diff --git a/CODEOWNERS b/CODEOWNERS
index b8a4df6a85..4d458eceb8 100644
--- a/CODEOWNERS
+++ b/CODEOWNERS
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ esphome/components/gdk101/* @Szewcson
 esphome/components/gl_r01_i2c/* @pkejval
 esphome/components/globals/* @esphome/core
 esphome/components/gp2y1010au0f/* @zry98
-esphome/components/gp8403/* @jesserockz
+esphome/components/gp8403/* @jesserockz @sebydocky
 esphome/components/gpio/* @esphome/core
 esphome/components/gpio/one_wire/* @ssieb
 esphome/components/gps/* @coogle @ximex
diff --git a/esphome/components/ags10/ags10.h b/esphome/components/ags10/ags10.h
index e0975f14bc..9e034b20cb 100644
--- a/esphome/components/ags10/ags10.h
+++ b/esphome/components/ags10/ags10.h
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class AGS10NewI2cAddressAction : public Action<Ts...>,
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint8_t, new_address)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->new_i2c_address(this->new_address_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->new_i2c_address(this->new_address_.value(x...)); }
 };
 
 enum AGS10SetZeroPointActionMode {
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class AGS10SetZeroPointAction : public Action<Ts...>, p
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint16_t, value)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(AGS10SetZeroPointActionMode, mode)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     switch (this->mode_.value(x...)) {
       case FACTORY_DEFAULT:
         this->parent_->set_zero_point_with_factory_defaults();
diff --git a/esphome/components/aic3204/automation.h b/esphome/components/aic3204/automation.h
index 416a88fa12..851ff930f8 100644
--- a/esphome/components/aic3204/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/aic3204/automation.h
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetAutoMuteAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint8_t, auto_mute_mode)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->aic3204_->set_auto_mute_mode(this->auto_mute_mode_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->aic3204_->set_auto_mute_mode(this->auto_mute_mode_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   AIC3204 *aic3204_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/alarm_control_panel/automation.h b/esphome/components/alarm_control_panel/automation.h
index 2177fb710f..db2ef78158 100644
--- a/esphome/components/alarm_control_panel/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/alarm_control_panel/automation.h
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ArmAwayAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, code)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->alarm_control_panel_->make_call();
     auto code = this->code_.optional_value(x...);
     if (code.has_value()) {
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ArmHomeAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, code)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->alarm_control_panel_->make_call();
     auto code = this->code_.optional_value(x...);
     if (code.has_value()) {
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ArmNightAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, code)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->alarm_control_panel_->make_call();
     auto code = this->code_.optional_value(x...);
     if (code.has_value()) {
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DisarmAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, code)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->alarm_control_panel_->disarm(this->code_.optional_value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->alarm_control_panel_->disarm(this->code_.optional_value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel_;
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PendingAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit PendingAction(AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel) : alarm_control_panel_(alarm_control_panel) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->alarm_control_panel_->make_call().pending().perform(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->alarm_control_panel_->make_call().pending().perform(); }
 
  protected:
   AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel_;
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class TriggeredAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit TriggeredAction(AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel) : alarm_control_panel_(alarm_control_panel) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->alarm_control_panel_->make_call().triggered().perform(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->alarm_control_panel_->make_call().triggered().perform(); }
 
  protected:
   AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel_;
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class TriggeredAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class AlarmControlPanelCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   AlarmControlPanelCondition(AlarmControlPanel *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override {
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override {
     return this->parent_->is_state_armed(this->parent_->get_state()) ||
            this->parent_->get_state() == ACP_STATE_PENDING || this->parent_->get_state() == ACP_STATE_TRIGGERED;
   }
diff --git a/esphome/components/animation/animation.h b/esphome/components/animation/animation.h
index c44e0060af..b33254df30 100644
--- a/esphome/components/animation/animation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/animation/animation.h
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class Animation : public image::Image {
 template<typename... Ts> class AnimationNextFrameAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   AnimationNextFrameAction(Animation *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->next_frame(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->next_frame(); }
 
  protected:
   Animation *parent_;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class AnimationNextFrameAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class AnimationPrevFrameAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   AnimationPrevFrameAction(Animation *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->prev_frame(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->prev_frame(); }
 
  protected:
   Animation *parent_;
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class AnimationSetFrameAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   AnimationSetFrameAction(Animation *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint16_t, frame)
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_frame(this->frame_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_frame(this->frame_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   Animation *parent_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/api/api_server.h b/esphome/components/api/api_server.h
index d29181250e..f1f44a266d 100644
--- a/esphome/components/api/api_server.h
+++ b/esphome/components/api/api_server.h
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ extern APIServer *global_api_server;  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-cons
 
 template<typename... Ts> class APIConnectedCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return global_api_server->is_connected(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return global_api_server->is_connected(); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace esphome::api
diff --git a/esphome/components/api/homeassistant_service.h b/esphome/components/api/homeassistant_service.h
index 4343fcd0bb..d00e9e6257 100644
--- a/esphome/components/api/homeassistant_service.h
+++ b/esphome/components/api/homeassistant_service.h
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class HomeAssistantServiceCallAction : public Action<Ts
   Trigger<std::string, Ts...> *get_error_trigger() const { return this->error_trigger_; }
 #endif  // USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_ACTION_RESPONSES
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     HomeassistantActionRequest resp;
     std::string service_value = this->service_.value(x...);
     resp.set_service(StringRef(service_value));
diff --git a/esphome/components/at581x/automation.h b/esphome/components/at581x/automation.h
index 4863a87565..b1611a6758 100644
--- a/esphome/components/at581x/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/at581x/automation.h
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ namespace at581x {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class AT581XResetAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<AT581XComponent> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->reset_hardware_frontend(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->reset_hardware_frontend(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class AT581XSettingsAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<AT581XComponent> {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class AT581XSettingsAction : public Action<Ts...>, publ
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(int, trigger_keep)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(int, stage_gain)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) {
     if (this->frequency_.has_value()) {
       int v = this->frequency_.value(x...);
       this->parent_->set_frequency(v);
diff --git a/esphome/components/audio_adc/automation.h b/esphome/components/audio_adc/automation.h
index 1b0bc2a6ad..0c42468479 100644
--- a/esphome/components/audio_adc/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/audio_adc/automation.h
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetMicGainAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, mic_gain)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->audio_adc_->set_mic_gain(this->mic_gain_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->audio_adc_->set_mic_gain(this->mic_gain_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   AudioAdc *audio_adc_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/audio_dac/automation.h b/esphome/components/audio_dac/automation.h
index b6cf2acaf4..3eb3441f3d 100644
--- a/esphome/components/audio_dac/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/audio_dac/automation.h
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class MuteOffAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit MuteOffAction(AudioDac *audio_dac) : audio_dac_(audio_dac) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->audio_dac_->set_mute_off(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->audio_dac_->set_mute_off(); }
 
  protected:
   AudioDac *audio_dac_;
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class MuteOnAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit MuteOnAction(AudioDac *audio_dac) : audio_dac_(audio_dac) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->audio_dac_->set_mute_on(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->audio_dac_->set_mute_on(); }
 
  protected:
   AudioDac *audio_dac_;
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetVolumeAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, volume)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->audio_dac_->set_volume(this->volume_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->audio_dac_->set_volume(this->volume_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   AudioDac *audio_dac_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/binary_sensor/automation.h b/esphome/components/binary_sensor/automation.h
index 0bc7b9acb3..f6971a2fc4 100644
--- a/esphome/components/binary_sensor/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/binary_sensor/automation.h
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class StateChangeTrigger : public Trigger<optional<bool>, optional<bool> > {
 template<typename... Ts> class BinarySensorCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   BinarySensorCondition(BinarySensor *parent, bool state) : parent_(parent), state_(state) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->state == this->state_; }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->state == this->state_; }
 
  protected:
   BinarySensor *parent_;
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BinarySensorPublishAction : public Action<Ts...>
   explicit BinarySensorPublishAction(BinarySensor *sensor) : sensor_(sensor) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, state)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto val = this->state_.value(x...);
     this->sensor_->publish_state(val);
   }
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BinarySensorInvalidateAction : public Action<Ts..
  public:
   explicit BinarySensorInvalidateAction(BinarySensor *sensor) : sensor_(sensor) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->sensor_->invalidate_state(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->sensor_->invalidate_state(); }
 
  protected:
   BinarySensor *sensor_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/bl0906/bl0906.h b/esphome/components/bl0906/bl0906.h
index 5a9ad0f028..493b645c89 100644
--- a/esphome/components/bl0906/bl0906.h
+++ b/esphome/components/bl0906/bl0906.h
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class BL0906 : public PollingComponent, public uart::UARTDevice {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class ResetEnergyAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<BL0906> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->enqueue_action_(&BL0906::reset_energy_); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->enqueue_action_(&BL0906::reset_energy_); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace bl0906
diff --git a/esphome/components/ble_client/automation.h b/esphome/components/ble_client/automation.h
index 55f1cb2f46..ce534501f3 100644
--- a/esphome/components/ble_client/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/ble_client/automation.h
@@ -123,9 +123,9 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientWriteAction : public Action<Ts...>, publ
     this->has_simple_value_ = true;
   }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {}
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {}
 
-  void play_complex(Ts... x) override {
+  void play_complex(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->num_running_++;
     this->var_ = std::make_tuple(x...);
     auto value = this->has_simple_value_ ? this->value_.simple : this->value_.template_func(x...);
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientPasskeyReplyAction : public Action<Ts...
  public:
   BLEClientPasskeyReplyAction(BLEClient *ble_client) { parent_ = ble_client; }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     uint32_t passkey;
     if (has_simple_value_) {
       passkey = this->value_.simple;
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientNumericComparisonReplyAction : public Ac
  public:
   BLEClientNumericComparisonReplyAction(BLEClient *ble_client) { parent_ = ble_client; }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     esp_bd_addr_t remote_bda;
     memcpy(remote_bda, parent_->get_remote_bda(), sizeof(esp_bd_addr_t));
     if (has_simple_value_) {
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientRemoveBondAction : public Action<Ts...>
  public:
   BLEClientRemoveBondAction(BLEClient *ble_client) { parent_ = ble_client; }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     esp_bd_addr_t remote_bda;
     memcpy(remote_bda, parent_->get_remote_bda(), sizeof(esp_bd_addr_t));
     esp_ble_remove_bond_device(remote_bda);
@@ -334,9 +334,9 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientConnectAction : public Action<Ts...>, pu
   }
 
   // not used since we override play_complex_
-  void play(Ts... x) override {}
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {}
 
-  void play_complex(Ts... x) override {
+  void play_complex(const Ts &...x) override {
     // it makes no sense to have multiple instances of this running at the same time.
     // this would occur only if the same automation was re-triggered while still
     // running. So just cancel the second chain if this is detected.
@@ -379,9 +379,9 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientDisconnectAction : public Action<Ts...>,
   }
 
   // not used since we override play_complex_
-  void play(Ts... x) override {}
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {}
 
-  void play_complex(Ts... x) override {
+  void play_complex(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->num_running_++;
     if (this->node_state == espbt::ClientState::IDLE) {
       this->play_next_(x...);
diff --git a/esphome/components/button/automation.h b/esphome/components/button/automation.h
index a5fb9f35b7..3b792eb5d7 100644
--- a/esphome/components/button/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/button/automation.h
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PressAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit PressAction(Button *button) : button_(button) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->button_->press(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->button_->press(); }
 
  protected:
   Button *button_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/canbus/canbus.h b/esphome/components/canbus/canbus.h
index 51d7c0830a..029eb278c0 100644
--- a/esphome/components/canbus/canbus.h
+++ b/esphome/components/canbus/canbus.h
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class CanbusSendAction : public Action<Ts...>, public P
     this->remote_transmission_request_ = remote_transmission_request;
   }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto can_id = this->can_id_.has_value() ? *this->can_id_ : this->parent_->can_id_;
     auto use_extended_id =
         this->use_extended_id_.has_value() ? *this->use_extended_id_ : this->parent_->use_extended_id_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/climate/automation.h b/esphome/components/climate/automation.h
index a4d13ade58..36cc8f4f21 100644
--- a/esphome/components/climate/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/climate/automation.h
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ControlAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, custom_preset)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(ClimateSwingMode, swing_mode)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->climate_->make_call();
     call.set_mode(this->mode_.optional_value(x...));
     call.set_target_temperature(this->target_temperature_.optional_value(x...));
diff --git a/esphome/components/cm1106/cm1106.h b/esphome/components/cm1106/cm1106.h
index 3b78e17cf4..ad089bbe7d 100644
--- a/esphome/components/cm1106/cm1106.h
+++ b/esphome/components/cm1106/cm1106.h
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class CM1106CalibrateZeroAction : public Action<Ts...>
  public:
   CM1106CalibrateZeroAction(CM1106Component *cm1106) : cm1106_(cm1106) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->cm1106_->calibrate_zero(400); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->cm1106_->calibrate_zero(400); }
 
  protected:
   CM1106Component *cm1106_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/const/__init__.py b/esphome/components/const/__init__.py
index 2b88bb43a8..0c22b2d27e 100644
--- a/esphome/components/const/__init__.py
+++ b/esphome/components/const/__init__.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ BYTE_ORDER_BIG = "big_endian"
 
 CONF_COLOR_DEPTH = "color_depth"
 CONF_DRAW_ROUNDING = "draw_rounding"
+CONF_ENABLED = "enabled"
 CONF_ON_RECEIVE = "on_receive"
 CONF_ON_STATE_CHANGE = "on_state_change"
 CONF_REQUEST_HEADERS = "request_headers"
diff --git a/esphome/components/cover/automation.h b/esphome/components/cover/automation.h
index 6406ba52cb..752e0398c1 100644
--- a/esphome/components/cover/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/cover/automation.h
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class OpenAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit OpenAction(Cover *cover) : cover_(cover) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->cover_->make_call().set_command_open().perform(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->cover_->make_call().set_command_open().perform(); }
 
  protected:
   Cover *cover_;
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class CloseAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit CloseAction(Cover *cover) : cover_(cover) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->cover_->make_call().set_command_close().perform(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->cover_->make_call().set_command_close().perform(); }
 
  protected:
   Cover *cover_;
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class StopAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit StopAction(Cover *cover) : cover_(cover) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->cover_->make_call().set_command_stop().perform(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->cover_->make_call().set_command_stop().perform(); }
 
  protected:
   Cover *cover_;
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ToggleAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit ToggleAction(Cover *cover) : cover_(cover) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->cover_->make_call().set_command_toggle().perform(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->cover_->make_call().set_command_toggle().perform(); }
 
  protected:
   Cover *cover_;
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ControlAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, position)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, tilt)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->cover_->make_call();
     if (this->stop_.has_value())
       call.set_stop(this->stop_.value(x...));
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class CoverPublishAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, tilt)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(CoverOperation, current_operation)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     if (this->position_.has_value())
       this->cover_->position = this->position_.value(x...);
     if (this->tilt_.has_value())
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class CoverPublishAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class CoverIsOpenCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   CoverIsOpenCondition(Cover *cover) : cover_(cover) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->cover_->is_fully_open(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->cover_->is_fully_open(); }
 
  protected:
   Cover *cover_;
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class CoverIsOpenCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class CoverIsClosedCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   CoverIsClosedCondition(Cover *cover) : cover_(cover) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->cover_->is_fully_closed(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->cover_->is_fully_closed(); }
 
  protected:
   Cover *cover_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/cs5460a/cs5460a.h b/esphome/components/cs5460a/cs5460a.h
index 15ae04f3c6..11b13f5851 100644
--- a/esphome/components/cs5460a/cs5460a.h
+++ b/esphome/components/cs5460a/cs5460a.h
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class CS5460ARestartAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   CS5460ARestartAction(CS5460AComponent *cs5460a) : cs5460a_(cs5460a) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { cs5460a_->restart(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { cs5460a_->restart(); }
 
  protected:
   CS5460AComponent *cs5460a_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/datetime/date_entity.h b/esphome/components/datetime/date_entity.h
index fcbb46cf17..ba2edb127a 100644
--- a/esphome/components/datetime/date_entity.h
+++ b/esphome/components/datetime/date_entity.h
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DateSetAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Pare
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(ESPTime, date)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->parent_->make_call();
 
     if (this->date_.has_value()) {
diff --git a/esphome/components/datetime/datetime_entity.h b/esphome/components/datetime/datetime_entity.h
index 275eedfd3b..43bff5a181 100644
--- a/esphome/components/datetime/datetime_entity.h
+++ b/esphome/components/datetime/datetime_entity.h
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DateTimeSetAction : public Action<Ts...>, public
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(ESPTime, datetime)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->parent_->make_call();
 
     if (this->datetime_.has_value()) {
diff --git a/esphome/components/datetime/time_entity.h b/esphome/components/datetime/time_entity.h
index e79b8c225d..c5cbeb52da 100644
--- a/esphome/components/datetime/time_entity.h
+++ b/esphome/components/datetime/time_entity.h
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class TimeSetAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Pare
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(ESPTime, time)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->parent_->make_call();
 
     if (this->time_.has_value()) {
diff --git a/esphome/components/deep_sleep/deep_sleep_component.h b/esphome/components/deep_sleep/deep_sleep_component.h
index 38744163c7..80381e767c 100644
--- a/esphome/components/deep_sleep/deep_sleep_component.h
+++ b/esphome/components/deep_sleep/deep_sleep_component.h
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class EnterDeepSleepAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   void set_time(time::RealTimeClock *time) { this->time_ = time; }
 #endif
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     if (this->sleep_duration_.has_value()) {
       this->deep_sleep_->set_sleep_duration(this->sleep_duration_.value(x...));
     }
@@ -207,12 +207,12 @@ template<typename... Ts> class EnterDeepSleepAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class PreventDeepSleepAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<DeepSleepComponent> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->prevent_deep_sleep(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->prevent_deep_sleep(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class AllowDeepSleepAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<DeepSleepComponent> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->allow_deep_sleep(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->allow_deep_sleep(); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace deep_sleep
diff --git a/esphome/components/dfplayer/dfplayer.h b/esphome/components/dfplayer/dfplayer.h
index d2ec0a2310..03d2230ca6 100644
--- a/esphome/components/dfplayer/dfplayer.h
+++ b/esphome/components/dfplayer/dfplayer.h
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class DFPlayer : public uart::UARTDevice, public Component {
   class ACTION_CLASS : /* NOLINT */ \
                        public Action<Ts...>, \
                        public Parented<DFPlayer> { \
-    void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->ACTION_METHOD(); } \
+    void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->ACTION_METHOD(); } \
   };
 
 DFPLAYER_SIMPLE_ACTION(NextAction, next)
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PlayMp3Action : public Action<Ts...>, public Pare
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint16_t, file)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto file = this->file_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->play_mp3(file);
   }
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PlayFileAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Par
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint16_t, file)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, loop)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto file = this->file_.value(x...);
     auto loop = this->loop_.value(x...);
     if (loop) {
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PlayFolderAction : public Action<Ts...>, public P
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint16_t, file)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, loop)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto folder = this->folder_.value(x...);
     auto file = this->file_.value(x...);
     auto loop = this->loop_.value(x...);
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetDeviceAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Pa
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(Device, device)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto device = this->device_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->set_device(device);
   }
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetVolumeAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Pa
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint8_t, volume)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto volume = this->volume_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->set_volume(volume);
   }
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetEqAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parent
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(EqPreset, eq)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto eq = this->eq_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->set_eq(eq);
   }
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ DFPLAYER_SIMPLE_ACTION(VolumeDownAction, volume_down)
 
 template<typename... Ts> class DFPlayerIsPlayingCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<DFPlayer> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->is_playing(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->is_playing(); }
 };
 
 class DFPlayerFinishedPlaybackTrigger : public Trigger<> {
diff --git a/esphome/components/dfrobot_sen0395/automation.h b/esphome/components/dfrobot_sen0395/automation.h
index 3f69e482b7..422555d6eb 100644
--- a/esphome/components/dfrobot_sen0395/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/dfrobot_sen0395/automation.h
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ namespace dfrobot_sen0395 {
 template<typename... Ts>
 class DfrobotSen0395ResetAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<DfrobotSen0395Component> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<ResetSystemCommand>()); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<ResetSystemCommand>()); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts>
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class DfrobotSen0395SettingsAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<Dfrob
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, det_min4)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, det_max4)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) {
     this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<PowerCommand>(0));
     if (this->factory_reset_.has_value() && this->factory_reset_.value(x...) == true) {
       this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<FactoryResetCommand>());
diff --git a/esphome/components/display/display.h b/esphome/components/display/display.h
index 14205da853..47d40915aa 100644
--- a/esphome/components/display/display.h
+++ b/esphome/components/display/display.h
@@ -176,7 +176,117 @@ class Display;
 class DisplayPage;
 class DisplayOnPageChangeTrigger;
 
