_size, uint32_t msg_type, uint8_t *msg_data) = 0;
+  virtual void read_message(uint32_t msg_size, uint32_t msg_type, const uint8_t *msg_data) = 0;
 
   // Optimized method that pre-allocates buffer based on message size
   bool send_message_(const ProtoMessage &msg, uint8_t message_type) {

esphome/components/api/user_services.cpp

@@ -11,23 +11,58 @@ template<> int32_t get_execute_arg_value<int32_t>(const ExecuteServiceArgument &
 }
 template<> float get_execute_arg_value<float>(const ExecuteServiceArgument &arg) { return arg.float_; }
 template<> std::string get_execute_arg_value<std::string>(const ExecuteServiceArgument &arg) { return arg.string_; }
+
+// Legacy std::vector versions for external components using custom_api_device.h - optimized with reserve
 template<> std::vector<bool> get_execute_arg_value<std::vector<bool>>(const ExecuteServiceArgument &arg) {
-  return std::vector<bool>(arg.bool_array.begin(), arg.bool_array.end());
+  std::vector<bool> result;
+  result.reserve(arg.bool_array.size());
+  result.insert(result.end(), arg.bool_array.begin(), arg.bool_array.end());
+  return result;
 }
 template<> std::vector<int32_t> get_execute_arg_value<std::vector<int32_t>>(const ExecuteServiceArgument &arg) {
-  return std::vector<int32_t>(arg.int_array.begin(), arg.int_array.end());
+  std::vector<int32_t> result;
+  result.reserve(arg.int_array.size());
+  result.insert(result.end(), arg.int_array.begin(), arg.int_array.end());
+  return result;
 }
 template<> std::vector<float> get_execute_arg_value<std::vector<float>>(const ExecuteServiceArgument &arg) {
-  return std::vector<float>(arg.float_array.begin(), arg.float_array.end());
+  std::vector<float> result;
+  result.reserve(arg.float_array.size());
+  result.insert(result.end(), arg.float_array.begin(), arg.float_array.end());
+  return result;
 }
 template<> std::vector<std::string> get_execute_arg_value<std::vector<std::string>>(const ExecuteServiceArgument &arg) {
-  return std::vector<std::string>(arg.string_array.begin(), arg.string_array.end());
+  std::vector<std::string> result;
+  result.reserve(arg.string_array.size());
+  result.insert(result.end(), arg.string_array.begin(), arg.string_array.end());
+  return result;
+}
+
+// New FixedVector const reference versions for YAML-generated services - zero-copy
+template<>
+const FixedVector<bool> &get_execute_arg_value<const FixedVector<bool> &>(const ExecuteServiceArgument &arg) {
+  return arg.bool_array;
+}
+template<>
+const FixedVector<int32_t> &get_execute_arg_value<const FixedVector<int32_t> &>(const ExecuteServiceArgument &arg) {
+  return arg.int_array;
+}
+template<>
+const FixedVector<float> &get_execute_arg_value<const FixedVector<float> &>(const ExecuteServiceArgument &arg) {
+  return arg.float_array;
+}
+template<>
+const FixedVector<std::string> &get_execute_arg_value<const FixedVector<std::string> &>(
+    const ExecuteServiceArgument &arg) {
+  return arg.string_array;
 }
 
 template<> enums::ServiceArgType to_service_arg_type<bool>() { return enums::SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_BOOL; }
 template<> enums::ServiceArgType to_service_arg_type<int32_t>() { return enums::SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_INT; }
 template<> enums::ServiceArgType to_service_arg_type<float>() { return enums::SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_FLOAT; }
 template<> enums::ServiceArgType to_service_arg_type<std::string>() { return enums::SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_STRING; }
+
+// Legacy std::vector versions for external components using custom_api_device.h
 template<> enums::ServiceArgType to_service_arg_type<std::vector<bool>>() { return enums::SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_BOOL_ARRAY; }
 template<> enums::ServiceArgType to_service_arg_type<std::vector<int32_t>>() {
   return enums::SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_INT_ARRAY;
@@ -39,4 +74,18 @@ template<> enums::ServiceArgType to_service_arg_type<std::vector<std::string>>()
   return enums::SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_STRING_ARRAY;
 }
 
+// New FixedVector const reference versions for YAML-generated services
+template<> enums::ServiceArgType to_service_arg_type<const FixedVector<bool> &>() {
+  return enums::SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_BOOL_ARRAY;
+}
+template<> enums::ServiceArgType to_service_arg_type<const FixedVector<int32_t> &>() {
+  return enums::SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_INT_ARRAY;
+}
+template<> enums::ServiceArgType to_service_arg_type<const FixedVector<float> &>() {
+  return enums::SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_FLOAT_ARRAY;
+}
+template<> enums::ServiceArgType to_service_arg_type<const FixedVector<std::string> &>() {
+  return enums::SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_STRING_ARRAY;
+}
+
 }  // namespace esphome::api

esphome/components/api/user_services.h

@@ -1,20 +1,31 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <tuple>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "esphome/core/component.h"
-#include "esphome/core/automation.h"
 #include "api_pb2.h"
+#include "esphome/core/automation.h"
+#include "esphome/core/component.h"
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
+#include "esphome/components/json/json_util.h"
+#endif
 
-#ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
 namespace esphome::api {
 
+// Forward declaration - full definition in api_server.h
+class APIServer;
+
 class UserServiceDescriptor {
  public:
   virtual ListEntitiesServicesResponse encode_list_service_response() = 0;
 
   virtual bool execute_service(const ExecuteServiceRequest &req) = 0;
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
+  // Overload that accepts server-generated action_call_id (avoids client call_id collisions)
+  virtual bool execute_service(const ExecuteServiceRequest &req, uint32_t action_call_id) = 0;
+#endif
 
   bool is_internal() { return false; }
 };
@@ -23,17 +34,21 @@ template<typename T> T get_execute_arg_value(const ExecuteServiceArgument &arg);
 
 template<typename T> enums::ServiceArgType to_service_arg_type();
 
+// Base class for YAML-defined services (most common case)
+// Stores only pointers to string literals in flash - no heap allocation
 template<typename... Ts> class UserServiceBase : public UserServiceDescriptor {
  public:
-  UserServiceBase(std::string name, const std::array<std::string, sizeof...(Ts)> &arg_names)
-      : name_(std::move(name)), arg_names_(arg_names) {
-    this->key_ = fnv1_hash(this->name_);
+  UserServiceBase(const char *name, const std::array<const char *, sizeof...(Ts)> &arg_names,
+                  enums::SupportsResponseType supports_response = enums::SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_NONE)
+      : name_(name), arg_names_(arg_names), supports_response_(supports_response) {
+    this->key_ = fnv1_hash(name);
   }
 
   ListEntitiesServicesResponse encode_list_service_response() override {
     ListEntitiesServicesResponse msg;
     msg.set_name(StringRef(this->name_));
     msg.key = this->key_;
+    msg.supports_response = this->supports_response_;
     std::array<enums::ServiceArgType, sizeof...(Ts)> arg_types = {to_service_arg_type<Ts>()...};
     msg.args.init(sizeof...(Ts));
     for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof...(Ts); i++) {
@@ -47,31 +62,246 @@ template<typename... Ts> class UserServiceBase : public UserServiceDescriptor {
   bool execute_service(const ExecuteServiceRequest &req) override {
     if (req.key != this->key_)
       return false;
-    if (req.args.size() != this->arg_names_.size())
+    if (req.args.size() != sizeof...(Ts))
       return false;
-    this->execute_(req.args, typename gens<sizeof...(Ts)>::type());
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
+    this->execute_(req.args, req.call_id, req.return_response, std::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Ts)>{});
+#else
+    this->execute_(req.args, 0, false, std::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Ts)>{});
+#endif
     return true;
   }
 
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
+  bool execute_service(const ExecuteServiceRequest &req, uint32_t action_call_id) override {
+    if (req.key != this->key_)
+      return false;
+    if (req.args.size() != sizeof...(Ts))
+      return false;
+    this->execute_(req.args, action_call_id, req.return_response, std::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Ts)>{});
+    return true;
+  }
+#endif
+
  protected:
-  virtual void execute(Ts... x) = 0;
-  template<typename ArgsContainer, int... S> void execute_(const ArgsContainer &args, seq<S...> type) {
-    this->execute((get_execute_arg_value<Ts>(args[S]))...);
+  virtual void execute(uint32_t call_id, bool return_response, Ts... x) = 0;
+  template<typename ArgsContainer, size_t... S>
+  void execute_(const ArgsContainer &args, uint32_t call_id, bool return_response, std::index_sequence<S...> /*type*/) {
+    this->execute(call_id, return_response, (get_execute_arg_value<Ts>(args[S]))...);
   }
 
-  std::string name_;
+  // Pointers to string literals in flash - no heap allocation
+  const char *name_;
+  std::array<const char *, sizeof...(Ts)> arg_names_;
   uint32_t key_{0};
-  std::array<std::string, sizeof...(Ts)> arg_names_;
+  enums::SupportsResponseType supports_response_{enums::SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_NONE};
 };
 