-using display_writer_t = std::function<void(Display &)>;
+/** Optimized display writer that uses function pointers for stateless lambdas.
+ *
+ * Similar to TemplatableValue but specialized for display writer callbacks.
+ * Saves ~8 bytes per stateless lambda on 32-bit platforms (16 bytes std::function → ~8 bytes discriminator+pointer).
+ *
+ * Supports both:
+ * - Stateless lambdas (from YAML) → function pointer (4 bytes)
+ * - Stateful lambdas/std::function (from C++ code) → std::function* (heap allocated)
+ *
+ * @tparam T The display type (e.g., Display, Nextion, GPIOLCDDisplay)
+ */
+template<typename T> class DisplayWriter {
+ public:
+  DisplayWriter() : type_(NONE) {}
+
+  // For stateless lambdas (convertible to function pointer): use function pointer (4 bytes)
+  template<typename F>
+  DisplayWriter(F f) requires std::invocable<F, T &> && std::convertible_to<F, void (*)(T &)>
+      : type_(STATELESS_LAMBDA) {
+    this->stateless_f_ = f;  // Implicit conversion to function pointer
+  }
+
+  // For stateful lambdas and std::function (not convertible to function pointer): use std::function* (heap allocated)
+  // This handles backwards compatibility with external components
+  template<typename F>
+  DisplayWriter(F f) requires std::invocable<F, T &> &&(!std::convertible_to<F, void (*)(T &)>) : type_(LAMBDA) {
+    this->f_ = new std::function<void(T &)>(std::move(f));
+  }
+
+  // Copy constructor
+  DisplayWriter(const DisplayWriter &other) : type_(other.type_) {
+    if (type_ == LAMBDA) {
+      this->f_ = new std::function<void(T &)>(*other.f_);
+    } else if (type_ == STATELESS_LAMBDA) {
+      this->stateless_f_ = other.stateless_f_;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Move constructor
+  DisplayWriter(DisplayWriter &&other) noexcept : type_(other.type_) {
+    if (type_ == LAMBDA) {
+      this->f_ = other.f_;
+      other.f_ = nullptr;
+    } else if (type_ == STATELESS_LAMBDA) {
+      this->stateless_f_ = other.stateless_f_;
+    }
+    other.type_ = NONE;
+  }
+
+  // Assignment operators
+  DisplayWriter &operator=(const DisplayWriter &other) {
+    if (this != &other) {
+      this->~DisplayWriter();
+      new (this) DisplayWriter(other);
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  DisplayWriter &operator=(DisplayWriter &&other) noexcept {
+    if (this != &other) {
+      this->~DisplayWriter();
+      new (this) DisplayWriter(std::move(other));
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  ~DisplayWriter() {
+    if (type_ == LAMBDA) {
+      delete this->f_;
+    }
+    // STATELESS_LAMBDA/NONE: no cleanup needed (function pointer or empty)
+  }
+
+  bool has_value() const { return this->type_ != NONE; }
+
+  void call(T &display) const {
+    switch (this->type_) {
+      case STATELESS_LAMBDA:
+        this->stateless_f_(display);  // Direct function pointer call
+        break;
+      case LAMBDA:
+        (*this->f_)(display);  // std::function call
+        break;
+      case NONE:
+      default:
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Operator() for convenience
+  void operator()(T &display) const { this->call(display); }
+
+  // Operator* for backwards compatibility with (*writer_)(*this) pattern
+  DisplayWriter &operator*() { return *this; }
+  const DisplayWriter &operator*() const { return *this; }
+
+ protected:
+  enum : uint8_t {
+    NONE,
+    LAMBDA,
+    STATELESS_LAMBDA,
+  } type_;
+
+  union {
+    std::function<void(T &)> *f_;
+    void (*stateless_f_)(T &);
+  };
+};
+
+// Type alias for Display writer - uses optimized DisplayWriter instead of std::function
+using display_writer_t = DisplayWriter<Display>;
 
 #define LOG_DISPLAY(prefix, type, obj) \
   if ((obj) != nullptr) { \
@@ -678,7 +788,7 @@ class Display : public PollingComponent {
   void sort_triangle_points_by_y_(int *x1, int *y1, int *x2, int *y2, int *x3, int *y3);
 
   DisplayRotation rotation_{DISPLAY_ROTATION_0_DEGREES};
-  optional<display_writer_t> writer_{};
+  display_writer_t writer_{};
   DisplayPage *page_{nullptr};
   DisplayPage *previous_page_{nullptr};
   std::vector<DisplayOnPageChangeTrigger *> on_page_change_triggers_;
@@ -709,7 +819,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DisplayPageShowAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(DisplayPage *, page)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto *page = this->page_.value(x...);
     if (page != nullptr) {
       page->show();
@@ -721,7 +831,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DisplayPageShowNextAction : public Action<Ts...>
  public:
   DisplayPageShowNextAction(Display *buffer) : buffer_(buffer) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->buffer_->show_next_page(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->buffer_->show_next_page(); }
 
   Display *buffer_;
 };
@@ -730,7 +840,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DisplayPageShowPrevAction : public Action<Ts...>
  public:
   DisplayPageShowPrevAction(Display *buffer) : buffer_(buffer) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->buffer_->show_prev_page(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->buffer_->show_prev_page(); }
 
   Display *buffer_;
 };
@@ -740,7 +850,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DisplayIsDisplayingPageCondition : public Conditi
   DisplayIsDisplayingPageCondition(Display *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
 
   void set_page(DisplayPage *page) { this->page_ = page; }
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->get_active_page() == this->page_; }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->get_active_page() == this->page_; }
 
  protected:
   Display *parent_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/display_menu_base/automation.h b/esphome/components/display_menu_base/automation.h
index d5394a1e0c..9c64794cef 100644
--- a/esphome/components/display_menu_base/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/display_menu_base/automation.h
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class UpAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit UpAction(DisplayMenuComponent *menu) : menu_(menu) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->menu_->up(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->menu_->up(); }
 
  protected:
   DisplayMenuComponent *menu_;
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DownAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit DownAction(DisplayMenuComponent *menu) : menu_(menu) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->menu_->down(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->menu_->down(); }
 
  protected:
   DisplayMenuComponent *menu_;
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class LeftAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit LeftAction(DisplayMenuComponent *menu) : menu_(menu) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->menu_->left(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->menu_->left(); }
 
  protected:
   DisplayMenuComponent *menu_;
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class RightAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit RightAction(DisplayMenuComponent *menu) : menu_(menu) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->menu_->right(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->menu_->right(); }
 
  protected:
   DisplayMenuComponent *menu_;
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class EnterAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit EnterAction(DisplayMenuComponent *menu) : menu_(menu) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->menu_->enter(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->menu_->enter(); }
 
  protected:
   DisplayMenuComponent *menu_;
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ShowAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit ShowAction(DisplayMenuComponent *menu) : menu_(menu) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->menu_->show(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->menu_->show(); }
 
  protected:
   DisplayMenuComponent *menu_;
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class HideAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit HideAction(DisplayMenuComponent *menu) : menu_(menu) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->menu_->hide(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->menu_->hide(); }
 
  protected:
   DisplayMenuComponent *menu_;
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ShowMainAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit ShowMainAction(DisplayMenuComponent *menu) : menu_(menu) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->menu_->show_main(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->menu_->show_main(); }
 
  protected:
   DisplayMenuComponent *menu_;
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ShowMainAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class IsActiveCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit IsActiveCondition(DisplayMenuComponent *menu) : menu_(menu) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->menu_->is_active(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->menu_->is_active(); }
 
  protected:
   DisplayMenuComponent *menu_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/ds1307/ds1307.h b/esphome/components/ds1307/ds1307.h
index 2e9ac2275c..f7f06253b7 100644
--- a/esphome/components/ds1307/ds1307.h
+++ b/esphome/components/ds1307/ds1307.h
@@ -59,12 +59,12 @@ class DS1307Component : public time::RealTimeClock, public i2c::I2CDevice {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class WriteAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<DS1307Component> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->write_time(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->write_time(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class ReadAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<DS1307Component> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->read_time(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->read_time(); }
 };
 }  // namespace ds1307
 }  // namespace esphome
diff --git a/esphome/components/duty_time/duty_time_sensor.h b/esphome/components/duty_time/duty_time_sensor.h
index 18280f8e21..d9fb2a6d60 100644
--- a/esphome/components/duty_time/duty_time_sensor.h
+++ b/esphome/components/duty_time/duty_time_sensor.h
@@ -51,15 +51,15 @@ class DutyTimeSensor : public sensor::Sensor, public PollingComponent {
 template<typename... Ts> class BaseAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<DutyTimeSensor> {};
 
 template<typename... Ts> class StartAction : public BaseAction<Ts...> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->start(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->start(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class StopAction : public BaseAction<Ts...> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->stop(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->stop(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class ResetAction : public BaseAction<Ts...> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->reset(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->reset(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class RunningCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<DutyTimeSensor> {
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class RunningCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, publi
   explicit RunningCondition(DutyTimeSensor *parent, bool state) : Parented(parent), state_(state) {}
 
  protected:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->is_running() == this->state_; }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->is_running() == this->state_; }
   bool state_;
 };
 
diff --git a/esphome/components/esp32_ble/ble.h b/esphome/components/esp32_ble/ble.h
index ed49a51715..a2c2b00d14 100644
--- a/esphome/components/esp32_ble/ble.h
+++ b/esphome/components/esp32_ble/ble.h
@@ -215,17 +215,17 @@ extern ESP32BLE *global_ble;
 
 template<typename... Ts> class BLEEnabledCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return global_ble->is_active(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return global_ble->is_active(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class BLEEnableAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { global_ble->enable(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { global_ble->enable(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class BLEDisableAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { global_ble->disable(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { global_ble->disable(); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace esphome::esp32_ble
diff --git a/esphome/components/esp32_ble_server/ble_server_automations.h b/esphome/components/esp32_ble_server/ble_server_automations.h
index 543b1153fc..fe18600280 100644
--- a/esphome/components/esp32_ble_server/ble_server_automations.h
+++ b/esphome/components/esp32_ble_server/ble_server_automations.h
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLECharacteristicSetValueAction : public Action<T
   BLECharacteristicSetValueAction(BLECharacteristic *characteristic) : parent_(characteristic) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::vector<uint8_t>, buffer)
   void set_buffer(ByteBuffer buffer) { this->set_buffer(buffer.get_data()); }
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     // If the listener is already set, do nothing
     if (BLECharacteristicSetValueActionManager::get_instance()->has_listener(this->parent_))
       return;
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLECharacteristicSetValueAction : public Action<T
 template<typename... Ts> class BLECharacteristicNotifyAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   BLECharacteristicNotifyAction(BLECharacteristic *characteristic) : parent_(characteristic) {}
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
 #ifdef USE_ESP32_BLE_SERVER_SET_VALUE_ACTION
     // Call the pre-notify event
     BLECharacteristicSetValueActionManager::get_instance()->emit_pre_notify(this->parent_);
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEDescriptorSetValueAction : public Action<Ts...
   BLEDescriptorSetValueAction(BLEDescriptor *descriptor) : parent_(descriptor) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::vector<uint8_t>, buffer)
   void set_buffer(ByteBuffer buffer) { this->set_buffer(buffer.get_data()); }
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_value(this->buffer_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_value(this->buffer_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   BLEDescriptor *parent_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/esp32_ble_tracker/automation.h b/esphome/components/esp32_ble_tracker/automation.h
index 784f2eaaa2..054cbaa7df 100644
--- a/esphome/components/esp32_ble_tracker/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/esp32_ble_tracker/automation.h
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ESP32BLEStartScanAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   ESP32BLEStartScanAction(ESP32BLETracker *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, continuous)
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->parent_->set_scan_continuous(this->continuous_.value(x...));
     this->parent_->start_scan();
   }
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ESP32BLEStartScanAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class ESP32BLEStopScanAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<ESP32BLETracker> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->stop_scan(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->stop_scan(); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace esphome::esp32_ble_tracker
diff --git a/esphome/components/esp8266_pwm/esp8266_pwm.h b/esphome/components/esp8266_pwm/esp8266_pwm.h
index 79530aacd4..4b021fc462 100644
--- a/esphome/components/esp8266_pwm/esp8266_pwm.h
+++ b/esphome/components/esp8266_pwm/esp8266_pwm.h
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetFrequencyAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   SetFrequencyAction(ESP8266PWM *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, frequency);
 
-  void play(Ts... x) {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) {
     float freq = this->frequency_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->update_frequency(freq);
   }
diff --git a/esphome/components/esp_ldo/esp_ldo.h b/esphome/components/esp_ldo/esp_ldo.h
index bafa32db6b..9edd303e16 100644
--- a/esphome/components/esp_ldo/esp_ldo.h
+++ b/esphome/components/esp_ldo/esp_ldo.h
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class AdjustAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, voltage)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->ldo_->adjust_voltage(this->voltage_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->ldo_->adjust_voltage(this->voltage_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   EspLdo *ldo_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/espnow/automation.h b/esphome/components/espnow/automation.h
index 5415b088fd..0b26681400 100644
--- a/esphome/components/espnow/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/espnow/automation.h
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SendAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parente
   void set_wait_for_sent(bool wait_for_sent) { this->flags_.wait_for_sent = wait_for_sent; }
   void set_continue_on_error(bool continue_on_error) { this->flags_.continue_on_error = continue_on_error; }
 
-  void play_complex(Ts... x) override {
+  void play_complex(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->num_running_++;
     send_callback_t send_callback = [this, x...](esp_err_t status) {
       if (status == ESP_OK) {
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SendAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parente
     }
   }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { /* ignore - see play_complex */
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { /* ignore - see play_complex */
   }
 
   void stop() override {
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class AddPeerAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Pare
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(peer_address_t, address);
 
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     peer_address_t address = this->address_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->add_peer(address.data());
   }
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DeletePeerAction : public Action<Ts...>, public P
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(peer_address_t, address);
 
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     peer_address_t address = this->address_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->del_peer(address.data());
   }
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DeletePeerAction : public Action<Ts...>, public P
 template<typename... Ts> class SetChannelAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<ESPNowComponent> {
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint8_t, channel)
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     if (this->parent_->is_wifi_enabled()) {
       return;
     }
diff --git a/esphome/components/event/automation.h b/esphome/components/event/automation.h
index 9ebcb654a0..5bdba18687 100644
--- a/esphome/components/event/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/event/automation.h
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class TriggerEventAction : public Action<Ts...>, public
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, event_type)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->trigger(this->event_type_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->trigger(this->event_type_.value(x...)); }
 };
 
 class EventTrigger : public Trigger<std::string> {
diff --git a/esphome/components/ezo/automation.h b/esphome/components/ezo/automation.h
index 19427b9159..a4a6fa3014 100644
--- a/esphome/components/ezo/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/ezo/automation.h
@@ -17,35 +17,35 @@ class LedTrigger : public Trigger<bool> {
 class CustomTrigger : public Trigger<std::string> {
  public:
   explicit CustomTrigger(EZOSensor *ezo) {
-    ezo->add_custom_callback([this](std::string value) { this->trigger(std::move(value)); });
+    ezo->add_custom_callback([this](const std::string &value) { this->trigger(value); });
   }
 };
 
 class TTrigger : public Trigger<std::string> {
  public:
   explicit TTrigger(EZOSensor *ezo) {
-    ezo->add_t_callback([this](std::string value) { this->trigger(std::move(value)); });
+    ezo->add_t_callback([this](const std::string &value) { this->trigger(value); });
   }
 };
 
 class CalibrationTrigger : public Trigger<std::string> {
  public:
   explicit CalibrationTrigger(EZOSensor *ezo) {
-    ezo->add_calibration_callback([this](std::string value) { this->trigger(std::move(value)); });
+    ezo->add_calibration_callback([this](const std::string &value) { this->trigger(value); });
   }
 };
 
 class SlopeTrigger : public Trigger<std::string> {
  public:
   explicit SlopeTrigger(EZOSensor *ezo) {
-    ezo->add_slope_callback([this](std::string value) { this->trigger(std::move(value)); });
+    ezo->add_slope_callback([this](const std::string &value) { this->trigger(value); });
   }
 };
 
 class DeviceInformationTrigger : public Trigger<std::string> {
  public:
   explicit DeviceInformationTrigger(EZOSensor *ezo) {
-    ezo->add_device_infomation_callback([this](std::string value) { this->trigger(std::move(value)); });
+    ezo->add_device_infomation_callback([this](const std::string &value) { this->trigger(value); });
   }
 };
 
diff --git a/esphome/components/ezo_pmp/ezo_pmp.h b/esphome/components/ezo_pmp/ezo_pmp.h
index 671e124810..d4917e7f4b 100644
--- a/esphome/components/ezo_pmp/ezo_pmp.h
+++ b/esphome/components/ezo_pmp/ezo_pmp.h
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class EzoPMPFindAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   EzoPMPFindAction(EzoPMP *ezopmp) : ezopmp_(ezopmp) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->ezopmp_->find(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->ezopmp_->find(); }
 
  protected:
   EzoPMP *ezopmp_;
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class EzoPMPDoseContinuouslyAction : public Action<Ts..
  public:
   EzoPMPDoseContinuouslyAction(EzoPMP *ezopmp) : ezopmp_(ezopmp) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->ezopmp_->dose_continuously(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->ezopmp_->dose_continuously(); }
 
  protected:
   EzoPMP *ezopmp_;
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class EzoPMPDoseVolumeAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   EzoPMPDoseVolumeAction(EzoPMP *ezopmp) : ezopmp_(ezopmp) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->ezopmp_->dose_volume(this->volume_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->ezopmp_->dose_volume(this->volume_.value(x...)); }
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(double, volume)
 
  protected:
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class EzoPMPDoseVolumeOverTimeAction : public Action<Ts
  public:
   EzoPMPDoseVolumeOverTimeAction(EzoPMP *ezopmp) : ezopmp_(ezopmp) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->ezopmp_->dose_volume_over_time(this->volume_.value(x...), this->duration_.value(x...));
   }
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(double, volume)
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class EzoPMPDoseWithConstantFlowRateAction : public Act
  public:
   EzoPMPDoseWithConstantFlowRateAction(EzoPMP *ezopmp) : ezopmp_(ezopmp) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->ezopmp_->dose_with_constant_flow_rate(this->volume_.value(x...), this->duration_.value(x...));
   }
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(double, volume)
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class EzoPMPSetCalibrationVolumeAction : public Action<
  public:
   EzoPMPSetCalibrationVolumeAction(EzoPMP *ezopmp) : ezopmp_(ezopmp) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->ezopmp_->set_calibration_volume(this->volume_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->ezopmp_->set_calibration_volume(this->volume_.value(x...)); }
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(double, volume)
 
  protected:
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class EzoPMPClearTotalVolumeDispensedAction : public Ac
  public:
   EzoPMPClearTotalVolumeDispensedAction(EzoPMP *ezopmp) : ezopmp_(ezopmp) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->ezopmp_->clear_total_volume_dosed(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->ezopmp_->clear_total_volume_dosed(); }
 
  protected:
   EzoPMP *ezopmp_;
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class EzoPMPClearCalibrationAction : public Action<Ts..
  public:
   EzoPMPClearCalibrationAction(EzoPMP *ezopmp) : ezopmp_(ezopmp) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->ezopmp_->clear_calibration(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->ezopmp_->clear_calibration(); }
 
  protected:
   EzoPMP *ezopmp_;
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class EzoPMPPauseDosingAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   EzoPMPPauseDosingAction(EzoPMP *ezopmp) : ezopmp_(ezopmp) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->ezopmp_->pause_dosing(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->ezopmp_->pause_dosing(); }
 
  protected:
   EzoPMP *ezopmp_;
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class EzoPMPStopDosingAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   EzoPMPStopDosingAction(EzoPMP *ezopmp) : ezopmp_(ezopmp) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->ezopmp_->stop_dosing(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->ezopmp_->stop_dosing(); }
 
  protected:
   EzoPMP *ezopmp_;
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class EzoPMPChangeI2CAddressAction : public Action<Ts..
  public:
   EzoPMPChangeI2CAddressAction(EzoPMP *ezopmp) : ezopmp_(ezopmp) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->ezopmp_->change_i2c_address(this->address_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->ezopmp_->change_i2c_address(this->address_.value(x...)); }
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(int, address)
 
  protected:
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class EzoPMPArbitraryCommandAction : public Action<Ts..
  public:
   EzoPMPArbitraryCommandAction(EzoPMP *ezopmp) : ezopmp_(ezopmp) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->ezopmp_->exec_arbitrary_command(this->command_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->ezopmp_->exec_arbitrary_command(this->command_.value(x...)); }
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, command)
 
  protected:
diff --git a/esphome/components/fan/automation.h b/esphome/components/fan/automation.h
index ae0af1a9bd..ce1db6fc64 100644
--- a/esphome/components/fan/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/fan/automation.h
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class TurnOnAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(int, speed)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(FanDirection, direction)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->state_->turn_on();
     if (this->oscillating_.has_value()) {
       call.set_oscillating(this->oscillating_.value(x...));
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class TurnOffAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit TurnOffAction(Fan *state) : state_(state) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->state_->turn_off().perform(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->state_->turn_off().perform(); }
 
   Fan *state_;
 };
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ToggleAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit ToggleAction(Fan *state) : state_(state) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->state_->toggle().perform(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->state_->toggle().perform(); }
 
   Fan *state_;
 };
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class CycleSpeedAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, no_off_cycle)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     // check to see if fan supports speeds and is on
     if (this->state_->get_traits().supported_speed_count()) {
       if (this->state_->state) {
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class CycleSpeedAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class FanIsOnCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit FanIsOnCondition(Fan *state) : state_(state) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->state_->state; }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->state_->state; }
 
  protected:
   Fan *state_;
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class FanIsOnCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class FanIsOffCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit FanIsOffCondition(Fan *state) : state_(state) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return !this->state_->state; }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return !this->state_->state; }
 
  protected:
   Fan *state_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/fan/fan.cpp b/esphome/components/fan/fan.cpp
index ad83bc08f5..959572e9d9 100644
--- a/esphome/components/fan/fan.cpp
+++ b/esphome/components/fan/fan.cpp
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ void Fan::save_state_() {
   state.direction = this->direction;
 
   const char *preset = this->get_preset_mode();
-  if (traits.supports_preset_modes() && preset != nullptr) {
+  if (preset != nullptr) {
     const auto &preset_modes = traits.supported_preset_modes();
     // Find index of current preset mode (pointer comparison is safe since preset is from traits)
     for (size_t i = 0; i < preset_modes.size(); i++) {
diff --git a/esphome/components/fingerprint_grow/fingerprint_grow.h b/esphome/components/fingerprint_grow/fingerprint_grow.h
index 590c709c22..370b26f56a 100644
--- a/esphome/components/fingerprint_grow/fingerprint_grow.h
+++ b/esphome/components/fingerprint_grow/fingerprint_grow.h
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class EnrollmentAction : public Action<Ts...>, public P
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint16_t, finger_id)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint8_t, num_scans)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto finger_id = this->finger_id_.value(x...);
     auto num_scans = this->num_scans_.value(x...);
     if (num_scans) {
@@ -287,14 +287,14 @@ template<typename... Ts> class EnrollmentAction : public Action<Ts...>, public P
 template<typename... Ts>
 class CancelEnrollmentAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<FingerprintGrowComponent> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->finish_enrollment(1); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->finish_enrollment(1); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class DeleteAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<FingerprintGrowComponent> {
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint16_t, finger_id)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto finger_id = this->finger_id_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->delete_fingerprint(finger_id);
   }
@@ -302,14 +302,14 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DeleteAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Paren
 
 template<typename... Ts> class DeleteAllAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<FingerprintGrowComponent> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->delete_all_fingerprints(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->delete_all_fingerprints(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class LEDControlAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<FingerprintGrowComponent> {
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, state)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto state = this->state_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->led_control(state);
   }
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class AuraLEDControlAction : public Action<Ts...>, publ
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint8_t, color)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint8_t, count)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto state = this->state_.value(x...);
     auto speed = this->speed_.value(x...);
     auto color = this->color_.value(x...);
diff --git a/esphome/components/globals/globals_component.h b/esphome/components/globals/globals_component.h
index 4c6a12aa72..1d2a08937e 100644
--- a/esphome/components/globals/globals_component.h
+++ b/esphome/components/globals/globals_component.h
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ template<class C, typename... Ts> class GlobalVarSetAction : public Action<Ts...
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(T, value);
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->value() = this->value_.value(x...); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->value() = this->value_.value(x...); }
 
  protected:
   C *parent_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/gp8403/__init__.py b/esphome/components/gp8403/__init__.py
index 96f1807688..83859a4030 100644
--- a/esphome/components/gp8403/__init__.py
+++ b/esphome/components/gp8403/__init__.py
@@ -1,19 +1,25 @@
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import i2c
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
-from esphome.const import CONF_ID, CONF_VOLTAGE
+from esphome.const import CONF_ID, CONF_MODEL, CONF_VOLTAGE
 
-CODEOWNERS = ["@jesserockz"]
+CODEOWNERS = ["@jesserockz", "@sebydocky"]
 DEPENDENCIES = ["i2c"]
 MULTI_CONF = True
 
 gp8403_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("gp8403")
-GP8403 = gp8403_ns.class_("GP8403", cg.Component, i2c.I2CDevice)
+GP8403Component = gp8403_ns.class_("GP8403Component", cg.Component, i2c.I2CDevice)
 
 GP8403Voltage = gp8403_ns.enum("GP8403Voltage")
+GP8403Model = gp8403_ns.enum("GP8403Model")
 
 CONF_GP8403_ID = "gp8403_id"
 
+MODELS = {
+    "GP8403": GP8403Model.GP8403,
+    "GP8413": GP8403Model.GP8413,
+}
+
 VOLTAGES = {
     "5V": GP8403Voltage.GP8403_VOLTAGE_5V,
     "10V": GP8403Voltage.GP8403_VOLTAGE_10V,
@@ -22,7 +28,8 @@ VOLTAGES = {
 CONFIG_SCHEMA = (
     cv.Schema(
         {
-            cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(GP8403),
+            cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(GP8403Component),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_MODEL, default="GP8403"): cv.enum(MODELS, upper=True),
             cv.Required(CONF_VOLTAGE): cv.enum(VOLTAGES, upper=True),
         }
     )
@@ -35,5 +42,5 @@ async def to_code(config):
     var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID])
     await cg.register_component(var, config)
     await i2c.register_i2c_device(var, config)
-
+    cg.add(var.set_model(config[CONF_MODEL]))
     cg.add(var.set_voltage(config[CONF_VOLTAGE]))
diff --git a/esphome/components/gp8403/gp8403.cpp b/esphome/components/gp8403/gp8403.cpp
index 5107e96dee..11c2f9a7c0 100644
--- a/esphome/components/gp8403/gp8403.cpp
+++ b/esphome/components/gp8403/gp8403.cpp
@@ -8,16 +8,48 @@ namespace gp8403 {
 static const char *const TAG = "gp8403";
 
 static const uint8_t RANGE_REGISTER = 0x01;
+static const uint8_t OUTPUT_REGISTER = 0x02;
 
-void GP8403::setup() { this->write_register(RANGE_REGISTER, (uint8_t *) (&this->voltage_), 1); }
+const LogString *model_to_string(GP8403Model model) {
+  switch (model) {
+    case GP8403Model::GP8403:
+      return LOG_STR("GP8403");
+    case GP8403Model::GP8413:
+      return LOG_STR("GP8413");
+  }
+  return LOG_STR("Unknown");
+};
 
-void GP8403::dump_config() {
+void GP8403Component::setup() { this->write_register(RANGE_REGISTER, (uint8_t *) (&this->voltage_), 1); }
+
+void GP8403Component::dump_config() {
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
                 "GP8403:\n"
-                "  Voltage: %dV",
-                this->voltage_ == GP8403_VOLTAGE_5V ? 5 : 10);
+                "  Voltage: %dV\n"
+                "  Model: %s",
+                this->voltage_ == GP8403_VOLTAGE_5V ? 5 : 10, LOG_STR_ARG(model_to_string(this->model_)));
   LOG_I2C_DEVICE(this);
 }
 
+void GP8403Component::write_state(float state, uint8_t channel) {
+  uint16_t val = 0;
+  switch (this->model_) {
+    case GP8403Model::GP8403:
+      val = ((uint16_t) (4095 * state)) << 4;
+      break;
+    case GP8403Model::GP8413:
+      val = ((uint16_t) (32767 * state)) << 1;
+      break;
+    default:
+      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Unknown model %s", LOG_STR_ARG(model_to_string(this->model_)));
+      return;
+  }
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Calculated DAC value: %" PRIu16, val);
+  i2c::ErrorCode err = this->write_register(OUTPUT_REGISTER + (2 * channel), (uint8_t *) &val, 2);
+  if (err != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Error writing to %s, code %d", LOG_STR_ARG(model_to_string(this->model_)), err);
+  }
+}
+
 }  // namespace gp8403
 }  // namespace esphome
diff --git a/esphome/components/gp8403/gp8403.h b/esphome/components/gp8403/gp8403.h
index 9f493d39e3..6613187b20 100644
--- a/esphome/components/gp8403/gp8403.h
+++ b/esphome/components/gp8403/gp8403.h
@@ -11,15 +11,24 @@ enum GP8403Voltage {
   GP8403_VOLTAGE_10V = 0x11,
 };
 
-class GP8403 : public Component, public i2c::I2CDevice {
+enum GP8403Model {
+  GP8403,
+  GP8413,
+};
+
+class GP8403Component : public Component, public i2c::I2CDevice {
  public:
   void setup() override;
   void dump_config() override;
-
+  float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::DATA; }
+  void set_model(GP8403Model model) { this->model_ = model; }
   void set_voltage(gp8403::GP8403Voltage voltage) { this->voltage_ = voltage; }
 
+  void write_state(float state, uint8_t channel);
+
  protected:
   GP8403Voltage voltage_;
+  GP8403Model model_{GP8403Model::GP8403};
 };
 
 }  // namespace gp8403
diff --git a/esphome/components/gp8403/output/__init__.py b/esphome/components/gp8403/output/__init__.py
index dc57833f4a..5245c405db 100644
--- a/esphome/components/gp8403/output/__init__.py
+++ b/esphome/components/gp8403/output/__init__.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from esphome.components import i2c, output
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import CONF_CHANNEL, CONF_ID
 
-from .. import CONF_GP8403_ID, GP8403, gp8403_ns
+from .. import CONF_GP8403_ID, GP8403Component, gp8403_ns
 
 DEPENDENCIES = ["gp8403"]
 
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ GP8403Output = gp8403_ns.class_(
 CONFIG_SCHEMA = output.FLOAT_OUTPUT_SCHEMA.extend(
     {
         cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(GP8403Output),
-        cv.GenerateID(CONF_GP8403_ID): cv.use_id(GP8403),
+        cv.GenerateID(CONF_GP8403_ID): cv.use_id(GP8403Component),
         cv.Required(CONF_CHANNEL): cv.int_range(min=0, max=1),
     }
 ).extend(cv.COMPONENT_SCHEMA)
diff --git a/esphome/components/gp8403/output/gp8403_output.cpp b/esphome/components/gp8403/output/gp8403_output.cpp
index edb6972184..dfdc2d6ccb 100644
--- a/esphome/components/gp8403/output/gp8403_output.cpp
+++ b/esphome/components/gp8403/output/gp8403_output.cpp
@@ -7,8 +7,6 @@ namespace gp8403 {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "gp8403.output";
 
-static const uint8_t OUTPUT_REGISTER = 0x02;
-
 void GP8403Output::dump_config() {
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
                 "GP8403 Output:\n"
@@ -16,13 +14,7 @@ void GP8403Output::dump_config() {
                 this->channel_);
 }
 
-void GP8403Output::write_state(float state) {
-  uint16_t value = ((uint16_t) (state * 4095)) << 4;
-  i2c::ErrorCode err = this->parent_->write_register(OUTPUT_REGISTER + (2 * this->channel_), (uint8_t *) &value, 2);
-  if (err != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Error writing to GP8403, code %d", err);
-  }
-}
+void GP8403Output::write_state(float state) { this->parent_->write_state(state, this->channel_); }
 
 }  // namespace gp8403
 }  // namespace esphome
diff --git a/esphome/components/gp8403/output/gp8403_output.h b/esphome/components/gp8403/output/gp8403_output.h
index 71e5efb1cb..c0d6650500 100644
--- a/esphome/components/gp8403/output/gp8403_output.h
+++ b/esphome/components/gp8403/output/gp8403_output.h
@@ -8,13 +8,11 @@
 namespace esphome {
 namespace gp8403 {
 
-class GP8403Output : public Component, public output::FloatOutput, public Parented<GP8403> {
+class GP8403Output : public Component, public output::FloatOutput, public Parented<GP8403Component> {
  public:
   void dump_config() override;
   float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::DATA - 1; }
-
   void set_channel(uint8_t channel) { this->channel_ = channel; }
-
   void write_state(float state) override;
 
  protected:
diff --git a/esphome/components/grove_tb6612fng/grove_tb6612fng.h b/esphome/components/grove_tb6612fng/grove_tb6612fng.h
index 68281117e7..a36cb85cff 100644
--- a/esphome/components/grove_tb6612fng/grove_tb6612fng.h
+++ b/esphome/components/grove_tb6612fng/grove_tb6612fng.h
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ class GROVETB6612FNGMotorRunAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<Grove
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint8_t, channel)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint16_t, speed)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto channel = this->channel_.value(x...);
     auto speed = this->speed_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->dc_motor_run(channel, speed);
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ class GROVETB6612FNGMotorBrakeAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<Gro
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint8_t, channel)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->dc_motor_brake(this->channel_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->dc_motor_brake(this->channel_.value(x...)); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts>
@@ -188,19 +188,19 @@ class GROVETB6612FNGMotorStopAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<Grov
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint8_t, channel)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->dc_motor_stop(this->channel_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->dc_motor_stop(this->channel_.value(x...)); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts>
 class GROVETB6612FNGMotorStandbyAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<GroveMotorDriveTB6612FNG> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->standby(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->standby(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts>
 class GROVETB6612FNGMotorNoStandbyAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<GroveMotorDriveTB6612FNG> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->not_standby(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->not_standby(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts>
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ class GROVETB6612FNGMotorChangeAddressAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Pare
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint8_t, address)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_i2c_addr(this->address_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_i2c_addr(this->address_.value(x...)); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace grove_tb6612fng
diff --git a/esphome/components/gt911/touchscreen/gt911_touchscreen.cpp b/esphome/components/gt911/touchscreen/gt911_touchscreen.cpp
index 4810867d4b..992a86cc21 100644
--- a/esphome/components/gt911/touchscreen/gt911_touchscreen.cpp
+++ b/esphome/components/gt911/touchscreen/gt911_touchscreen.cpp
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ void GT911Touchscreen::setup() {
       this->interrupt_pin_->digital_write(false);
     }
     delay(2);
-    this->reset_pin_->digital_write(true);  // wait 50ms after reset
-    this->set_timeout(50, [this] { this->setup_internal_(); });
+    this->reset_pin_->digital_write(true);  // wait at least T3+T4 ms as per the datasheet
+    this->set_timeout(5 + 50 + 1, [this] { this->setup_internal_(); });
     return;
   }
   this->setup_internal_();
diff --git a/esphome/components/haier/automation.h b/esphome/components/haier/automation.h
index 55df7ecc1d..c1ce7c01ea 100644
--- a/esphome/components/haier/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/haier/automation.h
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ namespace haier {
 template<typename... Ts> class DisplayOnAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   DisplayOnAction(HaierClimateBase *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->set_display_state(true); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->set_display_state(true); }
 
  protected:
   HaierClimateBase *parent_;
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DisplayOnAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class DisplayOffAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   DisplayOffAction(HaierClimateBase *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->set_display_state(false); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->set_display_state(false); }
 
  protected:
   HaierClimateBase *parent_;
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DisplayOffAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class BeeperOnAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   BeeperOnAction(HonClimate *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->set_beeper_state(true); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->set_beeper_state(true); }
 
  protected:
   HonClimate *parent_;
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BeeperOnAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class BeeperOffAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   BeeperOffAction(HonClimate *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->set_beeper_state(false); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->set_beeper_state(false); }
 
  protected:
   HonClimate *parent_;
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class VerticalAirflowAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   VerticalAirflowAction(HonClimate *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(hon_protocol::VerticalSwingMode, direction)
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->set_vertical_airflow(this->direction_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->set_vertical_airflow(this->direction_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   HonClimate *parent_;
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class HorizontalAirflowAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   HorizontalAirflowAction(HonClimate *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(hon_protocol::HorizontalSwingMode, direction)
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->set_horizontal_airflow(this->direction_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->set_horizontal_airflow(this->direction_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   HonClimate *parent_;
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class HorizontalAirflowAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class HealthOnAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   HealthOnAction(HaierClimateBase *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->set_health_mode(true); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->set_health_mode(true); }
 
  protected:
   HaierClimateBase *parent_;
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class HealthOnAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class HealthOffAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   HealthOffAction(HaierClimateBase *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->set_health_mode(false); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->set_health_mode(false); }
 
  protected:
   HaierClimateBase *parent_;
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class HealthOffAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class StartSelfCleaningAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   StartSelfCleaningAction(HonClimate *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->start_self_cleaning(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->start_self_cleaning(); }
 
  protected:
   HonClimate *parent_;
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class StartSelfCleaningAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class StartSteriCleaningAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   StartSteriCleaningAction(HonClimate *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->start_steri_cleaning(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->start_steri_cleaning(); }
 
  protected:
   HonClimate *parent_;
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class StartSteriCleaningAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class PowerOnAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   PowerOnAction(HaierClimateBase *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->send_power_on_command(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->send_power_on_command(); }
 
  protected:
   HaierClimateBase *parent_;
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PowerOnAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class PowerOffAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   PowerOffAction(HaierClimateBase *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->send_power_off_command(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->send_power_off_command(); }
 
  protected:
   HaierClimateBase *parent_;
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PowerOffAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class PowerToggleAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   PowerToggleAction(HaierClimateBase *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->toggle_power(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->toggle_power(); }
 
  protected:
   HaierClimateBase *parent_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/hbridge/fan/hbridge_fan.h b/esphome/components/hbridge/fan/hbridge_fan.h
index 143c7c1853..ec1e8ada0e 100644
--- a/esphome/components/hbridge/fan/hbridge_fan.h
+++ b/esphome/components/hbridge/fan/hbridge_fan.h
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BrakeAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit BrakeAction(HBridgeFan *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->brake(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->brake(); }
 
   HBridgeFan *parent_;
 };
diff --git a/esphome/components/http_request/http_request.h b/esphome/components/http_request/http_request.h
index 482cd2da44..8a82a44d7d 100644
--- a/esphome/components/http_request/http_request.h
+++ b/esphome/components/http_request/http_request.h
@@ -113,8 +113,8 @@ class HttpContainer : public Parented<HttpRequestComponent> {
 
 class HttpRequestResponseTrigger : public Trigger<std::shared_ptr<HttpContainer>, std::string &> {
  public:
-  void process(std::shared_ptr<HttpContainer> container, std::string &response_body) {
-    this->trigger(std::move(container), response_body);
+  void process(const std::shared_ptr<HttpContainer> &container, std::string &response_body) {
+    this->trigger(container, response_body);
   }
 };
 