-template<typename... Ts> class UserServiceTrigger : public UserServiceBase<Ts...>, public Trigger<Ts...> {
+// Separate class for custom_api_device services (rare case)
+// Stores copies of runtime-generated names
+template<typename... Ts> class UserServiceDynamic : public UserServiceDescriptor {
  public:
-  UserServiceTrigger(const std::string &name, const std::array<std::string, sizeof...(Ts)> &arg_names)
-      : UserServiceBase<Ts...>(name, arg_names) {}
+  UserServiceDynamic(std::string name, const std::array<std::string, sizeof...(Ts)> &arg_names)
+      : name_(std::move(name)), arg_names_(arg_names) {
+    this->key_ = fnv1_hash(this->name_.c_str());
+  }
+
+  ListEntitiesServicesResponse encode_list_service_response() override {
+    ListEntitiesServicesResponse msg;
+    msg.set_name(StringRef(this->name_));
+    msg.key = this->key_;
+    msg.supports_response = enums::SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_NONE;  // Dynamic services don't support responses yet
+    std::array<enums::ServiceArgType, sizeof...(Ts)> arg_types = {to_service_arg_type<Ts>()...};
+    msg.args.init(sizeof...(Ts));
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof...(Ts); i++) {
+      auto &arg = msg.args.emplace_back();
+      arg.type = arg_types[i];
+      arg.set_name(StringRef(this->arg_names_[i]));
+    }
+    return msg;
+  }
+
+  bool execute_service(const ExecuteServiceRequest &req) override {
+    if (req.key != this->key_)
+      return false;
+    if (req.args.size() != sizeof...(Ts))
+      return false;
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
+    this->execute_(req.args, req.call_id, req.return_response, std::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Ts)>{});
+#else
+    this->execute_(req.args, 0, false, std::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Ts)>{});
+#endif
+    return true;
+  }
+
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
+  // Dynamic services don't support responses yet, but need to implement the interface
+  bool execute_service(const ExecuteServiceRequest &req, uint32_t action_call_id) override {
+    if (req.key != this->key_)
+      return false;
+    if (req.args.size() != sizeof...(Ts))
+      return false;
+    this->execute_(req.args, action_call_id, req.return_response, std::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Ts)>{});
+    return true;
+  }
+#endif
 
  protected:
-  void execute(Ts... x) override { this->trigger(x...); }  // NOLINT
+  virtual void execute(uint32_t call_id, bool return_response, Ts... x) = 0;
+  template<typename ArgsContainer, size_t... S>
+  void execute_(const ArgsContainer &args, uint32_t call_id, bool return_response, std::index_sequence<S...> /*type*/) {
+    this->execute(call_id, return_response, (get_execute_arg_value<Ts>(args[S]))...);
+  }
+
+  // Heap-allocated strings for runtime-generated names
+  std::string name_;
+  std::array<std::string, sizeof...(Ts)> arg_names_;
+  uint32_t key_{0};
+};
+
+// Primary template declaration
+template<enums::SupportsResponseType Mode, typename... Ts> class UserServiceTrigger;
+
+// Specialization for NONE - no extra trigger arguments
+template<typename... Ts>
+class UserServiceTrigger<enums::SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_NONE, Ts...> : public UserServiceBase<Ts...>, public Trigger<Ts...> {
+ public:
+  UserServiceTrigger(const char *name, const std::array<const char *, sizeof...(Ts)> &arg_names)
+      : UserServiceBase<Ts...>(name, arg_names, enums::SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_NONE) {}
+
+ protected:
+  void execute(uint32_t /*call_id*/, bool /*return_response*/, Ts... x) override { this->trigger(x...); }
+};
+
+// Specialization for OPTIONAL - call_id and return_response trigger arguments
+template<typename... Ts>
+class UserServiceTrigger<enums::SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_OPTIONAL, Ts...> : public UserServiceBase<Ts...>,
+                                                                     public Trigger<uint32_t, bool, Ts...> {
+ public:
+  UserServiceTrigger(const char *name, const std::array<const char *, sizeof...(Ts)> &arg_names)
+      : UserServiceBase<Ts...>(name, arg_names, enums::SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_OPTIONAL) {}
+
+ protected:
+  void execute(uint32_t call_id, bool return_response, Ts... x) override {
+    this->trigger(call_id, return_response, x...);
+  }
+};
+
+// Specialization for ONLY - just call_id trigger argument
+template<typename... Ts>
+class UserServiceTrigger<enums::SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_ONLY, Ts...> : public UserServiceBase<Ts...>,
+                                                                 public Trigger<uint32_t, Ts...> {
+ public:
+  UserServiceTrigger(const char *name, const std::array<const char *, sizeof...(Ts)> &arg_names)
+      : UserServiceBase<Ts...>(name, arg_names, enums::SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_ONLY) {}
+
+ protected:
+  void execute(uint32_t call_id, bool /*return_response*/, Ts... x) override { this->trigger(call_id, x...); }
+};
+
+// Specialization for STATUS - just call_id trigger argument (reports success/error without data)
+template<typename... Ts>
+class UserServiceTrigger<enums::SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_STATUS, Ts...> : public UserServiceBase<Ts...>,
+                                                                   public Trigger<uint32_t, Ts...> {
+ public:
+  UserServiceTrigger(const char *name, const std::array<const char *, sizeof...(Ts)> &arg_names)
+      : UserServiceBase<Ts...>(name, arg_names, enums::SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_STATUS) {}
+
+ protected:
+  void execute(uint32_t call_id, bool /*return_response*/, Ts... x) override { this->trigger(call_id, x...); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace esphome::api
-#endif  // USE_API_SERVICES
+#endif  // USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
+
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES
+// Include full definition of APIServer for template implementation
+// Must be outside namespace to avoid including STL headers inside namespace
+#include "api_server.h"
+
+namespace esphome::api {
+
+template<typename... Ts> class APIRespondAction : public Action<Ts...> {
+ public:
+  explicit APIRespondAction(APIServer *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
+
+  template<typename V> void set_success(V success) { this->success_ = success; }
+  template<typename V> void set_error_message(V error) { this->error_message_ = error; }
+  void set_is_optional_mode(bool is_optional) { this->is_optional_mode_ = is_optional; }
+
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
+  void set_data(std::function<void(Ts..., JsonObject)> func) {
+    this->json_builder_ = std::move(func);
+    this->has_data_ = true;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
+    // Extract call_id from first argument - it's always first for optional/only/status modes
+    auto args = std::make_tuple(x...);
+    uint32_t call_id = std::get<0>(args);
+
+    bool success = this->success_.value(x...);
+    std::string error_message = this->error_message_.value(x...);
+
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
+    if (this->has_data_) {
+      // For optional mode, check return_response (second arg) to decide if client wants data
+      // Use nested if constexpr to avoid compile error when tuple doesn't have enough elements
+      // (std::tuple_element_t is evaluated before the && short-circuit, so we must nest)
+      if constexpr (sizeof...(Ts) >= 2) {
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<std::tuple_element_t<1, std::tuple<Ts...>>, bool>) {
+          if (this->is_optional_mode_) {
+            bool return_response = std::get<1>(args);
+            if (!return_response) {
+              // Client doesn't want response data, just send success/error
+              this->parent_->send_action_response(call_id, success, error_message);
+              return;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      // Build and send JSON response
+      json::JsonBuilder builder;
+      this->json_builder_(x..., builder.root());
+      std::string json_str = builder.serialize();
+      this->parent_->send_action_response(call_id, success, error_message,
+                                          reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(json_str.data()), json_str.size());
+      return;
+    }
+#endif
+    this->parent_->send_action_response(call_id, success, error_message);
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  APIServer *parent_;
+  TemplatableValue<bool, Ts...> success_{true};
+  TemplatableValue<std::string, Ts...> error_message_{""};
+#ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
+  std::function<void(Ts..., JsonObject)> json_builder_;
+  bool has_data_{false};
+#endif
+  bool is_optional_mode_{false};
+};
+
+// Action to unregister a service call after execution completes
+// Automatically appended to the end of action lists for non-none response modes
+template<typename... Ts> class APIUnregisterServiceCallAction : public Action<Ts...> {
+ public:
+  explicit APIUnregisterServiceCallAction(APIServer *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
+
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
+    // Extract call_id from first argument - same convention as APIRespondAction
+    auto args = std::make_tuple(x...);
+    uint32_t call_id = std::get<0>(args);
+    if (call_id != 0) {
+      this->parent_->unregister_active_action_call(call_id);
+    }
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  APIServer *parent_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace esphome::api
+#endif  // USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES

esphome/components/at581x/automation.h

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ namespace at581x {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class AT581XResetAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<AT581XComponent> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->reset_hardware_frontend(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->reset_hardware_frontend(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class AT581XSettingsAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<AT581XComponent> {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class AT581XSettingsAction : public Action<Ts...>, publ
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(int, trigger_keep)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(int, stage_gain)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) {
     if (this->frequency_.has_value()) {
       int v = this->frequency_.value(x...);
       this->parent_->set_frequency(v);

esphome/components/audio_adc/automation.h

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetMicGainAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, mic_gain)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->audio_adc_->set_mic_gain(this->mic_gain_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->audio_adc_->set_mic_gain(this->mic_gain_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   AudioAdc *audio_adc_;

esphome/components/audio_dac/automation.h

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class MuteOffAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit MuteOffAction(AudioDac *audio_dac) : audio_dac_(audio_dac) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->audio_dac_->set_mute_off(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->audio_dac_->set_mute_off(); }
 
  protected:
   AudioDac *audio_dac_;
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class MuteOnAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit MuteOnAction(AudioDac *audio_dac) : audio_dac_(audio_dac) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->audio_dac_->set_mute_on(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->audio_dac_->set_mute_on(); }
 
  protected:
   AudioDac *audio_dac_;
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetVolumeAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, volume)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->audio_dac_->set_volume(this->volume_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->audio_dac_->set_volume(this->volume_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   AudioDac *audio_dac_;

esphome/components/bedjet/bedjet_const.h

@@ -99,9 +99,7 @@ enum BedjetCommand : uint8_t {
 
 static const uint8_t BEDJET_FAN_SPEED_COUNT = 20;
 
-static const char *const BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAMES[BEDJET_FAN_SPEED_COUNT] = BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAMES_;
-static const std::string BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAME_STRINGS[BEDJET_FAN_SPEED_COUNT] = BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAMES_;
-static const std::set<std::string> BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAMES_SET BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAMES_;
+static constexpr const char *const BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAMES[BEDJET_FAN_SPEED_COUNT] = BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAMES_;
 
 }  // namespace bedjet
 }  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/bedjet/climate/__init__.py

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = (
             cv.Optional(ble_client.CONF_BLE_CLIENT_ID): cv.invalid(
                 "The 'ble_client_id' option has been removed. Please migrate "
                 "to the new `bedjet_id` option in the `bedjet` component.\n"
-                "See https://esphome.io/components/climate/bedjet.html"
+                "See https://esphome.io/components/climate/bedjet/"
             ),
             cv.Optional(CONF_TIME_ID): cv.invalid(
                 "The 'time_id' option has been moved to the `bedjet` component."

esphome/components/bedjet/climate/bedjet_climate.cpp

@@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ namespace bedjet {
 
 using namespace esphome::climate;
 
-static const std::string *bedjet_fan_step_to_fan_mode(const uint8_t fan_step) {
+static const char *bedjet_fan_step_to_fan_mode(const uint8_t fan_step) {
   if (fan_step < BEDJET_FAN_SPEED_COUNT)
-    return &BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAME_STRINGS[fan_step];
+    return BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAMES[fan_step];
   return nullptr;
 }
 
-static uint8_t bedjet_fan_speed_to_step(const std::string &fan_step_percent) {
+static uint8_t bedjet_fan_speed_to_step(const char *fan_step_percent) {
   for (int i = 0; i < BEDJET_FAN_SPEED_COUNT; i++) {
-    if (fan_step_percent == BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAME_STRINGS[i]) {
+    if (strcmp(BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAMES[i], fan_step_percent) == 0) {
       return i;
     }
   }
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ void BedJetClimate::dump_config() {
     ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "   - %s", LOG_STR_ARG(climate_fan_mode_to_string(mode)));
   }
   for (const auto &mode : traits.get_supported_custom_fan_modes()) {
-    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "   - %s (c)", mode.c_str());
+    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "   - %s (c)", mode);
   }
 
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Supported presets:");
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ void BedJetClimate::dump_config() {
     ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "   - %s", LOG_STR_ARG(climate_preset_to_string(preset)));
   }
   for (const auto &preset : traits.get_supported_custom_presets()) {
-    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "   - %s (c)", preset.c_str());
+    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "   - %s (c)", preset);
   }
 }
 
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ void BedJetClimate::reset_state_() {
   this->target_temperature = NAN;
   this->current_temperature = NAN;
   this->preset.reset();
-  this->custom_preset.reset();
+  this->clear_custom_preset_();
   this->publish_state();
 }
 
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ void BedJetClimate::control(const ClimateCall &call) {
     if (button_result) {
       this->mode = mode;
       // We're using (custom) preset for Turbo, EXT HT, & M1-3 presets, so changing climate mode will clear those
-      this->custom_preset.reset();
+      this->clear_custom_preset_();
       this->preset.reset();
     }
   }
@@ -144,8 +144,7 @@ void BedJetClimate::control(const ClimateCall &call) {
 
       if (result) {
         this->mode = CLIMATE_MODE_HEAT;
-        this->preset = CLIMATE_PRESET_BOOST;
-        this->custom_preset.reset();
+        this->set_preset_(CLIMATE_PRESET_BOOST);
       }
     } else if (preset == CLIMATE_PRESET_NONE && this->preset.has_value()) {
       if (this->mode == CLIMATE_MODE_HEAT && this->preset == CLIMATE_PRESET_BOOST) {
@@ -153,7 +152,7 @@ void BedJetClimate::control(const ClimateCall &call) {
         result = this->parent_->send_button(heat_button(this->heating_mode_));
         if (result) {
           this->preset.reset();
-          this->custom_preset.reset();
+          this->clear_custom_preset_();
         }
       } else {
         ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Ignoring preset '%s' call; with current mode '%s' and preset '%s'",
@@ -164,28 +163,27 @@ void BedJetClimate::control(const ClimateCall &call) {
       ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Unsupported preset: %d", preset);
       return;
     }
-  } else if (call.get_custom_preset().has_value()) {
-    std::string preset = *call.get_custom_preset();
+  } else if (call.has_custom_preset()) {
+    const char *preset = call.get_custom_preset();
     bool result;
 
-    if (preset == "M1") {
+    if (strcmp(preset, "M1") == 0) {
       result = this->parent_->button_memory1();
-    } else if (preset == "M2") {
+    } else if (strcmp(preset, "M2") == 0) {
       result = this->parent_->button_memory2();
-    } else if (preset == "M3") {
+    } else if (strcmp(preset, "M3") == 0) {
       result = this->parent_->button_memory3();
-    } else if (preset == "LTD HT") {
+    } else if (strcmp(preset, "LTD HT") == 0) {
       result = this->parent_->button_heat();
-    } else if (preset == "EXT HT") {
+    } else if (strcmp(preset, "EXT HT") == 0) {
       result = this->parent_->button_ext_heat();
     } else {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Unsupported preset: %s", preset.c_str());
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Unsupported preset: %s", preset);
       return;
     }
 
     if (result) {
-      this->custom_preset = preset;
-      this->preset.reset();
+      this->set_custom_preset_(preset);
     }
   }
 
@@ -207,19 +205,16 @@ void BedJetClimate::control(const ClimateCall &call) {
     }
 
     if (result) {
-      this->fan_mode = fan_mode;
-      this->custom_fan_mode.reset();
+      this->set_fan_mode_(fan_mode);
     }
-  } else if (call.get_custom_fan_mode().has_value()) {
-    auto fan_mode = *call.get_custom_fan_mode();
+  } else if (call.has_custom_fan_mode()) {
+    const char *fan_mode = call.get_custom_fan_mode();
     auto fan_index = bedjet_fan_speed_to_step(fan_mode);
     if (fan_index <= 19) {
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "[%s] Converted fan mode %s to bedjet fan step %d", this->get_name().c_str(), fan_mode.c_str(),
-               fan_index);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "[%s] Converted fan mode %s to bedjet fan step %d", this->get_name().c_str(), fan_mode, fan_index);
       bool result = this->parent_->set_fan_index(fan_index);
       if (result) {
-        this->custom_fan_mode = fan_mode;
-        this->fan_mode.reset();
+        this->set_custom_fan_mode_(fan_mode);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -245,7 +240,7 @@ void BedJetClimate::on_status(const BedjetStatusPacket *data) {
 
   const auto *fan_mode_name = bedjet_fan_step_to_fan_mode(data->fan_step);
   if (fan_mode_name != nullptr) {
-    this->custom_fan_mode = *fan_mode_name;
+    this->set_custom_fan_mode_(fan_mode_name);
   }
 
   // TODO: Get biorhythm data to determine which preset (M1-3) is running, if any.
@@ -255,7 +250,7 @@ void BedJetClimate::on_status(const BedjetStatusPacket *data) {
       this->mode = CLIMATE_MODE_OFF;
       this->action = CLIMATE_ACTION_IDLE;
       this->fan_mode = CLIMATE_FAN_OFF;
-      this->custom_preset.reset();
+      this->clear_custom_preset_();
       this->preset.reset();
       break;
 
@@ -266,7 +261,7 @@ void BedJetClimate::on_status(const BedjetStatusPacket *data) {
       if (this->heating_mode_ == HEAT_MODE_EXTENDED) {
         this->set_custom_preset_("LTD HT");
       } else {
-        this->custom_preset.reset();
+        this->clear_custom_preset_();
       }
       break;
 