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class HttpRequestSendAction : public Action<Ts...> {
     this->max_response_buffer_size_ = max_response_buffer_size;
   }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     std::string body;
     if (this->body_.has_value()) {
       body = this->body_.value(x...);
diff --git a/esphome/components/http_request/ota/automation.h b/esphome/components/http_request/ota/automation.h
index d4c21f1c72..6c50bb9b0d 100644
--- a/esphome/components/http_request/ota/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/http_request/ota/automation.h
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class OtaHttpRequestComponentFlashAction : public Actio
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, url)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, username)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     if (this->md5_url_.has_value()) {
       this->parent_->set_md5_url(this->md5_url_.value(x...));
     }
diff --git a/esphome/components/htu21d/htu21d.h b/esphome/components/htu21d/htu21d.h
index 9b3831b784..277c6ca3e5 100644
--- a/esphome/components/htu21d/htu21d.h
+++ b/esphome/components/htu21d/htu21d.h
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetHeaterLevelAction : public Action<Ts...>, publ
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint8_t, level)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto level = this->level_.value(x...);
 
     this->parent_->set_heater_level(level);
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetHeaterAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Pa
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, status)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto status = this->status_.value(x...);
 
     this->parent_->set_heater(status);
diff --git a/esphome/components/integration/integration_sensor.h b/esphome/components/integration/integration_sensor.h
index d9f2f5e50f..f075d163fe 100644
--- a/esphome/components/integration/integration_sensor.h
+++ b/esphome/components/integration/integration_sensor.h
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ResetAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit ResetAction(IntegrationSensor *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->reset(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->reset(); }
 
  protected:
   IntegrationSensor *parent_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/key_collector/key_collector.h b/esphome/components/key_collector/key_collector.h
index 35e8141ce5..735f396809 100644
--- a/esphome/components/key_collector/key_collector.h
+++ b/esphome/components/key_collector/key_collector.h
@@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ class KeyCollector : public Component {
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class EnableAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<KeyCollector> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_enabled(true); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_enabled(true); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class DisableAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<KeyCollector> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_enabled(false); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_enabled(false); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace key_collector
diff --git a/esphome/components/lcd_gpio/gpio_lcd_display.h b/esphome/components/lcd_gpio/gpio_lcd_display.h
index aba254a90a..81e4dc51a0 100644
--- a/esphome/components/lcd_gpio/gpio_lcd_display.h
+++ b/esphome/components/lcd_gpio/gpio_lcd_display.h
@@ -2,13 +2,18 @@
 
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
 #include "esphome/components/lcd_base/lcd_display.h"
+#include "esphome/components/display/display.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace lcd_gpio {
 
+class GPIOLCDDisplay;
+
+using gpio_lcd_writer_t = display::DisplayWriter<GPIOLCDDisplay>;
+
 class GPIOLCDDisplay : public lcd_base::LCDDisplay {
  public:
-  void set_writer(std::function<void(GPIOLCDDisplay &)> &&writer) { this->writer_ = std::move(writer); }
+  void set_writer(gpio_lcd_writer_t &&writer) { this->writer_ = std::move(writer); }
   void setup() override;
   void set_data_pins(GPIOPin *d0, GPIOPin *d1, GPIOPin *d2, GPIOPin *d3) {
     this->data_pins_[0] = d0;
@@ -43,7 +48,7 @@ class GPIOLCDDisplay : public lcd_base::LCDDisplay {
   GPIOPin *rw_pin_{nullptr};
   GPIOPin *enable_pin_{nullptr};
   GPIOPin *data_pins_[8]{nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr};
-  std::function<void(GPIOLCDDisplay &)> writer_;
+  gpio_lcd_writer_t writer_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace lcd_gpio
diff --git a/esphome/components/lcd_pcf8574/pcf8574_display.h b/esphome/components/lcd_pcf8574/pcf8574_display.h
index 4db3afb9b0..672b609036 100644
--- a/esphome/components/lcd_pcf8574/pcf8574_display.h
+++ b/esphome/components/lcd_pcf8574/pcf8574_display.h
@@ -3,13 +3,18 @@
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
 #include "esphome/components/lcd_base/lcd_display.h"
 #include "esphome/components/i2c/i2c.h"
+#include "esphome/components/display/display.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace lcd_pcf8574 {
 
+class PCF8574LCDDisplay;
+
+using pcf8574_lcd_writer_t = display::DisplayWriter<PCF8574LCDDisplay>;
+
 class PCF8574LCDDisplay : public lcd_base::LCDDisplay, public i2c::I2CDevice {
  public:
-  void set_writer(std::function<void(PCF8574LCDDisplay &)> &&writer) { this->writer_ = std::move(writer); }
+  void set_writer(pcf8574_lcd_writer_t &&writer) { this->writer_ = std::move(writer); }
   void setup() override;
   void dump_config() override;
   void backlight();
@@ -24,7 +29,7 @@ class PCF8574LCDDisplay : public lcd_base::LCDDisplay, public i2c::I2CDevice {
 
   // Stores the current state of the backlight.
   uint8_t backlight_value_;
-  std::function<void(PCF8574LCDDisplay &)> writer_;
+  pcf8574_lcd_writer_t writer_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace lcd_pcf8574
diff --git a/esphome/components/ld2410/automation.h b/esphome/components/ld2410/automation.h
index 7cb9855f84..f4f1c197b2 100644
--- a/esphome/components/ld2410/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/ld2410/automation.h
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BluetoothPasswordSetAction : public Action<Ts...>
   explicit BluetoothPasswordSetAction(LD2410Component *ld2410_comp) : ld2410_comp_(ld2410_comp) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, password)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->ld2410_comp_->set_bluetooth_password(this->password_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->ld2410_comp_->set_bluetooth_password(this->password_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   LD2410Component *ld2410_comp_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/ledc/ledc_output.h b/esphome/components/ledc/ledc_output.h
index f04543bc5b..b24e3cfdb2 100644
--- a/esphome/components/ledc/ledc_output.h
+++ b/esphome/components/ledc/ledc_output.h
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetFrequencyAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   SetFrequencyAction(LEDCOutput *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, frequency);
 
-  void play(Ts... x) {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) {
     float freq = this->frequency_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->update_frequency(freq);
   }
diff --git a/esphome/components/libretiny_pwm/libretiny_pwm.h b/esphome/components/libretiny_pwm/libretiny_pwm.h
index 42ce40ca39..f911709054 100644
--- a/esphome/components/libretiny_pwm/libretiny_pwm.h
+++ b/esphome/components/libretiny_pwm/libretiny_pwm.h
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetFrequencyAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   SetFrequencyAction(LibreTinyPWM *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, frequency);
 
-  void play(Ts... x) {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) {
     float freq = this->frequency_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->update_frequency(freq);
   }
diff --git a/esphome/components/light/automation.h b/esphome/components/light/automation.h
index 6e055741da..8899db8bba 100644
--- a/esphome/components/light/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/light/automation.h
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ToggleAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint32_t, transition_length)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->state_->toggle();
     call.set_transition_length(this->transition_length_.optional_value(x...));
     call.perform();
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class LightControlAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, warm_white)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, effect)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->parent_->make_call();
     call.set_color_mode(this->color_mode_.optional_value(x...));
     call.set_state(this->state_.optional_value(x...));
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DimRelativeAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, relative_brightness)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint32_t, transition_length)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->parent_->make_call();
     float rel = this->relative_brightness_.value(x...);
     float cur;
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DimRelativeAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class LightIsOnCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit LightIsOnCondition(LightState *state) : state_(state) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->state_->current_values.is_on(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->state_->current_values.is_on(); }
 
  protected:
   LightState *state_;
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class LightIsOnCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class LightIsOffCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit LightIsOffCondition(LightState *state) : state_(state) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return !this->state_->current_values.is_on(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return !this->state_->current_values.is_on(); }
 
  protected:
   LightState *state_;
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class AddressableSet : public Action<Ts...> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, blue)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, white)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto *out = (AddressableLight *) this->parent_->get_output();
     int32_t range_from = interpret_index(this->range_from_.value_or(x..., 0), out->size());
     if (range_from < 0 || range_from >= out->size())
diff --git a/esphome/components/lightwaverf/lightwaverf.h b/esphome/components/lightwaverf/lightwaverf.h
index b9f2abfcb3..ee4e91e9d1 100644
--- a/esphome/components/lightwaverf/lightwaverf.h
+++ b/esphome/components/lightwaverf/lightwaverf.h
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SendRawAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   void set_pulse_length(const int &data) { pulse_length_ = data; }
   void set_data(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data) { code_ = data; }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) {
     int repeats = this->repeat_.value(x...);
     int inverted = this->inverted_.value(x...);
     int pulse_length = this->pulse_length_.value(x...);
diff --git a/esphome/components/lock/automation.h b/esphome/components/lock/automation.h
index 8cb3b64ffe..0f596ef5e6 100644
--- a/esphome/components/lock/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/lock/automation.h
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class LockAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit LockAction(Lock *a_lock) : lock_(a_lock) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->lock_->lock(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->lock_->lock(); }
 
  protected:
   Lock *lock_;
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class UnlockAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit UnlockAction(Lock *a_lock) : lock_(a_lock) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->lock_->unlock(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->lock_->unlock(); }
 
  protected:
   Lock *lock_;
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class OpenAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit OpenAction(Lock *a_lock) : lock_(a_lock) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->lock_->open(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->lock_->open(); }
 
  protected:
   Lock *lock_;
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class OpenAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class LockCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   LockCondition(Lock *parent, bool state) : parent_(parent), state_(state) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override {
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto check_state = this->state_ ? LockState::LOCK_STATE_LOCKED : LockState::LOCK_STATE_UNLOCKED;
     return this->parent_->state == check_state;
   }
diff --git a/esphome/components/lvgl/layout.py b/esphome/components/lvgl/layout.py
index 0aed525e16..a6aa816fda 100644
--- a/esphome/components/lvgl/layout.py
+++ b/esphome/components/lvgl/layout.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import re
+import textwrap
 
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import CONF_HEIGHT, CONF_TYPE, CONF_WIDTH
@@ -122,7 +123,7 @@ class FlexLayout(Layout):
 
     def get_layout_schemas(self, config: dict) -> tuple:
         layout = config.get(CONF_LAYOUT)
-        if not isinstance(layout, dict) or layout.get(CONF_TYPE) != TYPE_FLEX:
+        if not isinstance(layout, dict) or layout.get(CONF_TYPE).lower() != TYPE_FLEX:
             return None, {}
         child_schema = FLEX_OBJ_SCHEMA
         if grow := layout.get(CONF_FLEX_GROW):
@@ -161,6 +162,8 @@ class DirectionalLayout(FlexLayout):
         return self.direction
 
     def get_layout_schemas(self, config: dict) -> tuple:
+        if not isinstance(config.get(CONF_LAYOUT), str):
+            return None, {}
         if config.get(CONF_LAYOUT, "").lower() != self.direction:
             return None, {}
         return cv.one_of(self.direction, lower=True), flex_hv_schema(self.direction)
@@ -206,7 +209,7 @@ class GridLayout(Layout):
             # Not a valid grid layout string
             return None, {}
 
-        if not isinstance(layout, dict) or layout.get(CONF_TYPE) != TYPE_GRID:
+        if not isinstance(layout, dict) or layout.get(CONF_TYPE).lower() != TYPE_GRID:
             return None, {}
         return (
             {
@@ -259,7 +262,7 @@ class GridLayout(Layout):
                 )
         # should be guaranteed to be a dict at this point
         assert isinstance(layout, dict)
-        assert layout.get(CONF_TYPE) == TYPE_GRID
+        assert layout.get(CONF_TYPE).lower() == TYPE_GRID
         rows = len(layout[CONF_GRID_ROWS])
         columns = len(layout[CONF_GRID_COLUMNS])
         used_cells = [[None] * columns for _ in range(rows)]
@@ -335,6 +338,17 @@ def append_layout_schema(schema, config: dict):
     if CONF_LAYOUT not in config:
         # If no layout is specified, return the schema as is
         return schema.extend({cv.Optional(CONF_WIDGETS): any_widget_schema()})
+    layout = config[CONF_LAYOUT]
+    # Sanity check the layout to avoid redundant checks in each type
+    if not isinstance(layout, str) and not isinstance(layout, dict):
+        raise cv.Invalid(
+            "The 'layout' option must be a string or a dictionary", [CONF_LAYOUT]
+        )
+    if isinstance(layout, dict) and not isinstance(layout.get(CONF_TYPE), str):
+        raise cv.Invalid(
+            "Invalid layout type; must be a string ('flex' or 'grid')",
+            [CONF_LAYOUT, CONF_TYPE],
+        )
 
     for layout_class in LAYOUT_CLASSES:
         layout_schema, child_schema = layout_class.get_layout_schemas(config)
@@ -348,10 +362,17 @@ def append_layout_schema(schema, config: dict):
             layout_schema.add_extra(layout_class.validate)
             return layout_schema.extend(schema)
 
-    # If no layout class matched, return a default schema
-    return cv.Schema(
-        {
-            cv.Optional(CONF_LAYOUT): cv.one_of(*LAYOUT_CHOICES, lower=True),
-            cv.Optional(CONF_WIDGETS): any_widget_schema(),
-        }
+    if isinstance(layout, dict):
+        raise cv.Invalid(
+            "Invalid layout type; must be 'flex' or 'grid'", [CONF_LAYOUT, CONF_TYPE]
+        )
+    raise cv.Invalid(
+        textwrap.dedent(
+            """
+                Invalid 'layout' value
+                layout choices are 'horizontal', 'vertical', '<rows>x<cols>',
+                or a dictionary with a 'type' key
+            """
+        ),
+        [CONF_LAYOUT],
     )
diff --git a/esphome/components/lvgl/lvgl_esphome.h b/esphome/components/lvgl/lvgl_esphome.h
index 50d192fde3..1ae05f933f 100644
--- a/esphome/components/lvgl/lvgl_esphome.h
+++ b/esphome/components/lvgl/lvgl_esphome.h
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ObjUpdateAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit ObjUpdateAction(std::function<void(Ts...)> &&lamb) : lamb_(std::move(lamb)) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->lamb_(x...); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->lamb_(x...); }
 
  protected:
   std::function<void(Ts...)> lamb_;
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ class IdleTrigger : public Trigger<> {
 template<typename... Ts> class LvglAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<LvglComponent> {
  public:
   explicit LvglAction(std::function<void(LvglComponent *)> &&lamb) : action_(std::move(lamb)) {}
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->action_(this->parent_); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->action_(this->parent_); }
 
  protected:
   std::function<void(LvglComponent *)> action_{};
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class LvglAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parente
 template<typename Tc, typename... Ts> class LvglCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<Tc> {
  public:
   LvglCondition(std::function<bool(Tc *)> &&condition_lambda) : condition_lambda_(std::move(condition_lambda)) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->condition_lambda_(this->parent_); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->condition_lambda_(this->parent_); }
 
  protected:
   std::function<bool(Tc *)> condition_lambda_{};
diff --git a/esphome/components/lvgl/select/lvgl_select.h b/esphome/components/lvgl/select/lvgl_select.h
index 3b1fd67d68..d4c9631073 100644
--- a/esphome/components/lvgl/select/lvgl_select.h
+++ b/esphome/components/lvgl/select/lvgl_select.h
@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ class LVGLSelect : public select::Select, public Component {
     const auto &opts = this->widget_->get_options();
     FixedVector<const char *> opt_ptrs;
     opt_ptrs.init(opts.size());
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < opts.size(); i++) {
-      opt_ptrs[i] = opts[i].c_str();
+    for (const auto &opt : opts) {
+      opt_ptrs.push_back(opt.c_str());
     }
     this->traits.set_options(opt_ptrs);
   }
diff --git a/esphome/components/max17043/automation.h b/esphome/components/max17043/automation.h
index 44729d119b..ac201a7309 100644
--- a/esphome/components/max17043/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/max17043/automation.h
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SleepAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit SleepAction(MAX17043Component *max17043) : max17043_(max17043) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->max17043_->sleep_mode(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->max17043_->sleep_mode(); }
 
  protected:
   MAX17043Component *max17043_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/max6956/automation.h b/esphome/components/max6956/automation.h
index c0b491dc7f..ca2c3e3ce4 100644
--- a/esphome/components/max6956/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/max6956/automation.h
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetCurrentGlobalAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint8_t, brightness_global)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->max6956_->set_brightness_global(this->brightness_global_.value(x...));
     this->max6956_->write_brightness_global();
   }
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetCurrentModeAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(max6956::MAX6956CURRENTMODE, brightness_mode)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->max6956_->set_brightness_mode(this->brightness_mode_.value(x...));
     this->max6956_->write_brightness_mode();
   }
diff --git a/esphome/components/max7219/max7219.h b/esphome/components/max7219/max7219.h
index 270edf3282..58d871d54c 100644
--- a/esphome/components/max7219/max7219.h
+++ b/esphome/components/max7219/max7219.h
@@ -4,13 +4,14 @@
 #include "esphome/core/time.h"
 
 #include "esphome/components/spi/spi.h"
+#include "esphome/components/display/display.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace max7219 {
 
 class MAX7219Component;
 
-using max7219_writer_t = std::function<void(MAX7219Component &)>;
+using max7219_writer_t = display::DisplayWriter<MAX7219Component>;
 
 class MAX7219Component : public PollingComponent,
                          public spi::SPIDevice<spi::BIT_ORDER_MSB_FIRST, spi::CLOCK_POLARITY_LOW,
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ class MAX7219Component : public PollingComponent,
   uint8_t num_chips_{1};
   uint8_t *buffer_;
   bool reverse_{false};
-  optional<max7219_writer_t> writer_{};
+  max7219_writer_t writer_{};
 };
 
 }  // namespace max7219
diff --git a/esphome/components/max7219digit/automation.h b/esphome/components/max7219digit/automation.h
index 02acebb109..be8245d14d 100644
--- a/esphome/components/max7219digit/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/max7219digit/automation.h
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DisplayInvertAction : public Action<Ts...>, publi
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, state)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     bool state = this->state_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->invert_on_off(state);
   }
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DisplayVisibilityAction : public Action<Ts...>, p
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, state)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     bool state = this->state_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->turn_on_off(state);
   }
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DisplayReverseAction : public Action<Ts...>, publ
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, state)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     bool state = this->state_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->set_reverse(state);
   }
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DisplayIntensityAction : public Action<Ts...>, pu
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint8_t, state)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     uint8_t state = this->state_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->set_intensity(state);
   }
diff --git a/esphome/components/max7219digit/max7219digit.cpp b/esphome/components/max7219digit/max7219digit.cpp
index 6df3c4d7c8..cdceafad50 100644
--- a/esphome/components/max7219digit/max7219digit.cpp
+++ b/esphome/components/max7219digit/max7219digit.cpp
@@ -271,7 +271,11 @@ void MAX7219Component::send64pixels(uint8_t chip, const uint8_t pixels[8]) {
         }
       }
     } else if (this->orientation_ == 1) {
-      b = pixels[col];
+      if (this->flip_x_) {
+        b = pixels[7 - col];
+      } else {
+        b = pixels[col];
+      }
     } else if (this->orientation_ == 2) {
       for (uint8_t i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
         if (this->flip_x_) {
@@ -282,7 +286,11 @@ void MAX7219Component::send64pixels(uint8_t chip, const uint8_t pixels[8]) {
       }
     } else {
       for (uint8_t i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
-        b |= ((pixels[7 - col] >> i) & 1) << (7 - i);
+        if (this->flip_x_) {
+          b |= ((pixels[col] >> i) & 1) << (7 - i);
+        } else {
+          b |= ((pixels[7 - col] >> i) & 1) << (7 - i);
+        }
       }
     }
     // send this byte to display at selected chip
diff --git a/esphome/components/max7219digit/max7219digit.h b/esphome/components/max7219digit/max7219digit.h
index ead8033803..af419b9b38 100644
--- a/esphome/components/max7219digit/max7219digit.h
+++ b/esphome/components/max7219digit/max7219digit.h
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ enum ScrollMode {
 
 class MAX7219Component;
 
-using max7219_writer_t = std::function<void(MAX7219Component &)>;
+using max7219_writer_t = display::DisplayWriter<MAX7219Component>;
 
 class MAX7219Component : public display::DisplayBuffer,
                          public spi::SPIDevice<spi::BIT_ORDER_MSB_FIRST, spi::CLOCK_POLARITY_LOW,
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class MAX7219Component : public display::DisplayBuffer,
   uint32_t last_scroll_ = 0;
   uint16_t stepsleft_;
   size_t get_buffer_length_();
-  optional<max7219_writer_t> writer_local_{};
+  max7219_writer_t writer_local_{};
 };
 