@@ -275,7 +270,7 @@ void BedJetClimate::on_status(const BedjetStatusPacket *data) {
       this->action = CLIMATE_ACTION_HEATING;
       this->preset.reset();
       if (this->heating_mode_ == HEAT_MODE_EXTENDED) {
-        this->custom_preset.reset();
+        this->clear_custom_preset_();
       } else {
         this->set_custom_preset_("EXT HT");
       }
@@ -284,20 +279,19 @@ void BedJetClimate::on_status(const BedjetStatusPacket *data) {
     case MODE_COOL:
       this->mode = CLIMATE_MODE_FAN_ONLY;
       this->action = CLIMATE_ACTION_COOLING;
-      this->custom_preset.reset();
+      this->clear_custom_preset_();
       this->preset.reset();
       break;
 
     case MODE_DRY:
       this->mode = CLIMATE_MODE_DRY;
       this->action = CLIMATE_ACTION_DRYING;
-      this->custom_preset.reset();
+      this->clear_custom_preset_();
       this->preset.reset();
       break;
 
     case MODE_TURBO:
-      this->preset = CLIMATE_PRESET_BOOST;
-      this->custom_preset.reset();
+      this->set_preset_(CLIMATE_PRESET_BOOST);
       this->mode = CLIMATE_MODE_HEAT;
       this->action = CLIMATE_ACTION_HEATING;
       break;

esphome/components/bedjet/climate/bedjet_climate.h

@@ -43,28 +43,20 @@ class BedJetClimate : public climate::Climate, public BedJetClient, public Polli
     });
 
     // It would be better if we had a slider for the fan modes.
-    traits.set_supported_custom_fan_modes(BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAMES_SET);
+    traits.set_supported_custom_fan_modes(BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAMES);
     traits.set_supported_presets({
         // If we support NONE, then have to decide what happens if the user switches to it (turn off?)
         // climate::CLIMATE_PRESET_NONE,
         // Climate doesn't have a "TURBO" mode, but we can use the BOOST preset instead.
         climate::CLIMATE_PRESET_BOOST,
     });
+    // String literals are stored in rodata and valid for program lifetime
     traits.set_supported_custom_presets({
-        // We could fetch biodata from bedjet and set these names that way.
-        // But then we have to invert the lookup in order to send the right preset.
-        // For now, we can leave them as M1-3 to match the remote buttons.
-        // EXT HT added to match remote button.
-        "EXT HT",
+        this->heating_mode_ == HEAT_MODE_EXTENDED ? "LTD HT" : "EXT HT",
         "M1",
         "M2",
         "M3",
     });
-    if (this->heating_mode_ == HEAT_MODE_EXTENDED) {
-      traits.add_supported_custom_preset("LTD HT");
-    } else {
-      traits.add_supported_custom_preset("EXT HT");
-    }
     traits.set_visual_min_temperature(19.0);
     traits.set_visual_max_temperature(43.0);
     traits.set_visual_temperature_step(1.0);

esphome/components/bh1750/bh1750.cpp

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 #include "bh1750.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace bh1750 {
+namespace esphome::bh1750 {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "bh1750.sensor";
 
@@ -13,6 +13,31 @@ static const uint8_t BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_L = 0b00100011;
 static const uint8_t BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_H = 0b00100000;
 static const uint8_t BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_H2 = 0b00100001;
 
+static constexpr uint32_t MEASUREMENT_TIMEOUT_MS = 2000;
+static constexpr float HIGH_LIGHT_THRESHOLD_LX = 7000.0f;
+
+// Measurement time constants (datasheet values)
+static constexpr uint16_t MTREG_DEFAULT = 69;
+static constexpr uint16_t MTREG_MIN = 31;
+static constexpr uint16_t MTREG_MAX = 254;
+static constexpr uint16_t MEAS_TIME_L_MS = 24;   // L-resolution max measurement time @ mtreg=69
+static constexpr uint16_t MEAS_TIME_H_MS = 180;  // H/H2-resolution max measurement time @ mtreg=69
+
+// Conversion constants (datasheet formulas)
+static constexpr float RESOLUTION_DIVISOR = 1.2f;  // counts to lux conversion divisor
+static constexpr float MODE_H2_DIVISOR = 2.0f;     // H2 mode has 2x higher resolution
+
+// MTreg calculation constants
+static constexpr int COUNTS_TARGET = 50000;  // Target counts for optimal range (avoid saturation)
+static constexpr int COUNTS_NUMERATOR = 10;
+static constexpr int COUNTS_DENOMINATOR = 12;
+
+// MTreg register bit manipulation constants
+static constexpr uint8_t MTREG_HI_SHIFT = 5;       // High 3 bits start at bit 5
+static constexpr uint8_t MTREG_HI_MASK = 0b111;    // 3-bit mask for high bits
+static constexpr uint8_t MTREG_LO_SHIFT = 0;       // Low 5 bits start at bit 0
+static constexpr uint8_t MTREG_LO_MASK = 0b11111;  // 5-bit mask for low bits
+
 /*
 bh1750 properties:
 
@@ -43,74 +68,7 @@ void BH1750Sensor::setup() {
     this->mark_failed();
     return;
   }
-}
-
-void BH1750Sensor::read_lx_(BH1750Mode mode, uint8_t mtreg, const std::function<void(float)> &f) {
-  // turn on (after one-shot sensor automatically powers down)
-  uint8_t turn_on = BH1750_COMMAND_POWER_ON;
-  if (this->write(&turn_on, 1) != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Power on failed");
-    f(NAN);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  if (active_mtreg_ != mtreg) {
-    // set mtreg
-    uint8_t mtreg_hi = BH1750_COMMAND_MT_REG_HI | ((mtreg >> 5) & 0b111);
-    uint8_t mtreg_lo = BH1750_COMMAND_MT_REG_LO | ((mtreg >> 0) & 0b11111);
-    if (this->write(&mtreg_hi, 1) != i2c::ERROR_OK || this->write(&mtreg_lo, 1) != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Set measurement time failed");
-      active_mtreg_ = 0;
-      f(NAN);
-      return;
-    }
-    active_mtreg_ = mtreg;
-  }
-
-  uint8_t cmd;
-  uint16_t meas_time;
-  switch (mode) {
-    case BH1750_MODE_L:
-      cmd = BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_L;
-      meas_time = 24 * mtreg / 69;
-      break;
-    case BH1750_MODE_H:
-      cmd = BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_H;
-      meas_time = 180 * mtreg / 69;
-      break;
-    case BH1750_MODE_H2:
-      cmd = BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_H2;
-      meas_time = 180 * mtreg / 69;
-      break;
-    default:
-      f(NAN);
-      return;
-  }
-  if (this->write(&cmd, 1) != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Start measurement failed");
-    f(NAN);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // probably not needed, but adjust for rounding
-  meas_time++;
-
-  this->set_timeout("read", meas_time, [this, mode, mtreg, f]() {
-    uint16_t raw_value;
-    if (this->read(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(&raw_value), 2) != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Read data failed");
-      f(NAN);
-      return;
-    }
-    raw_value = i2c::i2ctohs(raw_value);
-
-    float lx = float(raw_value) / 1.2f;
-    lx *= 69.0f / mtreg;
-    if (mode == BH1750_MODE_H2)
-      lx /= 2.0f;
-
-    f(lx);
-  });
+  this->state_ = IDLE;
 }
 
 void BH1750Sensor::dump_config() {
@@ -124,45 +82,189 @@ void BH1750Sensor::dump_config() {
 }
 
 void BH1750Sensor::update() {
-  // first do a quick measurement in L-mode with full range
-  // to find right range
-  this->read_lx_(BH1750_MODE_L, 31, [this](float val) {
-    if (std::isnan(val)) {
-      this->status_set_warning();
-      this->publish_state(NAN);
+  const uint32_t now = millis();
+
+  // Start coarse measurement to determine optimal mode/mtreg
+  if (this->state_ != IDLE) {
+    // Safety timeout: reset if stuck
+    if (now - this->measurement_start_time_ > MEASUREMENT_TIMEOUT_MS) {
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Measurement timeout, resetting state");
+      this->state_ = IDLE;
+    } else {
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Previous measurement not complete, skipping update");
       return;
     }
+  }
 
-    BH1750Mode use_mode;
-    uint8_t use_mtreg;
-    if (val <= 7000) {
-      use_mode = BH1750_MODE_H2;
-      use_mtreg = 254;
-    } else {
-      use_mode = BH1750_MODE_H;
-      // lx = counts / 1.2 * (69 / mtreg)
-      // -> mtreg = counts / 1.2 * (69 / lx)
-      // calculate for counts=50000 (allow some range to not saturate, but maximize mtreg)
-      // -> mtreg = 50000*(10/12)*(69/lx)
-      int ideal_mtreg = 50000 * 10 * 69 / (12 * (int) val);
-      use_mtreg = std::min(254, std::max(31, ideal_mtreg));
-    }
-    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "L result: %f -> Calculated mode=%d, mtreg=%d", val, (int) use_mode, use_mtreg);
+  if (!this->start_measurement_(BH1750_MODE_L, MTREG_MIN, now)) {
+    this->status_set_warning();
+    this->publish_state(NAN);
+    return;
+  }
 
-    this->read_lx_(use_mode, use_mtreg, [this](float val) {
-      if (std::isnan(val)) {
-        this->status_set_warning();
-        this->publish_state(NAN);
-        return;
+  this->state_ = WAITING_COARSE_MEASUREMENT;
+  this->enable_loop();  // Enable loop while measurement in progress
+}
+
+void BH1750Sensor::loop() {
+  const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
+
+  switch (this->state_) {
+    case IDLE:
+      // Disable loop when idle to save cycles
+      this->disable_loop();
+      break;
+
+    case WAITING_COARSE_MEASUREMENT:
+      if (now - this->measurement_start_time_ >= this->measurement_duration_) {
+        this->state_ = READING_COARSE_RESULT;
       }
-      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': Illuminance=%.1flx", this->get_name().c_str(), val);
+      break;
+
+    case READING_COARSE_RESULT: {
+      float lx;
+      if (!this->read_measurement_(lx)) {
+        this->fail_and_reset_();
+        break;
+      }
+
+      this->process_coarse_result_(lx);
+
+      // Start fine measurement with optimal settings
+      // fetch millis() again since the read can take a bit
+      if (!this->start_measurement_(this->fine_mode_, this->fine_mtreg_, millis())) {
+        this->fail_and_reset_();
+        break;
+      }
+
+      this->state_ = WAITING_FINE_MEASUREMENT;
+      break;
+    }
+
+    case WAITING_FINE_MEASUREMENT:
+      if (now - this->measurement_start_time_ >= this->measurement_duration_) {
+        this->state_ = READING_FINE_RESULT;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case READING_FINE_RESULT: {
+      float lx;
+      if (!this->read_measurement_(lx)) {
+        this->fail_and_reset_();
+        break;
+      }
+
+      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': Illuminance=%.1flx", this->get_name().c_str(), lx);
       this->status_clear_warning();
-      this->publish_state(val);
-    });
-  });
+      this->publish_state(lx);
+      this->state_ = IDLE;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+bool BH1750Sensor::start_measurement_(BH1750Mode mode, uint8_t mtreg, uint32_t now) {
+  // Power on
+  uint8_t turn_on = BH1750_COMMAND_POWER_ON;
+  if (this->write(&turn_on, 1) != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Power on failed");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // Set MTreg if changed
+  if (this->active_mtreg_ != mtreg) {
+    uint8_t mtreg_hi = BH1750_COMMAND_MT_REG_HI | ((mtreg >> MTREG_HI_SHIFT) & MTREG_HI_MASK);
+    uint8_t mtreg_lo = BH1750_COMMAND_MT_REG_LO | ((mtreg >> MTREG_LO_SHIFT) & MTREG_LO_MASK);
+    if (this->write(&mtreg_hi, 1) != i2c::ERROR_OK || this->write(&mtreg_lo, 1) != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Set measurement time failed");
+      this->active_mtreg_ = 0;
+      return false;
+    }
+    this->active_mtreg_ = mtreg;
+  }
+
+  // Start measurement
+  uint8_t cmd;
+  uint16_t meas_time;
+  switch (mode) {
+    case BH1750_MODE_L:
+      cmd = BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_L;
+      meas_time = MEAS_TIME_L_MS * mtreg / MTREG_DEFAULT;
+      break;
+    case BH1750_MODE_H:
+      cmd = BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_H;
+      meas_time = MEAS_TIME_H_MS * mtreg / MTREG_DEFAULT;
+      break;
+    case BH1750_MODE_H2:
+      cmd = BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_H2;
+      meas_time = MEAS_TIME_H_MS * mtreg / MTREG_DEFAULT;
+      break;
+    default:
+      return false;
+  }
+
+  if (this->write(&cmd, 1) != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Start measurement failed");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // Store current measurement parameters
+  this->current_mode_ = mode;
+  this->current_mtreg_ = mtreg;
+  this->measurement_start_time_ = now;
+  this->measurement_duration_ = meas_time + 1;  // Add 1ms for safety
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool BH1750Sensor::read_measurement_(float &lx_out) {
+  uint16_t raw_value;
+  if (this->read(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(&raw_value), 2) != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Read data failed");
+    return false;
+  }
+  raw_value = i2c::i2ctohs(raw_value);
+
+  float lx = float(raw_value) / RESOLUTION_DIVISOR;
+  lx *= float(MTREG_DEFAULT) / this->current_mtreg_;
+  if (this->current_mode_ == BH1750_MODE_H2) {
+    lx /= MODE_H2_DIVISOR;
+  }
+
+  lx_out = lx;
+  return true;
+}
+
+void BH1750Sensor::process_coarse_result_(float lx) {
+  if (std::isnan(lx)) {
+    // Use defaults if coarse measurement failed
+    this->fine_mode_ = BH1750_MODE_H2;
+    this->fine_mtreg_ = MTREG_MAX;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (lx <= HIGH_LIGHT_THRESHOLD_LX) {
+    this->fine_mode_ = BH1750_MODE_H2;
+    this->fine_mtreg_ = MTREG_MAX;
+  } else {
+    this->fine_mode_ = BH1750_MODE_H;
+    // lx = counts / 1.2 * (69 / mtreg)
+    // -> mtreg = counts / 1.2 * (69 / lx)
+    // calculate for counts=50000 (allow some range to not saturate, but maximize mtreg)
+    // -> mtreg = 50000*(10/12)*(69/lx)
+    int ideal_mtreg = COUNTS_TARGET * COUNTS_NUMERATOR * MTREG_DEFAULT / (COUNTS_DENOMINATOR * (int) lx);
+    this->fine_mtreg_ = std::min((int) MTREG_MAX, std::max((int) MTREG_MIN, ideal_mtreg));
+  }
+
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "L result: %.1f -> Calculated mode=%d, mtreg=%d", lx, (int) this->fine_mode_, this->fine_mtreg_);
+}
+
+void BH1750Sensor::fail_and_reset_() {
+  this->status_set_warning();
+  this->publish_state(NAN);
+  this->state_ = IDLE;
 }
 
 float BH1750Sensor::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::DATA; }
 
-}  // namespace bh1750
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::bh1750

esphome/components/bh1750/bh1750.h

@@ -4,10 +4,9 @@
 #include "esphome/components/sensor/sensor.h"
 #include "esphome/components/i2c/i2c.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace bh1750 {
+namespace esphome::bh1750 {
 
-enum BH1750Mode {
+enum BH1750Mode : uint8_t {
   BH1750_MODE_L,
   BH1750_MODE_H,
   BH1750_MODE_H2,
@@ -21,13 +20,36 @@ class BH1750Sensor : public sensor::Sensor, public PollingComponent, public i2c:
   void setup() override;
   void dump_config() override;
   void update() override;
+  void loop() override;
   float get_setup_priority() const override;
 
  protected:
-  void read_lx_(BH1750Mode mode, uint8_t mtreg, const std::function<void(float)> &f);
+  // State machine states
+  enum State : uint8_t {
+    IDLE,
+    WAITING_COARSE_MEASUREMENT,
+    READING_COARSE_RESULT,
+    WAITING_FINE_MEASUREMENT,
+    READING_FINE_RESULT,
+  };
 
+  // 4-byte aligned members
+  uint32_t measurement_start_time_{0};
+  uint32_t measurement_duration_{0};
+
+  // 1-byte members grouped together to minimize padding
+  State state_{IDLE};
+  BH1750Mode current_mode_{BH1750_MODE_L};
+  uint8_t current_mtreg_{31};
+  BH1750Mode fine_mode_{BH1750_MODE_H2};
+  uint8_t fine_mtreg_{254};
   uint8_t active_mtreg_{0};
+
+  // Helper methods
+  bool start_measurement_(BH1750Mode mode, uint8_t mtreg, uint32_t now);
+  bool read_measurement_(float &lx_out);
+  void process_coarse_result_(float lx);
+  void fail_and_reset_();
 };
 
-}  // namespace bh1750
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::bh1750

esphome/components/bh1900nux/bh1900nux.cpp

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ void BH1900NUXSensor::setup() {
   i2c::ErrorCode result_code =
       this->write_register(SOFT_RESET_REG, &SOFT_RESET_PAYLOAD, 1);  // Software Reset to check communication
   if (result_code != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
-    this->mark_failed(ESP_LOG_MSG_COMM_FAIL);
+    this->mark_failed(LOG_STR(ESP_LOG_MSG_COMM_FAIL));
     return;
   }
 }

esphome/components/binary_sensor/__init__.py

@@ -155,6 +155,7 @@ DelayedOffFilter = binary_sensor_ns.class_("DelayedOffFilter", Filter, cg.Compon
 InvertFilter = binary_sensor_ns.class_("InvertFilter", Filter)
 AutorepeatFilter = binary_sensor_ns.class_("AutorepeatFilter", Filter, cg.Component)
 LambdaFilter = binary_sensor_ns.class_("LambdaFilter", Filter)
+StatelessLambdaFilter = binary_sensor_ns.class_("StatelessLambdaFilter", Filter)
 SettleFilter = binary_sensor_ns.class_("SettleFilter", Filter, cg.Component)
 