 }  // namespace max7219digit
diff --git a/esphome/components/media_player/automation.h b/esphome/components/media_player/automation.h
index 3af5959f32..50e7693cb5 100644
--- a/esphome/components/media_player/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/media_player/automation.h
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ template<MediaPlayerCommand Command, typename... Ts>
 class MediaPlayerCommandAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<MediaPlayer> {
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, announcement);
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->parent_->make_call().set_command(Command).set_announcement(this->announcement_.value(x...)).perform();
   }
 };
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ using TurnOffAction = MediaPlayerCommandAction<MediaPlayerCommand::MEDIA_PLAYER_
 template<typename... Ts> class PlayMediaAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<MediaPlayer> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, media_url)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, announcement)
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->parent_->make_call()
         .set_media_url(this->media_url_.value(x...))
         .set_announcement(this->announcement_.value(x...))
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PlayMediaAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Pa
 
 template<typename... Ts> class VolumeSetAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<MediaPlayer> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, volume)
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->make_call().set_volume(this->volume_.value(x...)).perform(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->make_call().set_volume(this->volume_.value(x...)).perform(); }
 };
 
 class StateTrigger : public Trigger<> {
@@ -75,32 +75,34 @@ using OffTrigger = MediaPlayerStateTrigger<MediaPlayerState::MEDIA_PLAYER_STATE_
 
 template<typename... Ts> class IsIdleCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<MediaPlayer> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->state == MediaPlayerState::MEDIA_PLAYER_STATE_IDLE; }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->state == MediaPlayerState::MEDIA_PLAYER_STATE_IDLE; }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class IsPlayingCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<MediaPlayer> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->state == MediaPlayerState::MEDIA_PLAYER_STATE_PLAYING; }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->state == MediaPlayerState::MEDIA_PLAYER_STATE_PLAYING; }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class IsPausedCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<MediaPlayer> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->state == MediaPlayerState::MEDIA_PLAYER_STATE_PAUSED; }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->state == MediaPlayerState::MEDIA_PLAYER_STATE_PAUSED; }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class IsAnnouncingCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<MediaPlayer> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->state == MediaPlayerState::MEDIA_PLAYER_STATE_ANNOUNCING; }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override {
+    return this->parent_->state == MediaPlayerState::MEDIA_PLAYER_STATE_ANNOUNCING;
+  }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class IsOnCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<MediaPlayer> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->state == MediaPlayerState::MEDIA_PLAYER_STATE_ON; }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->state == MediaPlayerState::MEDIA_PLAYER_STATE_ON; }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class IsOffCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<MediaPlayer> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->state == MediaPlayerState::MEDIA_PLAYER_STATE_OFF; }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->state == MediaPlayerState::MEDIA_PLAYER_STATE_OFF; }
 };
 
 }  // namespace media_player
diff --git a/esphome/components/mhz19/mhz19.h b/esphome/components/mhz19/mhz19.h
index ec38f2cd2f..be36886d62 100644
--- a/esphome/components/mhz19/mhz19.h
+++ b/esphome/components/mhz19/mhz19.h
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class MHZ19CalibrateZeroAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   MHZ19CalibrateZeroAction(MHZ19Component *mhz19) : mhz19_(mhz19) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->mhz19_->calibrate_zero(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->mhz19_->calibrate_zero(); }
 
  protected:
   MHZ19Component *mhz19_;
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class MHZ19ABCEnableAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   MHZ19ABCEnableAction(MHZ19Component *mhz19) : mhz19_(mhz19) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->mhz19_->abc_enable(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->mhz19_->abc_enable(); }
 
  protected:
   MHZ19Component *mhz19_;
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class MHZ19ABCDisableAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   MHZ19ABCDisableAction(MHZ19Component *mhz19) : mhz19_(mhz19) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->mhz19_->abc_disable(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->mhz19_->abc_disable(); }
 
  protected:
   MHZ19Component *mhz19_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/micro_wake_word/automation.h b/esphome/components/micro_wake_word/automation.h
index f10a4ed347..e1795a7e64 100644
--- a/esphome/components/micro_wake_word/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/micro_wake_word/automation.h
@@ -9,23 +9,23 @@ namespace micro_wake_word {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class StartAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<MicroWakeWord> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->start(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->start(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class StopAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<MicroWakeWord> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->stop(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->stop(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class IsRunningCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<MicroWakeWord> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->is_running(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->is_running(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class EnableModelAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit EnableModelAction(WakeWordModel *wake_word_model) : wake_word_model_(wake_word_model) {}
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->wake_word_model_->enable(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->wake_word_model_->enable(); }
 
  protected:
   WakeWordModel *wake_word_model_;
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class EnableModelAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class DisableModelAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit DisableModelAction(WakeWordModel *wake_word_model) : wake_word_model_(wake_word_model) {}
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->wake_word_model_->disable(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->wake_word_model_->disable(); }
 
  protected:
   WakeWordModel *wake_word_model_;
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DisableModelAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class ModelIsEnabledCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit ModelIsEnabledCondition(WakeWordModel *wake_word_model) : wake_word_model_(wake_word_model) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->wake_word_model_->is_enabled(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->wake_word_model_->is_enabled(); }
 
  protected:
   WakeWordModel *wake_word_model_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/microphone/automation.h b/esphome/components/microphone/automation.h
index 5745909c46..a6c4bdae66 100644
--- a/esphome/components/microphone/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/microphone/automation.h
@@ -9,18 +9,18 @@ namespace esphome {
 namespace microphone {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class CaptureAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<Microphone> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->start(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->start(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class StopCaptureAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<Microphone> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->stop(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->stop(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class MuteAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<Microphone> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_mute_state(true); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_mute_state(true); }
 };
 template<typename... Ts> class UnmuteAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<Microphone> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_mute_state(false); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_mute_state(false); }
 };
 
 class DataTrigger : public Trigger<const std::vector<uint8_t> &> {
@@ -32,12 +32,12 @@ class DataTrigger : public Trigger<const std::vector<uint8_t> &> {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class IsCapturingCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<Microphone> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->is_running(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->is_running(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class IsMutedCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<Microphone> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->get_mute_state(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->get_mute_state(); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace microphone
diff --git a/esphome/components/midea/ac_automations.h b/esphome/components/midea/ac_automations.h
index e6fffa2511..760737be87 100644
--- a/esphome/components/midea/ac_automations.h
+++ b/esphome/components/midea/ac_automations.h
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class FollowMeAction : public MideaActionBase<Ts...> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, use_fahrenheit)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, beeper)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->parent_->do_follow_me(this->temperature_.value(x...), this->use_fahrenheit_.value(x...),
                                 this->beeper_.value(x...));
   }
@@ -30,37 +30,37 @@ template<typename... Ts> class FollowMeAction : public MideaActionBase<Ts...> {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class SwingStepAction : public MideaActionBase<Ts...> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->do_swing_step(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->do_swing_step(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class DisplayToggleAction : public MideaActionBase<Ts...> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->do_display_toggle(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->do_display_toggle(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class BeeperOnAction : public MideaActionBase<Ts...> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->do_beeper_on(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->do_beeper_on(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class BeeperOffAction : public MideaActionBase<Ts...> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->do_beeper_off(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->do_beeper_off(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class PowerOnAction : public MideaActionBase<Ts...> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->do_power_on(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->do_power_on(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class PowerOffAction : public MideaActionBase<Ts...> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->do_power_off(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->do_power_off(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class PowerToggleAction : public MideaActionBase<Ts...> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->do_power_toggle(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->do_power_toggle(); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace ac
diff --git a/esphome/components/mixer/speaker/automation.h b/esphome/components/mixer/speaker/automation.h
index b688fa2c1e..2234936628 100644
--- a/esphome/components/mixer/speaker/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/mixer/speaker/automation.h
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ namespace mixer_speaker {
 template<typename... Ts> class DuckingApplyAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<SourceSpeaker> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint8_t, decibel_reduction)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint32_t, duration)
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->parent_->apply_ducking(this->decibel_reduction_.value(x...), this->duration_.value(x...));
   }
 };
diff --git a/esphome/components/modbus_controller/__init__.py b/esphome/components/modbus_controller/__init__.py
index 28f3326c47..1c23783ce3 100644
--- a/esphome/components/modbus_controller/__init__.py
+++ b/esphome/components/modbus_controller/__init__.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import binascii
 from esphome import automation
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import modbus
+from esphome.components.const import CONF_ENABLED
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
     CONF_ADDRESS,
@@ -20,7 +21,6 @@ from .const import (
     CONF_BYTE_OFFSET,
     CONF_COMMAND_THROTTLE,
     CONF_CUSTOM_COMMAND,
-    CONF_ENABLED,
     CONF_FORCE_NEW_RANGE,
     CONF_MAX_CMD_RETRIES,
     CONF_MODBUS_CONTROLLER_ID,
diff --git a/esphome/components/modbus_controller/const.py b/esphome/components/modbus_controller/const.py
index ee0b5fc633..c689d84576 100644
--- a/esphome/components/modbus_controller/const.py
+++ b/esphome/components/modbus_controller/const.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ CONF_ALLOW_DUPLICATE_COMMANDS = "allow_duplicate_commands"
 CONF_BITMASK = "bitmask"
 CONF_BYTE_OFFSET = "byte_offset"
 CONF_COMMAND_THROTTLE = "command_throttle"
-CONF_ENABLED = "enabled"
 CONF_OFFLINE_SKIP_UPDATES = "offline_skip_updates"
 CONF_CUSTOM_COMMAND = "custom_command"
 CONF_FORCE_NEW_RANGE = "force_new_range"
diff --git a/esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_client.h b/esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_client.h
index 325ca56f4b..79383ee857 100644
--- a/esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_client.h
+++ b/esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_client.h
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class MQTTPublishAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint8_t, qos)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, retain)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->parent_->publish(this->topic_.value(x...), this->payload_.value(x...), this->qos_.value(x...),
                            this->retain_.value(x...));
   }
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class MQTTPublishJsonAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   void set_payload(std::function<void(Ts..., JsonObject)> payload) { this->payload_ = payload; }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto f = std::bind(&MQTTPublishJsonAction<Ts...>::encode_, this, x..., std::placeholders::_1);
     auto topic = this->topic_.value(x...);
     auto qos = this->qos_.value(x...);
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class MQTTPublishJsonAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class MQTTConnectedCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   MQTTConnectedCondition(MQTTClientComponent *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->is_connected(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->is_connected(); }
 
  protected:
   MQTTClientComponent *parent_;
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class MQTTEnableAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   MQTTEnableAction(MQTTClientComponent *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->enable(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->enable(); }
 
  protected:
   MQTTClientComponent *parent_;
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class MQTTDisableAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   MQTTDisableAction(MQTTClientComponent *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->disable(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->disable(); }
 
  protected:
   MQTTClientComponent *parent_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/nau7802/nau7802.h b/esphome/components/nau7802/nau7802.h
index 17e426ccc6..05452851ca 100644
--- a/esphome/components/nau7802/nau7802.h
+++ b/esphome/components/nau7802/nau7802.h
@@ -101,18 +101,18 @@ class NAU7802Sensor : public sensor::Sensor, public PollingComponent, public i2c
 template<typename... Ts>
 class NAU7802CalbrateExternalOffsetAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<NAU7802Sensor> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->calibrate_external_offset(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->calibrate_external_offset(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts>
 class NAU7802CalbrateInternalOffsetAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<NAU7802Sensor> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->calibrate_internal_offset(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->calibrate_internal_offset(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class NAU7802CalbrateGainAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<NAU7802Sensor> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->calibrate_gain(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->calibrate_gain(); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace nau7802
diff --git a/esphome/components/nextion/automation.h b/esphome/components/nextion/automation.h
index c718355af8..8e85e15823 100644
--- a/esphome/components/nextion/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/nextion/automation.h
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class NextionSetBrightnessAction : public Action<Ts...>
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, brightness)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->component_->set_brightness(this->brightness_.value(x...));
     this->component_->set_backlight_brightness(this->brightness_.value(x...));
   }
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class NextionPublishFloatAction : public Action<Ts...>
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, publish_state)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, send_to_nextion)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->component_->set_state(this->state_.value(x...), this->publish_state_.value(x...),
                                 this->send_to_nextion_.value(x...));
   }
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class NextionPublishTextAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, publish_state)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, send_to_nextion)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->component_->set_state(this->state_.value(x...), this->publish_state_.value(x...),
                                 this->send_to_nextion_.value(x...));
   }
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class NextionPublishBoolAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, publish_state)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, send_to_nextion)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->component_->set_state(this->state_.value(x...), this->publish_state_.value(x...),
                                 this->send_to_nextion_.value(x...));
   }
diff --git a/esphome/components/nextion/nextion.h b/esphome/components/nextion/nextion.h
index c078ab9d56..61068b52fc 100644
--- a/esphome/components/nextion/nextion.h
+++ b/esphome/components/nextion/nextion.h
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/uart/uart.h"
 #include "nextion_base.h"
 #include "nextion_component.h"
+#include "esphome/components/display/display.h"
 #include "esphome/components/display/display_color_utils.h"
 
 #ifdef USE_NEXTION_TFT_UPLOAD
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ namespace nextion {
 class Nextion;
 class NextionComponentBase;
 
-using nextion_writer_t = std::function<void(Nextion &)>;
+using nextion_writer_t = display::DisplayWriter<Nextion>;
 
 static const std::string COMMAND_DELIMITER{static_cast<char>(255), static_cast<char>(255), static_cast<char>(255)};
 
@@ -1471,7 +1472,7 @@ class Nextion : public NextionBase, public PollingComponent, public uart::UARTDe
   CallbackManager<void(uint8_t, uint8_t, bool)> touch_callback_{};
   CallbackManager<void()> buffer_overflow_callback_{};
 
-  optional<nextion_writer_t> writer_;
+  nextion_writer_t writer_;
   optional<float> brightness_;
 
 #ifdef USE_NEXTION_CONFIG_DUMP_DEVICE_INFO
diff --git a/esphome/components/number/automation.h b/esphome/components/number/automation.h
index 33f0f9727e..79eba883c4 100644
--- a/esphome/components/number/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/number/automation.h
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class NumberSetAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   NumberSetAction(Number *number) : number_(number) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, value)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->number_->make_call();
     call.set_value(this->value_.value(x...));
     call.perform();
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class NumberOperationAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(NumberOperation, operation)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, cycle)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->number_->make_call();
     call.with_operation(this->operation_.value(x...));
     if (this->cycle_.has_value()) {
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class NumberInRangeCondition : public Condition<Ts...>
 
   void set_min(float min) { this->min_ = min; }
   void set_max(float max) { this->max_ = max; }
-  bool check(Ts... x) override {
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override {
     const float state = this->parent_->state;
     if (std::isnan(this->min_)) {
       return state <= this->max_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/online_image/online_image.h b/esphome/components/online_image/online_image.h
index 3326cbe8d6..12d409ca29 100644
--- a/esphome/components/online_image/online_image.h
+++ b/esphome/components/online_image/online_image.h
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class OnlineImageSetUrlAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   OnlineImageSetUrlAction(OnlineImage *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, url)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, update)
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->parent_->set_url(this->url_.value(x...));
     if (this->update_.value(x...)) {
       this->parent_->update();
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class OnlineImageSetUrlAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class OnlineImageReleaseAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   OnlineImageReleaseAction(OnlineImage *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->release(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->release(); }
 
  protected:
   OnlineImage *parent_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/output/automation.h b/esphome/components/output/automation.h
index de84bb91ca..3279378129 100644
--- a/esphome/components/output/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/output/automation.h
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class TurnOffAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   TurnOffAction(BinaryOutput *output) : output_(output) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->output_->turn_off(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->output_->turn_off(); }
 
  protected:
   BinaryOutput *output_;
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class TurnOnAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   TurnOnAction(BinaryOutput *output) : output_(output) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->output_->turn_on(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->output_->turn_on(); }
 
  protected:
   BinaryOutput *output_;
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetLevelAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, level)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->output_->set_level(this->level_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->output_->set_level(this->level_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   FloatOutput *output_;
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetMinPowerAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, min_power)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->output_->set_min_power(this->min_power_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->output_->set_min_power(this->min_power_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   FloatOutput *output_;
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetMaxPowerAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, max_power)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->output_->set_max_power(this->max_power_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->output_->set_max_power(this->max_power_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   FloatOutput *output_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/pcf85063/pcf85063.h b/esphome/components/pcf85063/pcf85063.h
index 1a3fd704e5..b7034d4f00 100644
--- a/esphome/components/pcf85063/pcf85063.h
+++ b/esphome/components/pcf85063/pcf85063.h
@@ -85,12 +85,12 @@ class PCF85063Component : public time::RealTimeClock, public i2c::I2CDevice {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class WriteAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<PCF85063Component> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->write_time(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->write_time(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class ReadAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<PCF85063Component> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->read_time(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->read_time(); }
 };
 }  // namespace pcf85063
 }  // namespace esphome
diff --git a/esphome/components/pcf8563/pcf8563.h b/esphome/components/pcf8563/pcf8563.h
index b6832efe72..81aa816b42 100644
--- a/esphome/components/pcf8563/pcf8563.h
+++ b/esphome/components/pcf8563/pcf8563.h
@@ -113,12 +113,12 @@ class PCF8563Component : public time::RealTimeClock, public i2c::I2CDevice {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class WriteAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<PCF8563Component> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->write_time(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->write_time(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class ReadAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<PCF8563Component> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->read_time(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->read_time(); }
 };
 }  // namespace pcf8563
 }  // namespace esphome
diff --git a/esphome/components/pid/pid_climate.h b/esphome/components/pid/pid_climate.h
index 1a09ffdd20..dc0a92efed 100644
--- a/esphome/components/pid/pid_climate.h
+++ b/esphome/components/pid/pid_climate.h
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PIDAutotuneAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   void set_positive_output(float positive_output) { positive_output_ = positive_output; }
   void set_negative_output(float negative_output) { negative_output_ = negative_output; }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) {
     auto tuner = make_unique<PIDAutotuner>();
     tuner->set_noiseband(this->noiseband_);
     tuner->set_output_negative(this->negative_output_);
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PIDResetIntegralTermAction : public Action<Ts...>
  public:
   PIDResetIntegralTermAction(PIDClimate *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->reset_integral_term(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->reset_integral_term(); }
 
  protected:
   PIDClimate *parent_;
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PIDSetControlParametersAction : public Action<Ts.
  public:
   PIDSetControlParametersAction(PIDClimate *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) {
     auto kp = this->kp_.value(x...);
     auto ki = this->ki_.value(x...);
     auto kd = this->kd_.value(x...);
diff --git a/esphome/components/pipsolar/output/pipsolar_output.h b/esphome/components/pipsolar/output/pipsolar_output.h
index 29b2d116f2..b4b8000962 100644
--- a/esphome/components/pipsolar/output/pipsolar_output.h
+++ b/esphome/components/pipsolar/output/pipsolar_output.h
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetOutputAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, level)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->output_->set_value(this->level_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->output_->set_value(this->level_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   PipsolarOutput *output_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/pmwcs3/pmwcs3.h b/esphome/components/pmwcs3/pmwcs3.h
index d60f9d1f61..d63c516586 100644
--- a/esphome/components/pmwcs3/pmwcs3.h
+++ b/esphome/components/pmwcs3/pmwcs3.h
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PMWCS3AirCalibrationAction : public Action<Ts...>
  public:
   PMWCS3AirCalibrationAction(PMWCS3Component *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->air_calibration(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->air_calibration(); }
 
  protected:
   PMWCS3Component *parent_;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PMWCS3WaterCalibrationAction : public Action<Ts..
  public:
   PMWCS3WaterCalibrationAction(PMWCS3Component *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->water_calibration(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->water_calibration(); }
 
  protected:
   PMWCS3Component *parent_;
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PMWCS3NewI2cAddressAction : public Action<Ts...>
   PMWCS3NewI2cAddressAction(PMWCS3Component *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(int, new_address)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->new_i2c_address(this->new_address_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->new_i2c_address(this->new_address_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   PMWCS3Component *parent_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/pn532/pn532.h b/esphome/components/pn532/pn532.h
index c8e9a40008..eeb15648fb 100644
--- a/esphome/components/pn532/pn532.h
+++ b/esphome/components/pn532/pn532.h
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ class PN532OnFinishedWriteTrigger : public Trigger<> {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class PN532IsWritingCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<PN532> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->is_writing(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->is_writing(); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace pn532
diff --git a/esphome/components/pn7150/automation.h b/esphome/components/pn7150/automation.h
index aebb1b7573..21329a998a 100644
--- a/esphome/components/pn7150/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/pn7150/automation.h
@@ -23,42 +23,42 @@ class PN7150OnFinishedWriteTrigger : public Trigger<> {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class PN7150IsWritingCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<PN7150> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->is_writing(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->is_writing(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class EmulationOffAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<PN7150> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_tag_emulation_off(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_tag_emulation_off(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class EmulationOnAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<PN7150> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_tag_emulation_on(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_tag_emulation_on(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class PollingOffAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<PN7150> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_polling_off(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_polling_off(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class PollingOnAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<PN7150> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_polling_on(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_polling_on(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class SetCleanModeAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<PN7150> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->clean_mode(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->clean_mode(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class SetFormatModeAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<PN7150> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->format_mode(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->format_mode(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class SetReadModeAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<PN7150> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->read_mode(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->read_mode(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class SetEmulationMessageAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<PN7150> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, message)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, include_android_app_record)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->parent_->set_tag_emulation_message(this->message_.optional_value(x...),
                                              this->include_android_app_record_.optional_value(x...));
   }
@@ -68,14 +68,14 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetWriteMessageAction : public Action<Ts...>, pub
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, message)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, include_android_app_record)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->parent_->set_tag_write_message(this->message_.optional_value(x...),
                                          this->include_android_app_record_.optional_value(x...));
   }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class SetWriteModeAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<PN7150> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->write_mode(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->write_mode(); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace pn7150
diff --git a/esphome/components/pn7160/automation.h b/esphome/components/pn7160/automation.h
index 854fb11684..08148c2311 100644
--- a/esphome/components/pn7160/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/pn7160/automation.h
@@ -23,42 +23,42 @@ class PN7160OnFinishedWriteTrigger : public Trigger<> {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class PN7160IsWritingCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<PN7160> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->is_writing(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->is_writing(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class EmulationOffAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<PN7160> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_tag_emulation_off(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_tag_emulation_off(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class EmulationOnAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<PN7160> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_tag_emulation_on(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_tag_emulation_on(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class PollingOffAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<PN7160> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_polling_off(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_polling_off(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class PollingOnAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<PN7160> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_polling_on(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_polling_on(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class SetCleanModeAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<PN7160> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->clean_mode(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->clean_mode(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class SetFormatModeAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<PN7160> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->format_mode(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->format_mode(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class SetReadModeAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<PN7160> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->read_mode(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->read_mode(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class SetEmulationMessageAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<PN7160> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, message)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, include_android_app_record)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->parent_->set_tag_emulation_message(this->message_.optional_value(x...),
                                              this->include_android_app_record_.optional_value(x...));
   }
@@ -68,14 +68,14 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetWriteMessageAction : public Action<Ts...>, pub
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, message)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, include_android_app_record)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->parent_->set_tag_write_message(this->message_.optional_value(x...),
                                          this->include_android_app_record_.optional_value(x...));
   }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class SetWriteModeAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<PN7160> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->write_mode(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->write_mode(); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace pn7160
diff --git a/esphome/components/pulse_counter/automation.h b/esphome/components/pulse_counter/automation.h
index d749540a95..0c0dc2552d 100644
--- a/esphome/components/pulse_counter/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/pulse_counter/automation.h
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetTotalPulsesAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint32_t, total_pulses)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->pulse_counter_->set_total_pulses(this->total_pulses_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->pulse_counter_->set_total_pulses(this->total_pulses_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   PulseCounterSensor *pulse_counter_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/pulse_meter/automation.h b/esphome/components/pulse_meter/automation.h
index 3112ded680..bf0768b7af 100644
--- a/esphome/components/pulse_meter/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/pulse_meter/automation.h
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetTotalPulsesAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint32_t, total_pulses)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->pulse_meter_->set_total_pulses(this->total_pulses_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->pulse_meter_->set_total_pulses(this->total_pulses_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   PulseMeterSensor *pulse_meter_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/pvvx_mithermometer/display/pvvx_display.h b/esphome/components/pvvx_mithermometer/display/pvvx_display.h
index c7fc523420..8637506bae 100644
--- a/esphome/components/pvvx_mithermometer/display/pvvx_display.h
+++ b/esphome/components/pvvx_mithermometer/display/pvvx_display.h
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
 #include "esphome/core/defines.h"
 #include "esphome/components/ble_client/ble_client.h"
+#include "esphome/components/display/display.h"
 
 #include <cinttypes>
 
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ enum UNIT {
   UNIT_DEG_E,     ///< show "°E"
 };
 
-using pvvx_writer_t = std::function<void(PVVXDisplay &)>;
+using pvvx_writer_t = display::DisplayWriter<PVVXDisplay>;
 
 class PVVXDisplay : public ble_client::BLEClientNode, public PollingComponent {
  public:
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ class PVVXDisplay : public ble_client::BLEClientNode, public PollingComponent {
   esp32_ble_tracker::ESPBTUUID char_uuid_ =
       esp32_ble_tracker::ESPBTUUID::from_raw("00001f1f-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb");
 
-  optional<pvvx_writer_t> writer_{};
+  pvvx_writer_t writer_{};
 };
 
 }  // namespace pvvx_mithermometer
diff --git a/esphome/components/pzemac/pzemac.h b/esphome/components/pzemac/pzemac.h
index 7a229b49ce..e5b96115f9 100644
--- a/esphome/components/pzemac/pzemac.h
+++ b/esphome/components/pzemac/pzemac.h
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ResetEnergyAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   ResetEnergyAction(PZEMAC *pzemac) : pzemac_(pzemac) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->pzemac_->reset_energy_(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->pzemac_->reset_energy_(); }
 
  protected:
   PZEMAC *pzemac_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/pzemdc/pzemdc.h b/esphome/components/pzemdc/pzemdc.h
index b91ab4c0a5..2e6c26a10c 100644
--- a/esphome/components/pzemdc/pzemdc.h
+++ b/esphome/components/pzemdc/pzemdc.h
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ResetEnergyAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   ResetEnergyAction(PZEMDC *pzemdc) : pzemdc_(pzemdc) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->pzemdc_->reset_energy(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->pzemdc_->reset_energy(); }
 
  protected:
   PZEMDC *pzemdc_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/remote_base/remote_base.h b/esphome/components/remote_base/remote_base.h
index b740ba8085..2cb79bf571 100644
--- a/esphome/components/remote_base/remote_base.h
+++ b/esphome/components/remote_base/remote_base.h
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class RemoteTransmitterActionBase : public RemoteTransm
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint32_t, send_wait)
 
  protected:
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->transmitter_->transmit();
     this->encode(call.get_data(), x...);
     call.set_send_times(this->send_times_.value_or(x..., 1));
diff --git a/esphome/components/remote_transmitter/automation.h b/esphome/components/remote_transmitter/automation.h
index 75b017ec61..bee1d0be8a 100644
--- a/esphome/components/remote_transmitter/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/remote_transmitter/automation.h
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ namespace remote_transmitter {
 template<typename... Ts> class DigitalWriteAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<RemoteTransmitterComponent> {
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, value)
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->digital_write(this->value_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->digital_write(this->value_.value(x...)); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace remote_transmitter
diff --git a/esphome/components/rf_bridge/rf_bridge.h b/esphome/components/rf_bridge/rf_bridge.h
index fe6dd96b38..d2f75c819d 100644
--- a/esphome/components/rf_bridge/rf_bridge.h
+++ b/esphome/components/rf_bridge/rf_bridge.h
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class RFBridgeSendCodeAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint16_t, high)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint32_t, code)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) {
     RFBridgeData data{};
     data.sync = this->sync_.value(x...);
     data.low = this->low_.value(x...);
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class RFBridgeSendAdvancedCodeAction : public Action<Ts
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint8_t, protocol)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, code)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) {
     RFBridgeAdvancedData data{};
     data.length = this->length_.value(x...);
     data.protocol = this->protocol_.value(x...);
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class RFBridgeLearnAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   RFBridgeLearnAction(RFBridgeComponent *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->learn(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->learn(); }
 
  protected:
   RFBridgeComponent *parent_;
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class RFBridgeStartAdvancedSniffingAction : public Acti
  public:
   RFBridgeStartAdvancedSniffingAction(RFBridgeComponent *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->start_advanced_sniffing(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->start_advanced_sniffing(); }
 
  protected:
   RFBridgeComponent *parent_;
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class RFBridgeStopAdvancedSniffingAction : public Actio
  public:
   RFBridgeStopAdvancedSniffingAction(RFBridgeComponent *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->stop_advanced_sniffing(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->stop_advanced_sniffing(); }
 
  protected:
   RFBridgeComponent *parent_;
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class RFBridgeStartBucketSniffingAction : public Action
  public:
   RFBridgeStartBucketSniffingAction(RFBridgeComponent *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->start_bucket_sniffing(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->start_bucket_sniffing(); }
 
  protected:
   RFBridgeComponent *parent_;
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class RFBridgeSendRawAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   RFBridgeSendRawAction(RFBridgeComponent *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, raw)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->send_raw(this->raw_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->send_raw(this->raw_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   RFBridgeComponent *parent_;
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class RFBridgeBeepAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   RFBridgeBeepAction(RFBridgeComponent *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint16_t, duration)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->beep(this->duration_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->beep(this->duration_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   RFBridgeComponent *parent_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/rotary_encoder/rotary_encoder.h b/esphome/components/rotary_encoder/rotary_encoder.h
index e88ee9152a..14442f0565 100644
--- a/esphome/components/rotary_encoder/rotary_encoder.h
+++ b/esphome/components/rotary_encoder/rotary_encoder.h
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class RotaryEncoderSetValueAction : public Action<Ts...
   RotaryEncoderSetValueAction(RotaryEncoderSensor *encoder) : encoder_(encoder) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(int, value)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->encoder_->set_value(this->value_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->encoder_->set_value(this->value_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   RotaryEncoderSensor *encoder_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/rp2040_pwm/rp2040_pwm.h b/esphome/components/rp2040_pwm/rp2040_pwm.h
index e499e72b06..b82765b1c0 100644
--- a/esphome/components/rp2040_pwm/rp2040_pwm.h
+++ b/esphome/components/rp2040_pwm/rp2040_pwm.h
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetFrequencyAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   SetFrequencyAction(RP2040PWM *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, frequency);
 
-  void play(Ts... x) {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) {
     float freq = this->frequency_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->update_frequency(freq);
   }
diff --git a/esphome/components/rtttl/rtttl.h b/esphome/components/rtttl/rtttl.h
index d536c6c08e..1e924a897c 100644
--- a/esphome/components/rtttl/rtttl.h
+++ b/esphome/components/rtttl/rtttl.h
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PlayAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   PlayAction(Rtttl *rtttl) : rtttl_(rtttl) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, value)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->rtttl_->play(this->value_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->rtttl_->play(this->value_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   Rtttl *rtttl_;
@@ -130,12 +130,12 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PlayAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class StopAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<Rtttl> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->stop(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->stop(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class IsPlayingCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<Rtttl> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->is_playing(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->is_playing(); }
 };
 
 class FinishedPlaybackTrigger : public Trigger<> {
diff --git a/esphome/components/scd30/automation.h b/esphome/components/scd30/automation.h
index 37b3bc1674..1f89e7c815 100644
--- a/esphome/components/scd30/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/scd30/automation.h
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ namespace scd30 {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class ForceRecalibrationWithReference : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<SCD30Component> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     if (this->value_.has_value()) {
       this->parent_->force_recalibration_with_reference(this->value_.value(x...));
     }
diff --git a/esphome/components/scd4x/automation.h b/esphome/components/scd4x/automation.h
index dc43e9eb56..6ce1468577 100644
--- a/esphome/components/scd4x/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/scd4x/automation.h
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ namespace scd4x {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class PerformForcedCalibrationAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<SCD4XComponent> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     if (this->value_.has_value()) {
       this->parent_->perform_forced_calibration(this->value_.value(x...));
     }
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PerformForcedCalibrationAction : public Action<Ts
 
 template<typename... Ts> class FactoryResetAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<SCD4XComponent> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->factory_reset(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->factory_reset(); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace scd4x
diff --git a/esphome/components/script/script.h b/esphome/components/script/script.h
index 870a623f32..51cece01e4 100644
--- a/esphome/components/script/script.h
+++ b/esphome/components/script/script.h
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ template<class... As, typename... Ts> class ScriptExecuteAction<Script<As...>, T
 
   template<typename... F> void set_args(F... x) { args_ = Args{x...}; }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->script_->execute_tuple(this->eval_args_(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->script_->execute_tuple(this->eval_args_(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   // NOTE:
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ template<class C, typename... Ts> class ScriptStopAction : public Action<Ts...>
  public:
   ScriptStopAction(C *script) : script_(script) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->script_->stop(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->script_->stop(); }
 
  protected:
   C *script_;
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ template<class C, typename... Ts> class IsRunningCondition : public Condition<Ts
  public:
   explicit IsRunningCondition(C *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
 
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->is_running(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->is_running(); }
 
  protected:
   C *parent_;
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ template<class C, typename... Ts> class ScriptWaitAction : public Action<Ts...>,
     this->disable_loop();
   }
 
-  void play_complex(Ts... x) override {
+  void play_complex(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->num_running_++;
     // Check if we can continue immediately.
     if (!this->script_->is_running()) {
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ template<class C, typename... Ts> class ScriptWaitAction : public Action<Ts...>,
     this->disable_loop();
   }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { /* ignore - see play_complex */
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { /* ignore - see play_complex */
   }
 
   void stop() override {
diff --git a/esphome/components/select/automation.h b/esphome/components/select/automation.h
index 1250665188..3e42eaf98a 100644
--- a/esphome/components/select/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/select/automation.h
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SelectSetAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   explicit SelectSetAction(Select *select) : select_(select) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, option)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->select_->make_call();
     call.set_option(this->option_.value(x...));
     call.perform();
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SelectSetIndexAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   explicit SelectSetIndexAction(Select *select) : select_(select) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(size_t, index)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->select_->make_call();
     call.set_index(this->index_.value(x...));
     call.perform();
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SelectOperationAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, cycle)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(SelectOperation, operation)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->select_->make_call();
     call.with_operation(this->operation_.value(x...));
     if (this->cycle_.has_value()) {
diff --git a/esphome/components/select/select.cpp b/esphome/components/select/select.cpp
index fae485709e..6bb01ba6e2 100644
--- a/esphome/components/select/select.cpp
+++ b/esphome/components/select/select.cpp
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ void Select::publish_state(size_t index) {
   this->state_callback_.call(std::string(option), index);
 }
 
-const char *Select::current_option() const { return this->option_at(this->active_index_); }
+const char *Select::current_option() const { return this->has_state() ? this->option_at(this->active_index_) : ""; }
 
 void Select::add_on_state_callback(std::function<void(std::string, size_t)> &&callback) {
   this->state_callback_.add(std::move(callback));
diff --git a/esphome/components/select/select.h b/esphome/components/select/select.h
index 030646c1ad..d7811251bd 100644
--- a/esphome/components/select/select.h
+++ b/esphome/components/select/select.h
@@ -92,20 +92,27 @@ class Select : public EntityBase {
 
   size_t active_index_{0};
 
+  /** Set the value of the select by index, this is an optional virtual method.
+   *
+   * IMPORTANT: At least ONE of the two control() methods must be overridden by derived classes.
+   * Overriding this index-based version is PREFERRED as it avoids string conversions.
+   *
+   * This method is called by the SelectCall when the index is already known.
+   * Default implementation converts to string and calls control(const std::string&).
+   *
+   * @param index The index as validated by the SelectCall.
+   */
+  virtual void control(size_t index) { this->control(this->option_at(index)); }
+
   /** Set the value of the select, this is a virtual method that each select integration can implement.
    *
-   * This method is called by control(size_t) when not overridden, or directly by external code.
-   * Integrations can either:
-   * 1. Override this method to handle string-based control (traditional approach)
-   * 2. Override control(size_t) instead to work with indices directly (recommended)
+   * IMPORTANT: At least ONE of the two control() methods must be overridden by derived classes.
+   * Overriding control(size_t) is PREFERRED as it avoids string conversions.
    *
+   * This method is called by control(size_t) when not overridden, or directly by external code.
    * Default implementation converts to index and calls control(size_t).
    *
-   * Delegation chain:
-   * - SelectCall::perform() → control(size_t) → [if not overridden] → control(string)
-   * - External code → control(string) → publish_state(string) → publish_state(size_t)
-   *
-   * @param value The value as validated by the SelectCall.
+   * @param value The value as validated by the caller.
    */
   virtual void control(const std::string &value) {
     auto index = this->index_of(value);
diff --git a/esphome/components/select/select_traits.cpp b/esphome/components/select/select_traits.cpp
index c6ded98ebf..e5e12bdc7a 100644
--- a/esphome/components/select/select_traits.cpp
+++ b/esphome/components/select/select_traits.cpp
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ void SelectTraits::set_options(const std::initializer_list<const char *> &option
 
 void SelectTraits::set_options(const FixedVector<const char *> &options) {
   this->options_.init(options.size());
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < options.size(); i++) {
-    this->options_[i] = options[i];
+  for (const auto &opt : options) {
+    this->options_.push_back(opt);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/esphome/components/sen5x/automation.h b/esphome/components/sen5x/automation.h
index 423b942000..558ea46e47 100644
--- a/esphome/components/sen5x/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/sen5x/automation.h
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class StartFanAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit StartFanAction(SEN5XComponent *sen5x) : sen5x_(sen5x) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->sen5x_->start_fan_cleaning(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->sen5x_->start_fan_cleaning(); }
 
  protected:
   SEN5XComponent *sen5x_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/senseair/senseair.h b/esphome/components/senseair/senseair.h
index 5b66860f1a..9db849075d 100644
--- a/esphome/components/senseair/senseair.h
+++ b/esphome/components/senseair/senseair.h
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SenseAirBackgroundCalibrationAction : public Acti
  public:
   SenseAirBackgroundCalibrationAction(SenseAirComponent *senseair) : senseair_(senseair) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->senseair_->background_calibration(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->senseair_->background_calibration(); }
 
  protected:
   SenseAirComponent *senseair_;
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SenseAirBackgroundCalibrationResultAction : publi
  public:
   SenseAirBackgroundCalibrationResultAction(SenseAirComponent *senseair) : senseair_(senseair) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->senseair_->background_calibration_result(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->senseair_->background_calibration_result(); }
 
  protected:
   SenseAirComponent *senseair_;
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SenseAirABCEnableAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   SenseAirABCEnableAction(SenseAirComponent *senseair) : senseair_(senseair) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->senseair_->abc_enable(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->senseair_->abc_enable(); }
 
  protected:
   SenseAirComponent *senseair_;
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SenseAirABCDisableAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   SenseAirABCDisableAction(SenseAirComponent *senseair) : senseair_(senseair) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->senseair_->abc_disable(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->senseair_->abc_disable(); }
 
  protected:
   SenseAirComponent *senseair_;
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SenseAirABCGetPeriodAction : public Action<Ts...>
  public:
   SenseAirABCGetPeriodAction(SenseAirComponent *senseair) : senseair_(senseair) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->senseair_->abc_get_period(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->senseair_->abc_get_period(); }
 
  protected:
   SenseAirComponent *senseair_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/sensor/automation.h b/esphome/components/sensor/automation.h
index 4f34c35023..df7d31a0c9 100644
--- a/esphome/components/sensor/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/sensor/automation.h
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SensorPublishAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   SensorPublishAction(Sensor *sensor) : sensor_(sensor) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, state)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->sensor_->publish_state(this->state_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->sensor_->publish_state(this->state_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   Sensor *sensor_;
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SensorInRangeCondition : public Condition<Ts...>
 
   void set_min(float min) { this->min_ = min; }
   void set_max(float max) { this->max_ = max; }
-  bool check(Ts... x) override {
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override {
     const float state = this->parent_->state;
     if (std::isnan(this->min_)) {
       return state <= this->max_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/servo/servo.h b/esphome/components/servo/servo.h
index ff1708dc53..3d15aefefe 100644
--- a/esphome/components/servo/servo.h
+++ b/esphome/components/servo/servo.h
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ServoWriteAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   ServoWriteAction(Servo *servo) : servo_(servo) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, value)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->servo_->write(this->value_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->servo_->write(this->value_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   Servo *servo_;
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ServoDetachAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   ServoDetachAction(Servo *servo) : servo_(servo) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->servo_->detach(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->servo_->detach(); }
 
  protected:
   Servo *servo_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/sgp30/sgp30.cpp b/esphome/components/sgp30/sgp30.cpp
index 0e3aeff812..9e8d6b332c 100644
--- a/esphome/components/sgp30/sgp30.cpp
+++ b/esphome/components/sgp30/sgp30.cpp
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ void SGP30Component::setup() {
   uint32_t hash = fnv1_hash(App.get_compilation_time() + std::to_string(this->serial_number_));
   this->pref_ = global_preferences->make_preference<SGP30Baselines>(hash, true);
 