 _LOGGER = getLogger(__name__)
@@ -264,20 +265,31 @@ async def delayed_off_filter_to_code(config, filter_id):
     ),
 )
 async def autorepeat_filter_to_code(config, filter_id):
-    timings = []
     if len(config) > 0:
-        timings.extend(
-            (conf[CONF_DELAY], conf[CONF_TIME_OFF], conf[CONF_TIME_ON])
-            for conf in config
-        )
-    else:
-        timings.append(
-            (
-                cv.time_period_str_unit(DEFAULT_DELAY).total_milliseconds,
-                cv.time_period_str_unit(DEFAULT_TIME_OFF).total_milliseconds,
-                cv.time_period_str_unit(DEFAULT_TIME_ON).total_milliseconds,
+        timings = [
+            cg.StructInitializer(
+                cg.MockObj("AutorepeatFilterTiming", "esphome::binary_sensor::"),
+                ("delay", conf[CONF_DELAY]),
+                ("time_off", conf[CONF_TIME_OFF]),
+                ("time_on", conf[CONF_TIME_ON]),
             )
-        )
+            for conf in config
+        ]
+    else:
+        timings = [
+            cg.StructInitializer(
+                cg.MockObj("AutorepeatFilterTiming", "esphome::binary_sensor::"),
+                ("delay", cv.time_period_str_unit(DEFAULT_DELAY).total_milliseconds),
+                (
+                    "time_off",
+                    cv.time_period_str_unit(DEFAULT_TIME_OFF).total_milliseconds,
+                ),
+                (
+                    "time_on",
+                    cv.time_period_str_unit(DEFAULT_TIME_ON).total_milliseconds,
+                ),
+            )
+        ]
     var = cg.new_Pvariable(filter_id, timings)
     await cg.register_component(var, {})
     return var
@@ -288,7 +300,7 @@ async def lambda_filter_to_code(config, filter_id):
     lambda_ = await cg.process_lambda(
         config, [(bool, "x")], return_type=cg.optional.template(bool)
     )
-    return cg.new_Pvariable(filter_id, lambda_)
+    return automation.new_lambda_pvariable(filter_id, lambda_, StatelessLambdaFilter)
 
 
 @register_filter(
@@ -536,11 +548,6 @@ def binary_sensor_schema(
     return _BINARY_SENSOR_SCHEMA.extend(schema)
 
 
-# Remove before 2025.11.0
-BINARY_SENSOR_SCHEMA = binary_sensor_schema()
-BINARY_SENSOR_SCHEMA.add_extra(cv.deprecated_schema_constant("binary_sensor"))
-
-
 async def setup_binary_sensor_core_(var, config):
     await setup_entity(var, config, "binary_sensor")
 

esphome/components/binary_sensor/automation.cpp

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 #include "automation.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace binary_sensor {
+namespace esphome::binary_sensor {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "binary_sensor.automation";
 
-void binary_sensor::MultiClickTrigger::on_state_(bool state) {
+void MultiClickTrigger::on_state_(bool state) {
   // Handle duplicate events
   if (state == this->last_state_) {
     return;
@@ -67,7 +66,7 @@ void binary_sensor::MultiClickTrigger::on_state_(bool state) {
 
   *this->at_index_ = *this->at_index_ + 1;
 }
-void binary_sensor::MultiClickTrigger::schedule_cooldown_() {
+void MultiClickTrigger::schedule_cooldown_() {
   ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Multi Click: Invalid length of press, starting cooldown of %" PRIu32 " ms", this->invalid_cooldown_);
   this->is_in_cooldown_ = true;
   this->set_timeout("cooldown", this->invalid_cooldown_, [this]() {
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ void binary_sensor::MultiClickTrigger::schedule_cooldown_() {
   this->cancel_timeout("is_valid");
   this->cancel_timeout("is_not_valid");
 }
-void binary_sensor::MultiClickTrigger::schedule_is_valid_(uint32_t min_length) {
+void MultiClickTrigger::schedule_is_valid_(uint32_t min_length) {
   if (min_length == 0) {
     this->is_valid_ = true;
     return;
@@ -90,19 +89,19 @@ void binary_sensor::MultiClickTrigger::schedule_is_valid_(uint32_t min_length) {
     this->is_valid_ = true;
   });
 }
-void binary_sensor::MultiClickTrigger::schedule_is_not_valid_(uint32_t max_length) {
+void MultiClickTrigger::schedule_is_not_valid_(uint32_t max_length) {
   this->set_timeout("is_not_valid", max_length, [this]() {
     ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Multi Click: You waited too long to %s.", this->parent_->state ? "RELEASE" : "PRESS");
     this->is_valid_ = false;
     this->schedule_cooldown_();
   });
 }
-void binary_sensor::MultiClickTrigger::cancel() {
+void MultiClickTrigger::cancel() {
   ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Multi Click: Sequence explicitly cancelled.");
   this->is_valid_ = false;
   this->schedule_cooldown_();
 }
-void binary_sensor::MultiClickTrigger::trigger_() {
+void MultiClickTrigger::trigger_() {
   ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Multi Click: Hooray, multi click is valid. Triggering!");
   this->at_index_.reset();
   this->cancel_timeout("trigger");
@@ -118,5 +117,4 @@ bool match_interval(uint32_t min_length, uint32_t max_length, uint32_t length) {
     return length >= min_length && length <= max_length;
   }
 }
-}  // namespace binary_sensor
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::binary_sensor

esphome/components/binary_sensor/automation.h

@@ -2,15 +2,14 @@
 
 #include <cinttypes>
 #include <utility>
-#include <vector>
 
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
 #include "esphome/core/automation.h"
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/components/binary_sensor/binary_sensor.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace binary_sensor {
+namespace esphome::binary_sensor {
 
 struct MultiClickTriggerEvent {
   bool state;
@@ -92,8 +91,8 @@ class DoubleClickTrigger : public Trigger<> {
 
 class MultiClickTrigger : public Trigger<>, public Component {
  public:
-  explicit MultiClickTrigger(BinarySensor *parent, std::vector<MultiClickTriggerEvent> timing)
-      : parent_(parent), timing_(std::move(timing)) {}
+  explicit MultiClickTrigger(BinarySensor *parent, std::initializer_list<MultiClickTriggerEvent> timing)
+      : parent_(parent), timing_(timing) {}
 
   void setup() override {
     this->last_state_ = this->parent_->get_state_default(false);
@@ -115,7 +114,7 @@ class MultiClickTrigger : public Trigger<>, public Component {
   void trigger_();
 
   BinarySensor *parent_;
-  std::vector<MultiClickTriggerEvent> timing_;
+  FixedVector<MultiClickTriggerEvent> timing_;
   uint32_t invalid_cooldown_{1000};
   optional<size_t> at_index_{};
   bool last_state_{false};
@@ -141,7 +140,7 @@ class StateChangeTrigger : public Trigger<optional<bool>, optional<bool> > {
 template<typename... Ts> class BinarySensorCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   BinarySensorCondition(BinarySensor *parent, bool state) : parent_(parent), state_(state) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->state == this->state_; }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->state == this->state_; }
 
  protected:
   BinarySensor *parent_;
@@ -153,7 +152,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BinarySensorPublishAction : public Action<Ts...>
   explicit BinarySensorPublishAction(BinarySensor *sensor) : sensor_(sensor) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, state)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto val = this->state_.value(x...);
     this->sensor_->publish_state(val);
   }
@@ -166,11 +165,10 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BinarySensorInvalidateAction : public Action<Ts..
  public:
   explicit BinarySensorInvalidateAction(BinarySensor *sensor) : sensor_(sensor) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->sensor_->invalidate_state(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->sensor_->invalidate_state(); }
 
  protected:
   BinarySensor *sensor_;
 };
 
-}  // namespace binary_sensor
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::binary_sensor

esphome/components/binary_sensor/binary_sensor.cpp

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 #include "binary_sensor.h"
+#include "esphome/core/defines.h"
+#include "esphome/core/controller_registry.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-
-namespace binary_sensor {
+namespace esphome::binary_sensor {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "binary_sensor";
 
@@ -34,10 +34,20 @@ void BinarySensor::publish_initial_state(bool new_state) {
 void BinarySensor::send_state_internal(bool new_state) {
   // copy the new state to the visible property for backwards compatibility, before any callbacks
   this->state = new_state;
-  // Note that set_state_ de-dups and will only trigger callbacks if the state has actually changed
-  if (this->set_state_(new_state)) {
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': New state is %s", this->get_name().c_str(), ONOFF(new_state));
+  // Note that set_new_state_ de-dups and will only trigger callbacks if the state has actually changed
+  this->set_new_state(new_state);
+}
+
+bool BinarySensor::set_new_state(const optional<bool> &new_state) {
+  if (StatefulEntityBase::set_new_state(new_state)) {
+    // weirdly, this file could be compiled even without USE_BINARY_SENSOR defined
+#if defined(USE_BINARY_SENSOR) && defined(USE_CONTROLLER_REGISTRY)
+    ControllerRegistry::notify_binary_sensor_update(this);
+#endif
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': %s", this->get_name().c_str(), ONOFFMAYBE(new_state));
+    return true;
   }
+  return false;
 }
 
 void BinarySensor::add_filter(Filter *filter) {
@@ -58,6 +68,4 @@ void BinarySensor::add_filters(std::initializer_list<Filter *> filters) {
 }
 bool BinarySensor::is_status_binary_sensor() const { return false; }
 
-}  // namespace binary_sensor
-
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::binary_sensor

esphome/components/binary_sensor/binary_sensor.h

@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@
 
 #include <initializer_list>
 
-namespace esphome {
-
-namespace binary_sensor {
+namespace esphome::binary_sensor {
 
 class BinarySensor;
 void log_binary_sensor(const char *tag, const char *prefix, const char *type, BinarySensor *obj);
@@ -63,6 +61,8 @@ class BinarySensor : public StatefulEntityBase<bool>, public EntityBase_DeviceCl
 
  protected:
   Filter *filter_list_{nullptr};
+
+  bool set_new_state(const optional<bool> &new_state) override;
 };
 
 class BinarySensorInitiallyOff : public BinarySensor {
@@ -70,5 +70,4 @@ class BinarySensorInitiallyOff : public BinarySensor {
   bool has_state() const override { return true; }
 };
 