-  if (this->pref_.load(&this->baselines_storage_)) {
+  if (this->store_baseline_ && this->pref_.load(&this->baselines_storage_)) {
     ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Loaded eCO2 baseline: 0x%04X, TVOC baseline: 0x%04X", this->baselines_storage_.eco2,
              baselines_storage_.tvoc);
     this->eco2_baseline_ = this->baselines_storage_.eco2;
diff --git a/esphome/components/sim800l/sim800l.h b/esphome/components/sim800l/sim800l.h
index bf7efd6915..a2da686ce1 100644
--- a/esphome/components/sim800l/sim800l.h
+++ b/esphome/components/sim800l/sim800l.h
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class Sim800LSendSmsAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, recipient)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, message)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) {
     auto recipient = this->recipient_.value(x...);
     auto message = this->message_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->send_sms(recipient, message);
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class Sim800LSendUssdAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   Sim800LSendUssdAction(Sim800LComponent *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, ussd)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) {
     auto ussd_code = this->ussd_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->send_ussd(ussd_code);
   }
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class Sim800LDialAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   Sim800LDialAction(Sim800LComponent *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, recipient)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) {
     auto recipient = this->recipient_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->dial(recipient);
   }
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class Sim800LConnectAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   Sim800LConnectAction(Sim800LComponent *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->connect(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->connect(); }
 
  protected:
   Sim800LComponent *parent_;
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class Sim800LDisconnectAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   Sim800LDisconnectAction(Sim800LComponent *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->disconnect(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->disconnect(); }
 
  protected:
   Sim800LComponent *parent_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/sound_level/sound_level.h b/esphome/components/sound_level/sound_level.h
index 6a80a60ac7..dc35f69fe2 100644
--- a/esphome/components/sound_level/sound_level.h
+++ b/esphome/components/sound_level/sound_level.h
@@ -60,12 +60,12 @@ class SoundLevelComponent : public Component {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class StartAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<SoundLevelComponent> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->start(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->start(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class StopAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<SoundLevelComponent> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->stop(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->stop(); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace sound_level
diff --git a/esphome/components/speaker/automation.h b/esphome/components/speaker/automation.h
index c083796eea..80bba25030 100644
--- a/esphome/components/speaker/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/speaker/automation.h
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PlayAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parente
     this->static_ = true;
   }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     if (this->static_) {
       this->parent_->play(this->data_static_);
     } else {
@@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PlayAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parente
 
 template<typename... Ts> class VolumeSetAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<Speaker> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, volume)
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_volume(this->volume_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_volume(this->volume_.value(x...)); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class MuteOnAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit MuteOnAction(Speaker *speaker) : speaker_(speaker) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->speaker_->set_mute_state(true); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->speaker_->set_mute_state(true); }
 
  protected:
   Speaker *speaker_;
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class MuteOffAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit MuteOffAction(Speaker *speaker) : speaker_(speaker) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->speaker_->set_mute_state(false); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->speaker_->set_mute_state(false); }
 
  protected:
   Speaker *speaker_;
@@ -61,22 +61,22 @@ template<typename... Ts> class MuteOffAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class StopAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<Speaker> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->stop(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->stop(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class FinishAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<Speaker> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->finish(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->finish(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class IsPlayingCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<Speaker> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->is_running(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->is_running(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class IsStoppedCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<Speaker> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->is_stopped(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->is_stopped(); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace speaker
diff --git a/esphome/components/speaker/media_player/automation.h b/esphome/components/speaker/media_player/automation.h
index d1a01aabc4..fdf3db07f9 100644
--- a/esphome/components/speaker/media_player/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/speaker/media_player/automation.h
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PlayOnDeviceMediaAction : public Action<Ts...>, p
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(audio::AudioFile *, audio_file)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, announcement)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, enqueue)
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->parent_->play_file(this->audio_file_.value(x...), this->announcement_.value(x...),
                              this->enqueue_.value(x...));
   }
diff --git a/esphome/components/sprinkler/automation.h b/esphome/components/sprinkler/automation.h
index 59c6cd50e1..d6c877ae90 100644
--- a/esphome/components/sprinkler/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/sprinkler/automation.h
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetDividerAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint32_t, divider)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->sprinkler_->set_divider(this->divider_.optional_value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->sprinkler_->set_divider(this->divider_.optional_value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   Sprinkler *sprinkler_;
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetMultiplierAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, multiplier)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->sprinkler_->set_multiplier(this->multiplier_.optional_value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->sprinkler_->set_multiplier(this->multiplier_.optional_value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   Sprinkler *sprinkler_;
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class QueueValveAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(size_t, valve_number)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint32_t, valve_run_duration)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->sprinkler_->queue_valve(this->valve_number_.optional_value(x...),
                                   this->valve_run_duration_.optional_value(x...));
   }
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ClearQueuedValvesAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit ClearQueuedValvesAction(Sprinkler *a_sprinkler) : sprinkler_(a_sprinkler) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->sprinkler_->clear_queued_valves(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->sprinkler_->clear_queued_valves(); }
 
  protected:
   Sprinkler *sprinkler_;
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetRepeatAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint32_t, repeat)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->sprinkler_->set_repeat(this->repeat_.optional_value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->sprinkler_->set_repeat(this->repeat_.optional_value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   Sprinkler *sprinkler_;
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetRunDurationAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(size_t, valve_number)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint32_t, valve_run_duration)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->sprinkler_->set_valve_run_duration(this->valve_number_.optional_value(x...),
                                              this->valve_run_duration_.optional_value(x...));
   }
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class StartFromQueueAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit StartFromQueueAction(Sprinkler *a_sprinkler) : sprinkler_(a_sprinkler) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->sprinkler_->start_from_queue(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->sprinkler_->start_from_queue(); }
 
  protected:
   Sprinkler *sprinkler_;
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class StartFullCycleAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit StartFullCycleAction(Sprinkler *a_sprinkler) : sprinkler_(a_sprinkler) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->sprinkler_->start_full_cycle(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->sprinkler_->start_full_cycle(); }
 
  protected:
   Sprinkler *sprinkler_;
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class StartSingleValveAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(size_t, valve_to_start)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint32_t, valve_run_duration)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->sprinkler_->start_single_valve(this->valve_to_start_.optional_value(x...),
                                          this->valve_run_duration_.optional_value(x...));
   }
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ShutdownAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit ShutdownAction(Sprinkler *a_sprinkler) : sprinkler_(a_sprinkler) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->sprinkler_->shutdown(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->sprinkler_->shutdown(); }
 
  protected:
   Sprinkler *sprinkler_;
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class NextValveAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit NextValveAction(Sprinkler *a_sprinkler) : sprinkler_(a_sprinkler) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->sprinkler_->next_valve(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->sprinkler_->next_valve(); }
 
  protected:
   Sprinkler *sprinkler_;
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PreviousValveAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit PreviousValveAction(Sprinkler *a_sprinkler) : sprinkler_(a_sprinkler) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->sprinkler_->previous_valve(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->sprinkler_->previous_valve(); }
 
  protected:
   Sprinkler *sprinkler_;
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PauseAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit PauseAction(Sprinkler *a_sprinkler) : sprinkler_(a_sprinkler) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->sprinkler_->pause(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->sprinkler_->pause(); }
 
  protected:
   Sprinkler *sprinkler_;
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ResumeAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit ResumeAction(Sprinkler *a_sprinkler) : sprinkler_(a_sprinkler) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->sprinkler_->resume(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->sprinkler_->resume(); }
 
  protected:
   Sprinkler *sprinkler_;
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ResumeOrStartAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit ResumeOrStartAction(Sprinkler *a_sprinkler) : sprinkler_(a_sprinkler) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->sprinkler_->resume_or_start_full_cycle(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->sprinkler_->resume_or_start_full_cycle(); }
 
  protected:
   Sprinkler *sprinkler_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/sps30/automation.h b/esphome/components/sps30/automation.h
index 443aafb575..67af813687 100644
--- a/esphome/components/sps30/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/sps30/automation.h
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class StartFanAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit StartFanAction(SPS30Component *sps30) : sps30_(sps30) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->sps30_->start_fan_cleaning(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->sps30_->start_fan_cleaning(); }
 
  protected:
   SPS30Component *sps30_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/st7920/st7920.h b/esphome/components/st7920/st7920.h
index c9fdad454d..c48fe8cc1c 100644
--- a/esphome/components/st7920/st7920.h
+++ b/esphome/components/st7920/st7920.h
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ namespace st7920 {
 
 class ST7920;
 
-using st7920_writer_t = std::function<void(ST7920 &)>;
+using st7920_writer_t = display::DisplayWriter<ST7920>;
 
 class ST7920 : public display::DisplayBuffer,
                public spi::SPIDevice<spi::BIT_ORDER_MSB_FIRST, spi::CLOCK_POLARITY_HIGH, spi::CLOCK_PHASE_TRAILING,
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class ST7920 : public display::DisplayBuffer,
   void end_transaction_();
 
   int16_t width_ = 128, height_ = 64;
-  optional<st7920_writer_t> writer_local_{};
+  st7920_writer_t writer_local_{};
 };
 
 }  // namespace st7920
diff --git a/esphome/components/stepper/stepper.h b/esphome/components/stepper/stepper.h
index 1cf4830b1f..2bad672494 100644
--- a/esphome/components/stepper/stepper.h
+++ b/esphome/components/stepper/stepper.h
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetTargetAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(int32_t, target)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_target(this->target_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_target(this->target_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   Stepper *parent_;
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ReportPositionAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(int32_t, position)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->report_position(this->position_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->report_position(this->position_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   Stepper *parent_;
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetSpeedAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, speed);
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     float speed = this->speed_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->set_max_speed(speed);
     this->parent_->on_update_speed();
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetAccelerationAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, acceleration);
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     float acceleration = this->acceleration_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->set_acceleration(acceleration);
   }
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetDecelerationAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, deceleration);
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     float deceleration = this->deceleration_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->set_deceleration(deceleration);
   }
diff --git a/esphome/components/sun/sun.h b/esphome/components/sun/sun.h
index 77d62d34c3..67a0306a37 100644
--- a/esphome/components/sun/sun.h
+++ b/esphome/components/sun/sun.h
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SunCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Pa
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(double, elevation);
   void set_above(bool above) { above_ = above; }
 
-  bool check(Ts... x) override {
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override {
     double elevation = this->elevation_.value(x...);
     double current = this->parent_->elevation();
     if (this->above_) {
diff --git a/esphome/components/switch/automation.h b/esphome/components/switch/automation.h
index b8cbc9b976..27d3474c97 100644
--- a/esphome/components/switch/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/switch/automation.h
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class TurnOnAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit TurnOnAction(Switch *a_switch) : switch_(a_switch) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->switch_->turn_on(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->switch_->turn_on(); }
 
  protected:
   Switch *switch_;
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class TurnOffAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit TurnOffAction(Switch *a_switch) : switch_(a_switch) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->switch_->turn_off(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->switch_->turn_off(); }
 
  protected:
   Switch *switch_;
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ToggleAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit ToggleAction(Switch *a_switch) : switch_(a_switch) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->switch_->toggle(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->switch_->toggle(); }
 
  protected:
   Switch *switch_;
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ControlAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, state)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto state = this->state_.optional_value(x...);
     if (state.has_value()) {
       this->switch_->control(*state);
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ControlAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class SwitchCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   SwitchCondition(Switch *parent, bool state) : parent_(parent), state_(state) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->state == this->state_; }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->state == this->state_; }
 
  protected:
   Switch *parent_;
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SwitchPublishAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   SwitchPublishAction(Switch *a_switch) : switch_(a_switch) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, state)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->switch_->publish_state(this->state_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->switch_->publish_state(this->state_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   Switch *switch_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/sx126x/automation.h b/esphome/components/sx126x/automation.h
index 520ef99718..6b2371e253 100644
--- a/esphome/components/sx126x/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/sx126x/automation.h
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ namespace sx126x {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class RunImageCalAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<SX126x> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->run_image_cal(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->run_image_cal(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class SendPacketAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<SX126x> {
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SendPacketAction : public Action<Ts...>, public P
     this->static_ = true;
   }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     if (this->static_) {
       this->parent_->transmit_packet(this->data_static_);
     } else {
@@ -40,22 +40,22 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SendPacketAction : public Action<Ts...>, public P
 
 template<typename... Ts> class SetModeTxAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<SX126x> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_mode_tx(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_mode_tx(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class SetModeRxAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<SX126x> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_mode_rx(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_mode_rx(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class SetModeSleepAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<SX126x> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_mode_sleep(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_mode_sleep(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class SetModeStandbyAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<SX126x> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_mode_standby(STDBY_XOSC); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_mode_standby(STDBY_XOSC); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace sx126x
diff --git a/esphome/components/sx127x/automation.h b/esphome/components/sx127x/automation.h
index 2b9c261de1..eae16c11fa 100644
--- a/esphome/components/sx127x/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/sx127x/automation.h
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ namespace sx127x {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class RunImageCalAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<SX127x> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->run_image_cal(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->run_image_cal(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class SendPacketAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<SX127x> {
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SendPacketAction : public Action<Ts...>, public P
     this->static_ = true;
   }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     if (this->static_) {
       this->parent_->transmit_packet(this->data_static_);
     } else {
@@ -40,22 +40,22 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SendPacketAction : public Action<Ts...>, public P
 
 template<typename... Ts> class SetModeTxAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<SX127x> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_mode_tx(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_mode_tx(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class SetModeRxAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<SX127x> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_mode_rx(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_mode_rx(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class SetModeSleepAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<SX127x> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_mode_sleep(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_mode_sleep(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class SetModeStandbyAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<SX127x> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_mode_standby(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_mode_standby(); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace sx127x
diff --git a/esphome/components/template/lock/automation.h b/esphome/components/template/lock/automation.h
index 6124546592..bd110b7b0c 100644
--- a/esphome/components/template/lock/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/template/lock/automation.h
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class TemplateLockPublishAction : public Action<Ts...>,
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(lock::LockState, state)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->publish_state(this->state_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->publish_state(this->state_.value(x...)); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace template_
diff --git a/esphome/components/template/valve/automation.h b/esphome/components/template/valve/automation.h
index af9b070c60..e3f394ac7c 100644
--- a/esphome/components/template/valve/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/template/valve/automation.h
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class TemplateValvePublishAction : public Action<Ts...>
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, position)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(valve::ValveOperation, current_operation)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     if (this->position_.has_value())
       this->parent_->position = this->position_.value(x...);
     if (this->current_operation_.has_value())
diff --git a/esphome/components/text/automation.h b/esphome/components/text/automation.h
index f20a4f433b..e7667fe491 100644
--- a/esphome/components/text/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/text/automation.h
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class TextSetAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   explicit TextSetAction(Text *text) : text_(text) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, value)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->text_->make_call();
     call.set_value(this->value_.value(x...));
     call.perform();
diff --git a/esphome/components/text_sensor/automation.h b/esphome/components/text_sensor/automation.h
index d7286845e0..709c54c140 100644
--- a/esphome/components/text_sensor/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/text_sensor/automation.h
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class TextSensorStateCondition : public Condition<Ts...
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, state)
 
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->state == this->state_.value(x...); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->state == this->state_.value(x...); }
 
  protected:
   TextSensor *parent_;
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class TextSensorPublishAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   TextSensorPublishAction(TextSensor *sensor) : sensor_(sensor) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, state)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->sensor_->publish_state(this->state_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->sensor_->publish_state(this->state_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   TextSensor *sensor_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/time/real_time_clock.h b/esphome/components/time/real_time_clock.h
index 7e60bbd234..bbcecaa628 100644
--- a/esphome/components/time/real_time_clock.h
+++ b/esphome/components/time/real_time_clock.h
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class RealTimeClock : public PollingComponent {
 template<typename... Ts> class TimeHasTimeCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   TimeHasTimeCondition(RealTimeClock *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->now().is_valid(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->now().is_valid(); }
 
  protected:
   RealTimeClock *parent_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/tm1621/tm1621.h b/esphome/components/tm1621/tm1621.h
index b9f330e96e..fe923417a6 100644
--- a/esphome/components/tm1621/tm1621.h
+++ b/esphome/components/tm1621/tm1621.h
@@ -3,13 +3,14 @@
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
 #include "esphome/core/defines.h"
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
+#include "esphome/components/display/display.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace tm1621 {
 
 class TM1621Display;
 
-using tm1621_writer_t = std::function<void(TM1621Display &)>;
+using tm1621_writer_t = display::DisplayWriter<TM1621Display>;
 
 class TM1621Display : public PollingComponent {
  public:
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ class TM1621Display : public PollingComponent {
   GPIOPin *cs_pin_;
   GPIOPin *read_pin_;
   GPIOPin *write_pin_;
-  optional<tm1621_writer_t> writer_{};
+  tm1621_writer_t writer_{};
   char row_[2][12];
   uint8_t state_;
   uint8_t device_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/tm1637/tm1637.h b/esphome/components/tm1637/tm1637.h
index d44680c623..b9e96119e9 100644
--- a/esphome/components/tm1637/tm1637.h
+++ b/esphome/components/tm1637/tm1637.h
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/defines.h"
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
 #include "esphome/core/time.h"
+#include "esphome/components/display/display.h"
 
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ class TM1637Display;
 class TM1637Key;
 #endif
 
-using tm1637_writer_t = std::function<void(TM1637Display &)>;
+using tm1637_writer_t = display::DisplayWriter<TM1637Display>;
 
 class TM1637Display : public PollingComponent {
  public:
@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ class TM1637Display : public PollingComponent {
   uint8_t length_;
   bool inverted_;
   bool on_{true};
-  optional<tm1637_writer_t> writer_{};
+  tm1637_writer_t writer_{};
   uint8_t buffer_[6] = {0};
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
   std::vector<TM1637Key *> tm1637_keys_{};
diff --git a/esphome/components/tm1638/tm1638.h b/esphome/components/tm1638/tm1638.h
index add72cfdf3..f6b2922ecf 100644
--- a/esphome/components/tm1638/tm1638.h
+++ b/esphome/components/tm1638/tm1638.h
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/defines.h"
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
 #include "esphome/core/time.h"
+#include "esphome/components/display/display.h"
 
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ class KeyListener {
 
 class TM1638Component;
 
-using tm1638_writer_t = std::function<void(TM1638Component &)>;
+using tm1638_writer_t = display::DisplayWriter<TM1638Component>;
 
 class TM1638Component : public PollingComponent {
  public:
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ class TM1638Component : public PollingComponent {
   GPIOPin *stb_pin_;
   GPIOPin *dio_pin_;
   uint8_t *buffer_ = new uint8_t[8];
-  optional<tm1638_writer_t> writer_{};
+  tm1638_writer_t writer_{};
   std::vector<KeyListener *> listeners_{};
 };
 
diff --git a/esphome/components/tm1651/tm1651.h b/esphome/components/tm1651/tm1651.h
index 7079910adf..83e74c5f33 100644
--- a/esphome/components/tm1651/tm1651.h
+++ b/esphome/components/tm1651/tm1651.h
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetBrightnessAction : public Action<Ts...>, publi
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint8_t, brightness)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto brightness = this->brightness_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->set_brightness(brightness);
   }
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetLevelAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Par
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint8_t, level)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto level = this->level_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->set_level(level);
   }
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetLevelPercentAction : public Action<Ts...>, pub
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint8_t, level_percent)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto level_percent = this->level_percent_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->set_level_percent(level_percent);
   }
@@ -89,12 +89,12 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetLevelPercentAction : public Action<Ts...>, pub
 
 template<typename... Ts> class TurnOnAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<TM1651Display> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->turn_on(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->turn_on(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class TurnOffAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<TM1651Display> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->turn_off(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->turn_off(); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace tm1651
diff --git a/esphome/components/uart/automation.h b/esphome/components/uart/automation.h
index 9c599253de..ad2c4d2bf1 100644
--- a/esphome/components/uart/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/uart/automation.h
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class UARTWriteAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Pa
     this->static_ = true;
   }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     if (this->static_) {
       this->parent_->write_array(this->data_static_);
     } else {
diff --git a/esphome/components/udp/automation.h b/esphome/components/udp/automation.h
index f75e6d35bf..c5e5e2eae8 100644
--- a/esphome/components/udp/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/udp/automation.h
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class UDPWriteAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Par
     this->static_ = true;
   }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     if (this->static_) {
       this->parent_->send_packet(this->data_static_);
     } else {
diff --git a/esphome/components/ufire_ec/ufire_ec.h b/esphome/components/ufire_ec/ufire_ec.h
index 3d436555a2..bfbed1b43e 100644
--- a/esphome/components/ufire_ec/ufire_ec.h
+++ b/esphome/components/ufire_ec/ufire_ec.h
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class UFireECCalibrateProbeAction : public Action<Ts...
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, solution)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, temperature)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->parent_->calibrate_probe(this->solution_.value(x...), this->temperature_.value(x...));
   }
 