-}  // namespace binary_sensor
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::binary_sensor

esphome/components/binary_sensor/filter.cpp

@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 #include "filter.h"
 
 #include "binary_sensor.h"
-#include <utility>
 
-namespace esphome {
-
-namespace binary_sensor {
+namespace esphome::binary_sensor {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "sensor.filter";
 
@@ -68,7 +65,7 @@ float DelayedOffFilter::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::HARD
 
 optional<bool> InvertFilter::new_value(bool value) { return !value; }
 
-AutorepeatFilter::AutorepeatFilter(std::vector<AutorepeatFilterTiming> timings) : timings_(std::move(timings)) {}
+AutorepeatFilter::AutorepeatFilter(std::initializer_list<AutorepeatFilterTiming> timings) : timings_(timings) {}
 
 optional<bool> AutorepeatFilter::new_value(bool value) {
   if (value) {
@@ -133,6 +130,4 @@ optional<bool> SettleFilter::new_value(bool value) {
 
 float SettleFilter::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::HARDWARE; }
 
-}  // namespace binary_sensor
-
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::binary_sensor

esphome/components/binary_sensor/filter.h

@@ -4,11 +4,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 
-#include <vector>
-
-namespace esphome {
-
-namespace binary_sensor {
+namespace esphome::binary_sensor {
 
 class BinarySensor;
 
@@ -82,11 +78,6 @@ class InvertFilter : public Filter {
 };
 
 struct AutorepeatFilterTiming {
-  AutorepeatFilterTiming(uint32_t delay, uint32_t off, uint32_t on) {
-    this->delay = delay;
-    this->time_off = off;
-    this->time_on = on;
-  }
   uint32_t delay;
   uint32_t time_off;
   uint32_t time_on;
@@ -94,7 +85,7 @@ struct AutorepeatFilterTiming {
 
 class AutorepeatFilter : public Filter, public Component {
  public:
-  explicit AutorepeatFilter(std::vector<AutorepeatFilterTiming> timings);
+  explicit AutorepeatFilter(std::initializer_list<AutorepeatFilterTiming> timings);
 
   optional<bool> new_value(bool value) override;
 
@@ -104,7 +95,7 @@ class AutorepeatFilter : public Filter, public Component {
   void next_timing_();
   void next_value_(bool val);
 
-  std::vector<AutorepeatFilterTiming> timings_;
+  FixedVector<AutorepeatFilterTiming> timings_;
   uint8_t active_timing_{0};
 };
 
@@ -118,6 +109,21 @@ class LambdaFilter : public Filter {
   std::function<optional<bool>(bool)> f_;
 };
 
+/** Optimized lambda filter for stateless lambdas (no capture).
+ *
+ * Uses function pointer instead of std::function to reduce memory overhead.
+ * Memory: 4 bytes (function pointer on 32-bit) vs 32 bytes (std::function).
+ */
+class StatelessLambdaFilter : public Filter {
+ public:
+  explicit StatelessLambdaFilter(optional<bool> (*f)(bool)) : f_(f) {}
+
+  optional<bool> new_value(bool value) override { return this->f_(value); }
+
+ protected:
+  optional<bool> (*f_)(bool);
+};
+
 class SettleFilter : public Filter, public Component {
  public:
   optional<bool> new_value(bool value) override;
@@ -131,6 +137,4 @@ class SettleFilter : public Filter, public Component {
   bool steady_{true};
 };
 
-}  // namespace binary_sensor
-
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::binary_sensor

esphome/components/bl0906/bl0906.h

@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class BL0906 : public PollingComponent, public uart::UARTDevice {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class ResetEnergyAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<BL0906> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->enqueue_action_(&BL0906::reset_energy_); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->enqueue_action_(&BL0906::reset_energy_); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace bl0906

esphome/components/bl0940/number/calibration_number.cpp

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ static const char *const TAG = "bl0940.number";
 void CalibrationNumber::setup() {
   float value = 0.0f;
   if (this->restore_value_) {
-    this->pref_ = global_preferences->make_preference<float>(this->get_object_id_hash());
+    this->pref_ = global_preferences->make_preference<float>(this->get_preference_hash());
     if (!this->pref_.load(&value)) {
       value = 0.0f;
     }

esphome/components/ble_client/__init__.py

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ from esphome.const import (
     CONF_TRIGGER_ID,
     CONF_VALUE,
 )
+from esphome.core import ID
 
 AUTO_LOAD = ["esp32_ble_client"]
 CODEOWNERS = ["@buxtronix", "@clydebarrow"]
@@ -198,7 +199,12 @@ async def ble_write_to_code(config, action_id, template_arg, args):
         templ = await cg.templatable(value, args, cg.std_vector.template(cg.uint8))
         cg.add(var.set_value_template(templ))
     else:
-        cg.add(var.set_value_simple(value))
+        # Generate static array in flash to avoid RAM copy
+        if isinstance(value, bytes):
+            value = list(value)
+        arr_id = ID(f"{action_id}_data", is_declaration=True, type=cg.uint8)
+        arr = cg.static_const_array(arr_id, cg.ArrayInitializer(*value))
+        cg.add(var.set_value_simple(arr, len(value)))
 
     if len(config[CONF_SERVICE_UUID]) == len(esp32_ble_tracker.bt_uuid16_format):
         cg.add(

esphome/components/ble_client/automation.cpp

@@ -2,12 +2,10 @@
 
 #include "automation.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ble_client {
+namespace esphome::ble_client {
 
 const char *const Automation::TAG = "ble_client.automation";
 
-}  // namespace ble_client
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ble_client
 
 #endif

esphome/components/ble_client/automation.h

@@ -9,8 +9,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/ble_client/ble_client.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ble_client {
+namespace esphome::ble_client {
 
 // placeholder class for static TAG .
 class Automation {
@@ -106,24 +105,35 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientWriteAction : public Action<Ts...>, publ
   void set_char_uuid32(uint32_t uuid) { this->char_uuid_ = espbt::ESPBTUUID::from_uint32(uuid); }
   void set_char_uuid128(uint8_t *uuid) { this->char_uuid_ = espbt::ESPBTUUID::from_raw(uuid); }
 
-  void set_value_template(std::function<std::vector<uint8_t>(Ts...)> func) {
-    this->value_template_ = std::move(func);
-    has_simple_value_ = false;
+  void set_value_template(std::vector<uint8_t> (*func)(Ts...)) {
+    this->value_.func = func;
+    this->len_ = -1;  // Sentinel value indicates template mode
   }
 
-  void set_value_simple(const std::vector<uint8_t> &value) {
-    this->value_simple_ = value;
-    has_simple_value_ = true;
+  // Store pointer to static data in flash (no RAM copy)
+  void set_value_simple(const uint8_t *data, size_t len) {
+    this->value_.data = data;
+    this->len_ = len;  // Length >= 0 indicates static mode
   }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {}
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {}
 
-  void play_complex(Ts... x) override {
+  void play_complex(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->num_running_++;
     this->var_ = std::make_tuple(x...);
-    auto value = this->has_simple_value_ ? this->value_simple_ : this->value_template_(x...);
+
+    bool result;
+    if (this->len_ >= 0) {
+      // Static mode: write directly from flash pointer
+      result = this->write(this->value_.data, this->len_);
+    } else {
+      // Template mode: call function and write the vector
+      std::vector<uint8_t> value = this->value_.func(x...);
+      result = this->write(value);
+    }
+
     // on write failure, continue the automation chain rather than stopping so that e.g. disconnect can work.
-    if (!write(value))
+    if (!result)
       this->play_next_(x...);
   }
 
@@ -136,15 +146,15 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientWriteAction : public Action<Ts...>, publ
    * errors.
    */
   // initiate the write. Return true if all went well, will be followed by a WRITE_CHAR event.
-  bool write(const std::vector<uint8_t> &value) {
+  bool write(const uint8_t *data, size_t len) {
     if (this->node_state != espbt::ClientState::ESTABLISHED) {
       esph_log_w(Automation::TAG, "Cannot write to BLE characteristic - not connected");
       return false;
     }
-    esph_log_vv(Automation::TAG, "Will write %d bytes: %s", value.size(), format_hex_pretty(value).c_str());
-    esp_err_t err = esp_ble_gattc_write_char(this->parent()->get_gattc_if(), this->parent()->get_conn_id(),
-                                             this->char_handle_, value.size(), const_cast<uint8_t *>(value.data()),
-                                             this->write_type_, ESP_GATT_AUTH_REQ_NONE);
+    esph_log_vv(Automation::TAG, "Will write %d bytes: %s", len, format_hex_pretty(data, len).c_str());
+    esp_err_t err =
+        esp_ble_gattc_write_char(this->parent()->get_gattc_if(), this->parent()->get_conn_id(), this->char_handle_, len,
+                                 const_cast<uint8_t *>(data), this->write_type_, ESP_GATT_AUTH_REQ_NONE);
     if (err != ESP_OK) {
       esph_log_e(Automation::TAG, "Error writing to characteristic: %s!", esp_err_to_name(err));
       return false;
@@ -152,6 +162,8 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientWriteAction : public Action<Ts...>, publ
     return true;
   }
 
+  bool write(const std::vector<uint8_t> &value) { return this->write(value.data(), value.size()); }
+
   void gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_t gattc_if,
                            esp_ble_gattc_cb_param_t *param) override {
     switch (event) {
@@ -185,7 +197,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientWriteAction : public Action<Ts...>, publ
         }
         this->node_state = espbt::ClientState::ESTABLISHED;
         esph_log_d(Automation::TAG, "Found characteristic %s on device %s", this->char_uuid_.to_string().c_str(),
-                   ble_client_->address_str().c_str());
+                   ble_client_->address_str());
         break;
       }
       default:
@@ -195,9 +207,11 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientWriteAction : public Action<Ts...>, publ
 
  private:
   BLEClient *ble_client_;
-  bool has_simple_value_ = true;
-  std::vector<uint8_t> value_simple_;
-  std::function<std::vector<uint8_t>(Ts...)> value_template_{};
+  ssize_t len_{-1};  // -1 = template mode, >=0 = static mode with length
+  union Value {
+    std::vector<uint8_t> (*func)(Ts...);  // Function pointer (stateless lambdas)
+    const uint8_t *data;                  // Pointer to static data in flash
+  } value_;
   espbt::ESPBTUUID service_uuid_;
   espbt::ESPBTUUID char_uuid_;
   std::tuple<Ts...> var_{};
@@ -210,12 +224,12 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientPasskeyReplyAction : public Action<Ts...
  public:
   BLEClientPasskeyReplyAction(BLEClient *ble_client) { parent_ = ble_client; }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     uint32_t passkey;
     if (has_simple_value_) {
-      passkey = this->value_simple_;
+      passkey = this->value_.simple;
     } else {
-      passkey = this->value_template_(x...);
+      passkey = this->value_.template_func(x...);
     }
     if (passkey > 999999)
       return;
@@ -224,59 +238,63 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientPasskeyReplyAction : public Action<Ts...
     esp_ble_passkey_reply(remote_bda, true, passkey);
   }
 
-  void set_value_template(std::function<uint32_t(Ts...)> func) {
-    this->value_template_ = std::move(func);
-    has_simple_value_ = false;
+  void set_value_template(uint32_t (*func)(Ts...)) {
+    this->value_.template_func = func;
+    this->has_simple_value_ = false;
   }
 
   void set_value_simple(const uint32_t &value) {
-    this->value_simple_ = value;
-    has_simple_value_ = true;
+    this->value_.simple = value;
+    this->has_simple_value_ = true;
   }
 
  private:
   BLEClient *parent_{nullptr};
   bool has_simple_value_ = true;
-  uint32_t value_simple_{0};
-  std::function<uint32_t(Ts...)> value_template_{};
+  union {
+    uint32_t simple;
+    uint32_t (*template_func)(Ts...);
+  } value_{.simple = 0};
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientNumericComparisonReplyAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   BLEClientNumericComparisonReplyAction(BLEClient *ble_client) { parent_ = ble_client; }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     esp_bd_addr_t remote_bda;
     memcpy(remote_bda, parent_->get_remote_bda(), sizeof(esp_bd_addr_t));
     if (has_simple_value_) {
-      esp_ble_confirm_reply(remote_bda, this->value_simple_);
+      esp_ble_confirm_reply(remote_bda, this->value_.simple);
     } else {
-      esp_ble_confirm_reply(remote_bda, this->value_template_(x...));
+      esp_ble_confirm_reply(remote_bda, this->value_.template_func(x...));
     }
   }
 
-  void set_value_template(std::function<bool(Ts...)> func) {
-    this->value_template_ = std::move(func);
-    has_simple_value_ = false;
+  void set_value_template(bool (*func)(Ts...)) {
+    this->value_.template_func = func;
+    this->has_simple_value_ = false;
   }
 
   void set_value_simple(const bool &value) {
-    this->value_simple_ = value;
-    has_simple_value_ = true;
+    this->value_.simple = value;
+    this->has_simple_value_ = true;
   }
 
  private:
   BLEClient *parent_{nullptr};
   bool has_simple_value_ = true;
-  bool value_simple_{false};
-  std::function<bool(Ts...)> value_template_{};
+  union {
+    bool simple;
+    bool (*template_func)(Ts...);
+  } value_{.simple = false};
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientRemoveBondAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   BLEClientRemoveBondAction(BLEClient *ble_client) { parent_ = ble_client; }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     esp_bd_addr_t remote_bda;
     memcpy(remote_bda, parent_->get_remote_bda(), sizeof(esp_bd_addr_t));
     esp_ble_remove_bond_device(remote_bda);
@@ -311,9 +329,9 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientConnectAction : public Action<Ts...>, pu
   }
 
   // not used since we override play_complex_
-  void play(Ts... x) override {}
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {}
 
-  void play_complex(Ts... x) override {
+  void play_complex(const Ts &...x) override {
     // it makes no sense to have multiple instances of this running at the same time.
     // this would occur only if the same automation was re-triggered while still
     // running. So just cancel the second chain if this is detected.
@@ -356,9 +374,9 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientDisconnectAction : public Action<Ts...>,
   }
 
   // not used since we override play_complex_
-  void play(Ts... x) override {}
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {}
 
-  void play_complex(Ts... x) override {
+  void play_complex(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->num_running_++;
     if (this->node_state == espbt::ClientState::IDLE) {
       this->play_next_(x...);
@@ -372,7 +390,6 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientDisconnectAction : public Action<Ts...>,
   BLEClient *ble_client_;
   std::tuple<Ts...> var_{};
 };
-}  // namespace ble_client
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ble_client
 
 #endif

esphome/components/ble_client/ble_client.cpp

@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@
 
 #ifdef USE_ESP32
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ble_client {
+namespace esphome::ble_client {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "ble_client";
 
@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@ void BLEClient::set_enabled(bool enabled) {
     return;
   this->enabled = enabled;
   if (!enabled) {
-    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "[%s] Disabling BLE client.", this->address_str().c_str());
+    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "[%s] Disabling BLE client.", this->address_str());
     this->disconnect();
   }
 }
@@ -82,7 +81,6 @@ bool BLEClient::all_nodes_established_() {
   return true;
 }
 
-}  // namespace ble_client
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ble_client
 
 #endif

esphome/components/ble_client/ble_client.h

@@ -15,8 +15,7 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ble_client {
+namespace esphome::ble_client {
 
 namespace espbt = esphome::esp32_ble_tracker;
 
@@ -75,7 +74,6 @@ class BLEClient : public BLEClientBase {
   std::vector<BLEClientNode *> nodes_;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ble_client
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ble_client
 
 #endif

esphome/components/ble_client/output/ble_binary_output.cpp

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/esp32_ble_tracker/esp32_ble_tracker.h"
 
 #ifdef USE_ESP32
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ble_client {
+namespace esphome::ble_client {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "ble_binary_output";
 
@@ -14,7 +13,7 @@ void BLEBinaryOutput::dump_config() {
                 "  MAC address        : %s\n"
                 "  Service UUID       : %s\n"
                 "  Characteristic UUID: %s",
-                this->parent_->address_str().c_str(), this->service_uuid_.to_string().c_str(),
+                this->parent_->address_str(), this->service_uuid_.to_string().c_str(),
                 this->char_uuid_.to_string().c_str());
   LOG_BINARY_OUTPUT(this);
 }
@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ void BLEBinaryOutput::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_i
       }
       this->node_state = espbt::ClientState::ESTABLISHED;
       ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Found characteristic %s on device %s", this->char_uuid_.to_string().c_str(),
-               this->parent()->address_str().c_str());
+               this->parent()->address_str());
       this->node_state = espbt::ClientState::ESTABLISHED;
       break;
     }
@@ -75,6 +74,5 @@ void BLEBinaryOutput::write_state(bool state) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] Write error, err=%d", this->char_uuid_.to_string().c_str(), err);
 }
 
-}  // namespace ble_client
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ble_client
 #endif

esphome/components/ble_client/output/ble_binary_output.h

@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@
 
 #ifdef USE_ESP32
 #include <esp_gattc_api.h>
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ble_client {
+namespace esphome::ble_client {
 
 namespace espbt = esphome::esp32_ble_tracker;
 
@@ -36,7 +35,6 @@ class BLEBinaryOutput : public output::BinaryOutput, public BLEClientNode, publi
   esp_gatt_write_type_t write_type_{};
 };
 
-}  // namespace ble_client
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ble_client
 
 #endif

esphome/components/ble_client/sensor/automation.h

@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@
 
 #ifdef USE_ESP32
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ble_client {
+namespace esphome::ble_client {
 
 class BLESensorNotifyTrigger : public Trigger<float>, public BLESensor {
  public:
@@ -35,7 +34,6 @@ class BLESensorNotifyTrigger : public Trigger<float>, public BLESensor {
   BLESensor *sensor_;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ble_client
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ble_client
 
 #endif