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class UFireECResetAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   UFireECResetAction(UFireECComponent *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->reset_board(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->reset_board(); }
 
  protected:
   UFireECComponent *parent_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/ufire_ise/ufire_ise.h b/esphome/components/ufire_ise/ufire_ise.h
index 01efdcdb55..fe9a6dfb9c 100644
--- a/esphome/components/ufire_ise/ufire_ise.h
+++ b/esphome/components/ufire_ise/ufire_ise.h
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class UFireISECalibrateProbeLowAction : public Action<T
   UFireISECalibrateProbeLowAction(UFireISEComponent *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, solution)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->calibrate_probe_low(this->solution_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->calibrate_probe_low(this->solution_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   UFireISEComponent *parent_;
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class UFireISECalibrateProbeHighAction : public Action<
   UFireISECalibrateProbeHighAction(UFireISEComponent *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, solution)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->calibrate_probe_high(this->solution_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->calibrate_probe_high(this->solution_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   UFireISEComponent *parent_;
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class UFireISEResetAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   UFireISEResetAction(UFireISEComponent *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->reset_board(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->reset_board(); }
 
  protected:
   UFireISEComponent *parent_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/update/automation.h b/esphome/components/update/automation.h
index df50f86a0c..8563b855fe 100644
--- a/esphome/components/update/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/update/automation.h
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PerformAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Pare
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, force)
 
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->perform(this->force_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->perform(this->force_.value(x...)); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class IsAvailableCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<UpdateEntity> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->state == UPDATE_STATE_AVAILABLE; }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->state == UPDATE_STATE_AVAILABLE; }
 };
 
 }  // namespace update
diff --git a/esphome/components/valve/automation.h b/esphome/components/valve/automation.h
index f2c06270c0..87e9cde088 100644
--- a/esphome/components/valve/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/components/valve/automation.h
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class OpenAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit OpenAction(Valve *valve) : valve_(valve) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->valve_->make_call().set_command_open().perform(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->valve_->make_call().set_command_open().perform(); }
 
  protected:
   Valve *valve_;
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class CloseAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit CloseAction(Valve *valve) : valve_(valve) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->valve_->make_call().set_command_close().perform(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->valve_->make_call().set_command_close().perform(); }
 
  protected:
   Valve *valve_;
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class StopAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit StopAction(Valve *valve) : valve_(valve) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->valve_->make_call().set_command_stop().perform(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->valve_->make_call().set_command_stop().perform(); }
 
  protected:
   Valve *valve_;
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ToggleAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit ToggleAction(Valve *valve) : valve_(valve) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->valve_->make_call().set_command_toggle().perform(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->valve_->make_call().set_command_toggle().perform(); }
 
  protected:
   Valve *valve_;
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ControlAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, stop)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, position)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->valve_->make_call();
     if (this->stop_.has_value())
       call.set_stop(this->stop_.value(x...));
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ControlAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class ValveIsOpenCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   ValveIsOpenCondition(Valve *valve) : valve_(valve) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->valve_->is_fully_open(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->valve_->is_fully_open(); }
 
  protected:
   Valve *valve_;
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ValveIsOpenCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class ValveIsClosedCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   ValveIsClosedCondition(Valve *valve) : valve_(valve) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->valve_->is_fully_closed(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->valve_->is_fully_closed(); }
 
  protected:
   Valve *valve_;
diff --git a/esphome/components/voice_assistant/voice_assistant.h b/esphome/components/voice_assistant/voice_assistant.h
index 95f77dbf09..8d3d3497ec 100644
--- a/esphome/components/voice_assistant/voice_assistant.h
+++ b/esphome/components/voice_assistant/voice_assistant.h
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class StartAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parent
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, wake_word);
 
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->parent_->set_wake_word(this->wake_word_.value(x...));
     this->parent_->request_start(false, this->silence_detection_);
   }
@@ -337,22 +337,22 @@ template<typename... Ts> class StartAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parent
 
 template<typename... Ts> class StartContinuousAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<VoiceAssistant> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->request_start(true, true); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->request_start(true, true); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class StopAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<VoiceAssistant> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->request_stop(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->request_stop(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class IsRunningCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<VoiceAssistant> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->is_running() || this->parent_->is_continuous(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->is_running() || this->parent_->is_continuous(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class ConnectedCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<VoiceAssistant> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->get_api_connection() != nullptr; }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->get_api_connection() != nullptr; }
 };
 
 extern VoiceAssistant *global_voice_assistant;  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
diff --git a/esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component.h b/esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component.h
index 89b7b1fa41..ac63e0eb0c 100644
--- a/esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component.h
+++ b/esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component.h
@@ -455,22 +455,22 @@ extern WiFiComponent *global_wifi_component;  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-
 
 template<typename... Ts> class WiFiConnectedCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return global_wifi_component->is_connected(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return global_wifi_component->is_connected(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class WiFiEnabledCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return !global_wifi_component->is_disabled(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return !global_wifi_component->is_disabled(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class WiFiEnableAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { global_wifi_component->enable(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { global_wifi_component->enable(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class WiFiDisableAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { global_wifi_component->disable(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { global_wifi_component->disable(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class WiFiConfigureAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Component {
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class WiFiConfigureAction : public Action<Ts...>, publi
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, save)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint32_t, connection_timeout)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto ssid = this->ssid_.value(x...);
     auto password = this->password_.value(x...);
     // Avoid multiple calls
diff --git a/esphome/components/wireguard/binary_sensor.py b/esphome/components/wireguard/binary_sensor.py
index 02c4862e8d..2ba59d4c39 100644
--- a/esphome/components/wireguard/binary_sensor.py
+++ b/esphome/components/wireguard/binary_sensor.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import binary_sensor
+from esphome.components.const import CONF_ENABLED
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
     CONF_STATUS,
@@ -9,8 +10,6 @@ from esphome.const import (
 
 from . import CONF_WIREGUARD_ID, Wireguard
 
-CONF_ENABLED = "enabled"
-
 DEPENDENCIES = ["wireguard"]
 
 CONFIG_SCHEMA = {
diff --git a/esphome/components/wireguard/wireguard.h b/esphome/components/wireguard/wireguard.h
index 5db9a48c90..f8f79b835d 100644
--- a/esphome/components/wireguard/wireguard.h
+++ b/esphome/components/wireguard/wireguard.h
@@ -148,25 +148,25 @@ std::string mask_key(const std::string &key);
 /// Condition to check if remote peer is online.
 template<typename... Ts> class WireguardPeerOnlineCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<Wireguard> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->is_peer_up(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->is_peer_up(); }
 };
 
 /// Condition to check if Wireguard component is enabled.
 template<typename... Ts> class WireguardEnabledCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<Wireguard> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->is_enabled(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->is_enabled(); }
 };
 
 /// Action to enable Wireguard component.
 template<typename... Ts> class WireguardEnableAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<Wireguard> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->enable(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->enable(); }
 };
 
 /// Action to disable Wireguard component.
 template<typename... Ts> class WireguardDisableAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<Wireguard> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->disable(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->disable(); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace wireguard
diff --git a/esphome/core/automation.h b/esphome/core/automation.h
index c22b3ca0e3..33e08c9c1c 100644
--- a/esphome/core/automation.h
+++ b/esphome/core/automation.h
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ template<typename T, typename... X> class TemplatableValue {
 template<typename... Ts> class Condition {
  public:
   /// Check whether this condition passes. This condition check must be instant, and not cause any delays.
-  virtual bool check(Ts... x) = 0;
+  virtual bool check(const Ts &...x) = 0;
 
   /// Call check with a tuple of values as parameter.
   bool check_tuple(const std::tuple<Ts...> &tuple) {
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class Automation;
 template<typename... Ts> class Trigger {
  public:
   /// Inform the parent automation that the event has triggered.
-  void trigger(Ts... x) {
+  void trigger(const Ts &...x) {
     if (this->automation_parent_ == nullptr)
       return;
     this->automation_parent_->trigger(x...);
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ActionList;
 
 template<typename... Ts> class Action {
  public:
-  virtual void play_complex(Ts... x) {
+  virtual void play_complex(const Ts &...x) {
     this->num_running_++;
     this->play(x...);
     this->play_next_(x...);
@@ -222,8 +222,8 @@ template<typename... Ts> class Action {
   friend ActionList<Ts...>;
   template<typename... Us> friend class ContinuationAction;
 
-  virtual void play(Ts... x) = 0;
-  void play_next_(Ts... x) {
+  virtual void play(const Ts &...x) = 0;
+  void play_next_(const Ts &...x) {
     if (this->num_running_ > 0) {
       this->num_running_--;
       if (this->next_ != nullptr) {
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ActionList {
       this->add_action(action);
     }
   }
-  void play(Ts... x) {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) {
     if (this->actions_begin_ != nullptr)
       this->actions_begin_->play_complex(x...);
   }
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class Automation {
 
   void stop() { this->actions_.stop(); }
 
-  void trigger(Ts... x) { this->actions_.play(x...); }
+  void trigger(const Ts &...x) { this->actions_.play(x...); }
 
   bool is_running() { return this->actions_.is_running(); }
 
diff --git a/esphome/core/base_automation.h b/esphome/core/base_automation.h
index 083bb3ae31..128a2d4b08 100644
--- a/esphome/core/base_automation.h
+++ b/esphome/core/base_automation.h
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ namespace esphome {
 template<typename... Ts> class AndCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit AndCondition(std::initializer_list<Condition<Ts...> *> conditions) : conditions_(conditions) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override {
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override {
     for (auto *condition : this->conditions_) {
       if (!condition->check(x...))
         return false;
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class AndCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class OrCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit OrCondition(std::initializer_list<Condition<Ts...> *> conditions) : conditions_(conditions) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override {
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override {
     for (auto *condition : this->conditions_) {
       if (condition->check(x...))
         return true;
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class OrCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class NotCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit NotCondition(Condition<Ts...> *condition) : condition_(condition) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return !this->condition_->check(x...); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return !this->condition_->check(x...); }
 
  protected:
   Condition<Ts...> *condition_;
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class NotCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class XorCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit XorCondition(std::initializer_list<Condition<Ts...> *> conditions) : conditions_(conditions) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override {
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override {
     size_t result = 0;
     for (auto *condition : this->conditions_) {
       result += condition->check(x...);
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class XorCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class LambdaCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit LambdaCondition(std::function<bool(Ts...)> &&f) : f_(std::move(f)) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->f_(x...); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->f_(x...); }
 
  protected:
   std::function<bool(Ts...)> f_;
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class LambdaCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class StatelessLambdaCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit StatelessLambdaCondition(bool (*f)(Ts...)) : f_(f) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->f_(x...); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->f_(x...); }
 
  protected:
   bool (*f_)(Ts...);
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ForCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Co
     return cond;
   }
 
-  bool check(Ts... x) override {
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override {
     if (!this->check_internal())
       return false;
     return millis() - this->last_inactive_ >= this->time_.value(x...);
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DelayAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Compon
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint32_t, delay)
 
-  void play_complex(Ts... x) override {
+  void play_complex(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto f = std::bind(&DelayAction<Ts...>::play_next_, this, x...);
     this->num_running_++;
 
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DelayAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Compon
   }
   float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::HARDWARE; }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { /* ignore - see play_complex */
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { /* ignore - see play_complex */
   }
 
   void stop() override { this->cancel_timeout("delay"); }
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class LambdaAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit LambdaAction(std::function<void(Ts...)> &&f) : f_(std::move(f)) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->f_(x...); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->f_(x...); }
 
  protected:
   std::function<void(Ts...)> f_;
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class StatelessLambdaAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit StatelessLambdaAction(void (*f)(Ts...)) : f_(f) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->f_(x...); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->f_(x...); }
 
  protected:
   void (*f_)(Ts...);
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ContinuationAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit ContinuationAction(Action<Ts...> *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->play_next_(x...); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->play_next_(x...); }
 
  protected:
   Action<Ts...> *parent_;
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class WhileLoopContinuation : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit WhileLoopContinuation(WhileAction<Ts...> *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override;
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override;
 
  protected:
   WhileAction<Ts...> *parent_;
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class IfAction : public Action<Ts...> {
     this->else_.add_action(new ContinuationAction<Ts...>(this));
   }
 
-  void play_complex(Ts... x) override {
+  void play_complex(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->num_running_++;
     bool res = this->condition_->check(x...);
     if (res) {
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class IfAction : public Action<Ts...> {
     }
   }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { /* ignore - see play_complex */
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { /* ignore - see play_complex */
   }
 
   void stop() override {
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class WhileAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   friend class WhileLoopContinuation<Ts...>;
 
-  void play_complex(Ts... x) override {
+  void play_complex(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->num_running_++;
     // Initial condition check
     if (!this->condition_->check(x...)) {
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class WhileAction : public Action<Ts...> {
     }
   }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { /* ignore - see play_complex */
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { /* ignore - see play_complex */
   }
 
   void stop() override { this->then_.stop(); }
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class WhileAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 };
 
 // Implementation of WhileLoopContinuation::play
-template<typename... Ts> void WhileLoopContinuation<Ts...>::play(Ts... x) {
+template<typename... Ts> void WhileLoopContinuation<Ts...>::play(const Ts &...x) {
   if (this->parent_->num_running_ > 0 && this->parent_->condition_->check(x...)) {
     // play again
     this->parent_->then_.play(x...);
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class RepeatLoopContinuation : public Action<uint32_t,
  public:
   explicit RepeatLoopContinuation(RepeatAction<Ts...> *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
 
-  void play(uint32_t iteration, Ts... x) override;
+  void play(const uint32_t &iteration, const Ts &...x) override;
 
  protected:
   RepeatAction<Ts...> *parent_;
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class RepeatAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   friend class RepeatLoopContinuation<Ts...>;
 
-  void play_complex(Ts... x) override {
+  void play_complex(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->num_running_++;
     if (this->count_.value(x...) > 0) {
       this->then_.play(0, x...);
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class RepeatAction : public Action<Ts...> {
     }
   }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { /* ignore - see play_complex */
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { /* ignore - see play_complex */
   }
 
   void stop() override { this->then_.stop(); }
@@ -382,12 +382,12 @@ template<typename... Ts> class RepeatAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 };
 
 // Implementation of RepeatLoopContinuation::play
-template<typename... Ts> void RepeatLoopContinuation<Ts...>::play(uint32_t iteration, Ts... x) {
-  iteration++;
-  if (iteration >= this->parent_->count_.value(x...)) {
+template<typename... Ts> void RepeatLoopContinuation<Ts...>::play(const uint32_t &iteration, const Ts &...x) {
+  uint32_t next_iteration = iteration + 1;
+  if (next_iteration >= this->parent_->count_.value(x...)) {
     this->parent_->play_next_(x...);
   } else {
-    this->parent_->then_.play(iteration, x...);
+    this->parent_->then_.play(next_iteration, x...);
   }
 }
 
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class WaitUntilAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Co
     this->disable_loop();
   }
 
-  void play_complex(Ts... x) override {
+  void play_complex(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->num_running_++;
     // Check if we can continue immediately.
     if (this->condition_->check(x...)) {
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class WaitUntilAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Co
 
   float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::DATA; }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { /* ignore - see play_complex */
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { /* ignore - see play_complex */
   }
 
  protected:
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class UpdateComponentAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   UpdateComponentAction(PollingComponent *component) : component_(component) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     if (!this->component_->is_ready())
       return;
     this->component_->update();
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SuspendComponentAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   SuspendComponentAction(PollingComponent *component) : component_(component) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     if (!this->component_->is_ready())
       return;
     this->component_->stop_poller();
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ResumeComponentAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   ResumeComponentAction(PollingComponent *component) : component_(component) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint32_t, update_interval)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     if (!this->component_->is_ready()) {
       return;
     }
diff --git a/esphome/core/helpers.h b/esphome/core/helpers.h
index 4f811aa481..e104135169 100644
--- a/esphome/core/helpers.h
+++ b/esphome/core/helpers.h
@@ -251,6 +251,8 @@ template<typename T> class FixedVector {
   }
 
   // Allocate capacity - can be called multiple times to reinit
+  // IMPORTANT: After calling init(), you MUST use push_back() to add elements.
+  // Direct assignment via operator[] does NOT update the size counter.
   void init(size_t n) {
     cleanup_();
     reset_();
diff --git a/tests/components/gp8403/common.yaml b/tests/components/gp8403/common.yaml
index b04fbc4fbc..1147316b02 100644
--- a/tests/components/gp8403/common.yaml
+++ b/tests/components/gp8403/common.yaml
@@ -4,6 +4,11 @@ gp8403:
     voltage: 5V
   - id: gp8403_10v
     i2c_id: i2c_bus
+    model: GP8403
+    voltage: 10V
+  - id: gp8413
+    i2c_id: i2c_bus
+    model: GP8413
     voltage: 10V
 
 output:
@@ -15,3 +20,7 @@ output:
     gp8403_id: gp8403_10v
     id: gp8403_output_1
     channel: 1
+  - platform: gp8403
+    gp8403_id: gp8413
+    id: gp8413_output_2
+    channel: 1
diff --git a/tests/components/image/test.host.yaml b/tests/components/image/test.host.yaml
index 0411195e2a..aa45497088 100644
--- a/tests/components/image/test.host.yaml
+++ b/tests/components/image/test.host.yaml
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 display:
   - platform: sdl
+    id: image_display
     auto_clear_enabled: false
     dimensions:
       width: 480
diff --git a/tests/components/lvgl/lvgl-package.yaml b/tests/components/lvgl/lvgl-package.yaml
index ca669c16e4..8ac9a60e2d 100644
--- a/tests/components/lvgl/lvgl-package.yaml
+++ b/tests/components/lvgl/lvgl-package.yaml
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ lvgl:
           args: ['lv_event_code_name_for(event->code).c_str()']
       skip: true
       layout:
-        type: flex
+        type: Flex
         pad_row: 4
         pad_column: 4px
         flex_align_main: center
@@ -863,7 +863,7 @@ lvgl:
                 width: 100%
                 pad_all: 8
                 layout:
-                  type: grid
+                  type: GRid
                   grid_row_align: end
                   grid_rows: [25px, fr(1), content]
                   grid_columns: [40, fr(1), fr(1)]
@@ -1014,7 +1014,7 @@ lvgl:
                                 r_mod: -20
                                 opa: 0%
     - id: page3
-      layout: horizontal
+      layout: Horizontal
       widgets:
         - keyboard:
             id: lv_keyboard
diff --git a/tests/components/sdl/common.yaml b/tests/components/sdl/common.yaml
index 52991d595c..66f93915b6 100644
--- a/tests/components/sdl/common.yaml
+++ b/tests/components/sdl/common.yaml
@@ -13,11 +13,14 @@ display:
 
 binary_sensor:
   - platform: sdl
+    sdl_id: sdl_display
     id: key_up
     key: SDLK_UP
   - platform: sdl
+    sdl_id: sdl_display
     id: key_down
     key: SDLK_DOWN
   - platform: sdl
+    sdl_id: sdl_display
     id: key_enter
     key: SDLK_RETURN
diff --git a/tests/integration/fixtures/external_components/loop_test_component/loop_test_component.h b/tests/integration/fixtures/external_components/loop_test_component/loop_test_component.h
index cdc04d491b..3dca2da2e9 100644
--- a/tests/integration/fixtures/external_components/loop_test_component/loop_test_component.h
+++ b/tests/integration/fixtures/external_components/loop_test_component/loop_test_component.h
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class EnableAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   EnableAction(LoopTestComponent *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->service_enable(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->service_enable(); }
 
  protected:
   LoopTestComponent *parent_;
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DisableAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   DisableAction(LoopTestComponent *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->service_disable(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->service_disable(); }
 
  protected:
   LoopTestComponent *parent_;